A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India - From the Stone Age to the 12th Century (HINDI)

769 Pages·2009·114.276 MB·Hindi

by  Upinder Singh

iqLrd ds ckjs esa leh{kkdkjksa dh /kkj.kk
izkphu Hkkjr ds vè;;u ds fy, izksisQlj flag us vU;re :i ls fo}rkiw.kZ] ifjiDork ds lkFk fy[kk gqvk
,d ifjp; izLrqr fd;k gS--- ;g laHko gS fd fofo/ eqn~nksa ij izksisQlj flag osQ lkFk erHksn gksaA foaQrq] lp
rks ;g gS fd ;gh muds ys[ku dk vkd"kZ.k gS] D;ksafd ,sls xzaFk dh egÙkk gh D;k jg tk,xh] tc og d{kk
esa okn&fookn l`ftr djus esa l{ke u gks\
— fnfyi osQ- pØcrhZ] oSQfEczt fo'ofo|ky;
(bl iqLrd osQ) vlkekU; izk:i esa dsoy fooj.kkRed ikB~; dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k gS] cfYd ewy lzksrksa
vkSj 'kks/ dk;ksZa ls izkIr lwpukvksa dks ckWDl ds vanj nsdj ewyHkwr vo/kj.kkvksa dks Li"V fd;k x;k gS] ftUgsa
fo|kFkhZ vuqns'kkRed rFkk mi;ksxh ik,axs---- vf/d foLrkj ls lanHkZ ,oa vè;;u ds fy, osclkbV~l fn, x,
gSa] tks o.kZu ds vuqiwjd dk dk;Z djsaxsA vf/d foLrkj ls vè;;u dh lanHkZ lwph vkd"kZd gS----] {ks=kh;
bfrgklksa fo'ks"kdj nf{k.k Hkkjr rFkk {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa Ïksrksa ij i;kZIr è;ku j[kk x;k gS-----
— vkj- pEidy{eh] fn fgUnw] 13 vDrwcj 2008
----,d lfp=k] vuwBs :i esa izLrqr ikB~;iqLrd tks izLrj;qx ls 12oha 'krkCnh rd dh yach vof/ dk bfrgkl
izLrqr djrk gS--- viuh ckg~;ko`Qfr vkSj ltkoV dh n`f"V ls vU;re :i ls vkd"kZd] ;g ns'k esa viuh izdkj
dh igyh ikB~; iqLrd gS--- bl iqLrd ds izR;sd vè;;u esa Ïksrksa rFkk ,sfrgkfld Kku dk ,d vkykspukRed
iqufoZ'ys"k.k miyC/ gS--- tks fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fufgr izfØ;kvksa dh dfBu izfof/;ksa dh le> djkrk gS---
vulqy>s eqn~nksa dh tfVyrkvksa ds lkFk muls tqM+s fookn dh foLr`r leh{kk dh xbZ] ftlls ,sfrgkfld Kku
dh iqujZpuk esa fofHkUu fo}kuksa ds ;ksxnkuksa ds izfr tkx:drk cusxh--- mfiUnj flag dh iqLrd--- vius ikBdksa
dks ;g izf'kf{kr djrk gS fd fdl izdkj bfrgkl fyaxHksn vè;;u] i;kZoj.kh; bfrgkl] ekuo Hkwxksy] Hkw&n`';
iqjkrÙo rFkk ekuo ikfjfLFkfrdh tSls varfoZ"k;d vè;;uksa ds {ks=k esa viuk nkok dj ldrk gSA
— jktu xq#Ddy] fn cqd fjO;w] vDrwcj 2008
izksisQlj flag izkjafHkd Hkkjrh; vrhr ij ,d larqfyr rFkk izsjd ikB~;iqLrd izLrqr djus ds vius mn~ns'; esa
liQy gks ldha gSaA mUgksaus bfrgklys[ku dh v|ru izo`fÙk;ksa dk vuqlj.k fd;k gS rFkk viuh iqLrd esa uohu
lS¼kafrd ifjisz{;] oSKkfud rduhdksa vkSj O;kid :i ls l`ftr fd, tk jgs iqjkrkfÙod rF;ksa dk lekos'k
fd;k gSA lkekU; :i ls misf{kr nf{k.k Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk Hkh i;kZIr izfrfuf/Ro gks ldk gSA
— ,u- dkjk'khek] Vksfd;ks fo'ofo|ky;
lkfgR; rFkk iqjkrkfÙod Ïksrksa vkSj lS¼kafrd O;k[;kuksa dh xgjh leh{kk osQ lkFk (bl iqLrd ds }kjk)
12oha 'krkCnh rd ds Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds vè;;u dk ,d vuU; vkSj izrhf{kr ifjp; fn;k x;k gS] ftlesa
izk;}hih; Hkkjr dk Hkh laiw.kZrk ls lekos'k fd;k x;k gSA
— gjeu oqQYosQ] dhy fo'ofo|ky;
Introduction 10-11-2016.indd 1 12/3/2016 7:48:48 PM
ikzphu Hkkjr ij ;g igyh iLq rd g]S ftle as fofHkUu Lrjk as ij ikB~; dk fuek.Z k fd;k x;k gAS nl vè;k;k as ea s
ikzx~,fsrgkfld dky ,o a vkn~; bfrgkl l s yds j ikzphu ,o a iow Z eè;dkyhu bfrgkl d s lia .w k Z fp=kiV dk vda u
gk s ldk gAS lia .w k Z ifjn`'; e as LFkku&LFkku ij ckWDl d s vna j fo'k"sk n`"Vkra k as dh O;k[;k dh xb Z g]S ftle as dNq puq s
g,q fo"k;&oLrvq k as dk lia Vq g]S tk s vè;k;k as d s o`gÙkj rRok as dk s lkns kgj.k iLz rrq djr s g-aS-- lHkh idz kj dh ikzphu
Hkkjrh;k as d s ifzr mfiUnj dk xgjk iesz ;g lfquf'pr djrk g S fd--- o s lkekU; ykxs k as ij l s è;ku u gVu s n]as ;gka
rd fd mud s Hkkts u dh vknrk as ;k mud s ikyr w tkuojk as ij lAs bu lia Vq k as rFkk Ïkrs k as d s ekè;e l s u dos y ikzjfaHkd
Hkkjr dk s thora fd;k g]S cfYd e[q ; ikB~; d s lkFk yxHkx 450 lfp=k o.kuZ k as l s mUg as idz kf'kr Hkh fd;k gAS
— u;utksr ykfgjh] bafM;k VqMs] 11 vxLr 2008
lfp=k m¼j.kksa ls ifjiw.kZ vkSj lqcks/ :ikadu ds lkFk ;g [kaM Li"V :i ls uohu ekud LFkkfir djrk gS]
ftldh dlkSVh ij Hkfo"; ds lHkh ikB~;ksa dks [kjk mrjuk iM+sxk--- izkjafHkd Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds lanHkZ esa mfiUnj
flag }kjk izLrqr fogaxkoyksdu iqjkrkfÙod rF;ksa dks bruh n{krk ls lefUor djrk gS] tSlk fd 'kk;n fdlh
Hkh vU; iqujkoyksdu us u rks miyC/ fd;k gS vFkok oSlk iz;kl fd;k gS---- (flag ds }kjk) vuqHko dh
tfVyrk vkSj oSfoè; dks js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gS--- ,oa bl Øe esa ,d lesfdr Hkkjrh; vrhr dk] f'kYidkS'ky
ls fpf=kr iPphdkjh dj ,d lkekfld Nfo izLrqr dh gSA {ks=kh; uxjksa dh fof'k"Vrk] O;kolkf;d oSfoè; rFkk
lkaLo`Qfrd tfVyrkvksa ds izfr U;k; djus esa l{ke jgh gSa] tks muds l'kDr ,sfrgkfld n`f"Vdks.k dk ifjpk;d
gS--- mfiUnj flag ds bl uwru la'ys"k.k dk LFkk;h egÙo ml mikxE;rk ls gS] tks u dsoy ,sfrgkfld fopkj
ds miHkksDrkvksa dks cfYd mlds fuekZrkvksa dk Hkh l`tu djrk gSA
— dSFkyhu Mh- ekWfjlu] lsfeukj] 593] tuojh 2009
flga --- rkTk+xh Hkjh Li"Vrk d s lkFk fy[krh g aS rFkk lh/k loa kn djuk mudk lrr~ mn~n's ; gkrs k gAS bl Øe ea s
mud s le{k iLz rrq tfVy fo"k; oLr q dk s og ljyho`Qr ugh a djrhAa ;gh bl iLq rd dk iez [q k ;kxs nku g-S-- bl ;xq
e as tc vf/dk'a k bfrgkldkj fofHkUu ifzrLi/h Z fl¼kra k as d s chp cVa s g,q g]aS flga rF;k as vkjS fo'y"sk.kk as dh tMk+ as dks
idM s+ jgrh g]aS rFkk ;g dgu s dh xyrh dHkh ugh a djrh a fd ml fo"k; ij mudh ckr as vfare :i l s lR; gkxas hA
— #ækax'kq eq[kthZ] fn VsyhxzkiQ] 14 uoacj 2008
--- nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds vrhr dk ,d vkd"kZd vkSj v|ru o`Ùkkar] vk[ksVd&laxzkgd okys cksf>y thou dh
'kq#vkr ls ysdj iwoZ eè;;qxhu dky rd of.kZr gSA lkfgfR;d vkSj iqjkrkfÙod Ïksrksa] nksuksa ds vk/kj ij ;g
,d oLrqfu"B fo'ys"k.k gS--- ;g iqLrd izR;sd Lrj ds bfrgkl vkSj iqjkrÙo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa rFkk lHkh f'kf{kr
yksxksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gS] tks nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds vrhr dks tkuus dh bPNk j[krs gSaA
— ds- inÕ;k] MsDdu dkWyst] iw.ks
bldh Hkk"kk rktxh Hkjh gqbZ] fyax&laosnh vkSj izR;{k gSA n`'; n`"Vkarksa dks lko/kuh ls pquk x;k gS vkSj muesa ls
dbZ rks vn~Hkqr :i ls n`';kRed gSaA izkFkfed Ïksrksa (n`'; ,oa ikB~; nksuksa) rd igqap bl iqLrd dks vR;ar
le`¼ cukrk gSA ;g fcYdqy Li"V gks tkrk gS fd ys[kd us izR;sd okD; ij lko/kuh ls esgur dh gS] rkfd
,d fo'kn vkSj O;kid ikB~; dk l`tu gks ldsA
— dqedqe jkW;] vkb-vkb-lh- DokVZyhZ] vkWVe 2008
Introduction 10-11-2016.indd 2 12/3/2016 7:48:48 PM
izkphu ,oa iwoZ eè;dkyhu
Hkkjr dk bfrgkl

ik"kk.k dky ls 12 oha 'krkCnh rd
mfiUnj flag
vuqoknd
fgrsUnz vuqie

Introduction 10-11-2016.indd 3 12/3/2016 7:48:48 PM
.D D D
;g iqLrd mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lefiZr gS] ftUgsa eSaus lsaV LVhQsal egkfo|ky;
rFkk fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] bfrgkl foHkkx] esa i<+k;k gS
.D D D
,fMVj–,fDofT+k'kUl% dkS'ky ttokMs+
lhfu;j ,fMVj–izksMD'ku% th-'kfeZyh
vU; Ïksrksa ls lkefxz;ksa dh izkfIr vkSj muds iquizZdk'ku ds laanHkZ] vkHkkj rFkk vfHkLoho`Qfr bl ikB~;
iqLrd dh i`"B la[;k 731&732 esa miyC/ gSA
izLrqr izdk'ku dk y{; ,slh lwpuk,a miyCèk djkuk gS tks oSèk vkSj fo'oluh; ekus tkus okys Ïksrksa ls
tqVkbZ xbZ gSaA ;g fdlh izdkj dh is'ksoj lykg nsus vFkok fo'ys"k.k djus dk iz;kl ugha gS vkSj u gh
bls bl :i esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A gkykafd] blesa fufgr lwpukvksa dh lR;rk vkSj fo'oluh;rk dh gj
laHko tk¡p djus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gS] ysfdu blosQ ckotwn izLrqr izdk'ku esa jg xbZ fdlh izdkj dh
vlkoèkkuho'k gqbZ xyfr;ksa] pwd ;k =kqfV;ksa (Vad.k ;k rF;kRed) osQ dkj.k gksus okyh gkfu osQ fy;s
izdk'kd vFkok ys[kd mÙkjnk;h ugha gSA
dkWihjkbV © 2017 fi;lZu bafM;k ,tqds'ku lfoZlst izk- fy-
bl iLq rd dh fcØh bl 'kr Z d s lkFk dh xb Z g S fd idz k'kd dh iow Z fyf[kr vueq fr d s fcuk ;g iLq rd
viu s eyw vkoj.k vFkok ftYn d s vykok fdlh vU; idz kj l s O;kikj }kjk m/kjh ij] iuq foØ; ;k fdjk, ij
u nh tk,xh vkjS u gh cps h tk,xhA ;gh 'kr Z gj vxy s oQszrk ij Hkh ykx w gkxs hA idz k'kd rFkk dkWihjkbV
ekfyd dh iow Z vueq fr d s fcuk bl idz k'ku d s fdlh Hkkx dk s Nkiuk rFkk byDs VªkWfudh] e'khuh] iQkVs ks
ifzrfyfi] fjdkWfM±x vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ l s iuq % i;z kxs i¼fr }kjk mldk lxa gz .k vFkok ilz kj.k oftrZ gAS

ISBN 978-81-317-7474-8
izFke eqnz.k
izdk'kd% fi;lZu bafM;k ,tqds'ku lfoZlst izk- fy-, CIN: U72200TN2005PTC057128, nf{k.k Hkkjr esa
fi;lZu ,tqds'ku (iwoZ uke V~;wVj foLVk Xykscy izk- fy-, ) }kjk izdkf'krA
eq[; dk;kZy;% lkroha eafty] ukSyst cqysoMZ] A-8 (A), lSDVj&62] uks,Mk 201 309] mÙkj izns'k] Hkkjr
iatho`Qr dk;kZy;% prqFkZ ry] lkWiQ~Vos;j CykWd] ,yusV lkWiQ~Vos;j flVh] Vh-,l-&140] CykWd&2 & 9]
jktho xka/h lky;] rkjke.kh] psUubZ 600 113] rfeyukMq] Hkkjr
iQDS l: 080-30461003, njw Hkk"k: 080-30461060
ocs lkbV% www.pearson.co.in, b&Z eys : [email protected]
VkbilsVj% lat; dqekj] fnYyh
eqnzd% jkgqy fizaV vks*iSd
Introduction 10-11-2016.indd 4 12/3/2016 7:48:48 PM
laf{kIr fo"k; lwph
QksVksxzkQ] ekufp= ,oa fp= xvi
ysf[kdk ifjp; xxii
izkDdFku xxiii
vfHkLohd`fr xxvi
^izkphu ,oa iwoZ e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl* ds ikBdksa ds fy, ,d iFk iznf'kZdk xxix
izLrqrhdj.k% izkjafHkd Hkkjrh; vrhr dh vo/kkj.kk,a 1
1. ikB~;kRed ,oa iqjkrkfÙod lzksrksa dh O;k[;k 11
2. iqjkik"kk.k rFkk eè;ik"kk.k ;qxksa ds vk[ksVd&laxzkgd 57
3. [kkn~; laxzg ls [kkn~; mRiknu dh vksj%
uoik"kk.k] uoik"kk.kh;&rkezik"kk.k vkSj rkezik"kk.k xkaoksa dk mn;
y- 7000–2000 lk-la-iw- 95
4. gM+Iik lH;rk y- 2600–1900 lk-la-iw- 135
5. ikB~;kRed vkSj iqjkrkfÙod lzksrksa esa izfrfcfEcr lkaLd`frd
laØe.k% y- 2000–600 lk-la-iw- 190
6. y- 600–300 lk-la-iw- esa mÙkj Hkkjr% 'kgj] lezkV vkSj ifjozktdksa dk ;qx 271
7. jktlÙkk vkSj /kEelÙkk – ekS;Z lkezkT;% y- 324–187 lk-la-iw- 341
8. vfHkuo ifjorZu o ikjLifjd izHkko% y- 200 lk-la-iw-– 300 lk-la- 394
9. lkSUn;Zcks/k vkSj lkezkT; y- 300–600 lk-la- 508
10. mHkjrk {ks=h; foU;kl% y- 600–1200 lk-la-iw- 588
fyI;Urj.k rkfydk (A Note on Diacritics) 691
ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh (Glossary) 693
vfrfjDr ikB~; lkexzh (Further Readings) 699
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph (References) 707
vuqØef.kdk (Index) 721
vk/kkj lwph (Credits) 731
Introduction 10-11-2016.indd 5 12/3/2016 7:48:49 PM
Introduction 10-11-2016.indd 6 12/3/2016 7:48:49 PM
fo"k; lwph
QksVksxzkQ] ekufp= ,oa fp= xvi n izkjafHkd dUuM+ rFkk rsyqxq lkfgR; 27
ysf[kdk ifjp; xxii n dqN vU; izkphu ikB] thou&pfjr vkSj bfrgkl ys[k 28
& ck.kHkV~V vkSj mldh jktdh; vk[;kf;dk 29
izkDdFku xxiii
n izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ys[ku dh izo`Qfr 30
vfHkLohd`fr xxvi & ^fganqvksa* dh ys[ku dyk ij vy&c:uh dh fVIi.kh 31
^izkphu ,oa iwoZ e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl* ds n fons'kh ys[kdksa ds o`Ùkkar 32
ikBdksa ds fy, ,d iFk iznf'kZdk xxix Hkkjr dk vkjafHkd vrhr vkSj iqjkrÙo
(Archaeology and the Early Indian Past) 33
iLz rrq hdj.k% ikzjfaHkd Hkkjrh; vrhr dh
n iqjkrÙo esa iz;qDr oSKkfud rduhd 36 &
vo/kkj.kk, a 1 & jsfM;ks&dkcZu frfFk&fuèkkZj.k 37
n iqjkrkfÙod lwpukvksa dh O;k[;k 38
& Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ds izeq[k Hkw&vko`Qfrd laxBu
n u`tkfr&iqjkrÙo foKku (,Fuks&vkfoZQ;ksykWth) 39
(The Main Physiographic Zones of the Subcontinent ) 2
& rduhd dh lkekftd&lkaLo`Qfrd i`"BHkwfe 40
& Hkkjrh; vrhr ds foHkktu dh :i js[kk n iqjkrkfÙod LFkyksa dk laj{k.k 41
(Ways of Dividing the Indian Past) 3
iqjkys[k 'kkL=k% vfHkys[kksa dk vè;;u (,fixziQh)
(Epigraphy: The Study of Inscriptions) 41
& izkjafHkd Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh cnyrh O;k[;k,a
(Changing Interpretations of Early Indian History) 6 n izkphu ,oa iwoZeè;dkyhu ys[k 41
n izkphu rFkk iwoZeè;dkyhu vfHkys[kksa dh Hkk"kk 43
& uohu bfrgkl ys[ku vkSj vfyf[kr bfrgkl
n vfHkys[kksa dk frfFk fu/kZj.k 43
(New Histories, Unwritten Histories) 9
& xw<+fyfi;ksa dk vFkZ fu:i.k rFkk vulqy>h fyfi;k¡ 44
& izkphu laor~ frfFk;ksa dk vkèkqfud frfFk;ksa esa :ikarj.k 46
1
n vfHkys[kksa dk oxhZdj.k 46
ikB~;kRed ,oa iqjkrkfÙod & e`R;q ds iRFkjksa esa Le`fr 47
n bfrgkl ds Ïksr ds :i esa vfHkys[kksa dk mi;ksx 48
lzksrksa dh O;k[;k 11
& ,d izkphu ukV~;'kkyk] ,d izkphu izsedFkk 49
eqnzk 'kkL=k% flDdksa dk vè;;u
bfrgkl ds n`f"Vdks.k ls izkphu ikBksa dk vè;;u (Numismatics: The Study of Coins) 50
(Reading Ancient Texts from a Historical Point of View) 13
n Hkkjrh; flDdksa dk laf{kIr bfrgkl 51
& izzkphu rkyi=k ik.Mqfyfi;k¡ 14 n bfrgkl ds Ïksr ds :i esa flDdksa dk egÙo 54
n ikB~;kRed Ïksrksa dk oxhZdj.k% Hkk"kk] 'kSyh vkSj fo"k;&oLrq 15 & {k=ki ,oa lkrokguksa ds izfreqfnzr flDds 55
n osn 16
n fu"d"kZ 56
n laLo`Qr ds nks ^,fid~l*% jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr 17
& egkHkkjr dk iqjkrÙo 19
2
& jkek;.k esa varfuZfgr dkykuqØe 20
n iqjk.k 21 iqjkik"kk.k rFkk eè;ik"kk.k ;qxksa ds
n èkeZ'kkL=k 21
vk[ksVd&laxzkgd 57
& /eZ'kkL=k% O;ogkj vkSj fl¼kar 22
n ckS¼ xzaFk 23
& ckS¼ fHk{kq.kh xku 24
HkwoSKkfud ;qx rFkk gkWfefuM fodkl Øe
n tSu xzaFk 25
(The Geological Ages and Hominid Evolution) 59
n laxe lkfgR; rFkk dkykarj dk rfey lkfgR; 25
& nks rfey ,fiDl dh dFkkoLrq 27 & ekuo gksus dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\ 62
Introduction 10-11-2016.indd 7 12/3/2016 7:48:49 PM
viii izkphu ,oa iwoZ eè;dkyhu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl
Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa gkWfefuM vo'ks"k i'kqikyu vkSj d`f"k dh 'kq#vkr
(Hominid Remains in the Indian Subcontinent) 63 (Why Domestication?) 98
iqjk&tyok;q pØ ijq krkfÙod vkdMk+ as e as i'kiq kyu vkjS [kk| mRiknu d s iez k.k
(Palaeo-Environments) 65 (The Identification of Domestication and Food Production in the
Archaeological Record) 100
Hkkjrh; ik"kk.k;qx dk oxhZdj.k
(Classifying the Indian Stone Age) 66
& iqjkru ikni vo'ks"kksa dk fo'ys"k.k 101
iqjkik"kk.k ;qx Hkkjrh; miegk}hi e as [kk|kUu mRiknu dh fn'kk e as lØa e.k
(The Palaeolithic Age) 67 (The Transition to Food Production in the Indian
Subcontinent) 102
n fuEu iqjkik"kk.k LFky 67
n Hkkjrh; miegk}hi dh ikzphure xkzeh.k cfLr;k ¡ y- 7000-3000
& fof'k"V fuEu iqjkik"kk.k&dkyhu vkST+kkj 68
lk-l-ai-w 103
& blkeiqj% iRFkj ds vkST+kkj cukus dk ,d dsanz 71
u if'peksÙkj {ks=k 103
n eè;iqjkik"kk.k ;qxhu LFky 72
u foaè; Ük`a[kyk rFkk vU; {ks=k 111
& ysoYok rduhd 74
n uoik"kk.k] uoik"kk.kh;&rkezik"kk.k rFkk rkezik"kk.k leqnk;
n mPp iqjkik"kk.k ;qxhu iqjkLFky 74 y- 3000-2000 lk-la-iw- 113
& mPp iqjkik"kk.k dkyhu vkST+kkj 76 u mÙkj vkSj mÙkj&if'pe {ks=k 113
n iqjkik"kk.k&dkyhu dyk vkSj laiznk; 77 & D;k cqtZgkse ds yksx xM~<ksa esa jgrs Fks\ 114
& 'kqrqjeqxZ ds vaMksa ls cus euds 78 u jktLFkku 118
n iqjkik"kk.k ;qxhu vk[ksVd&laxzkgd leqnk;ksa dk yksd&thou 79 u ekyok {ks=k 121
& [kk| lalkèkuµrc vkSj vc 80 u if'peh nDdu 122
u eè; xaxk eSnku vkSj iwohZ Hkkjr 123
& ekbØksyhFk (lw{e ik"kk.k vkST+kkj) 82
u nf{k.k Hkkjr 126
& jk[k ds Vhyksa dk jgL; 127
eè;ik"kk.k ;qx
(The Mesolithic Age) 83 & uoik"kk.k cqfngky esa lkeqnkf;d Hkkst 129
izkjafHkd fdlkuksa dk thou
n eè;&iqjkik"kk.k ;qxhu LFky 83
(The Life of Early Farmers) 131
& eè;ik"kk.k ;qxhu LFkyksa esa tkuojksa dh gfM~M;ka 84
& dcz] thou&fuokZg vkSj fuoklh; izo`fÙk;ka 85
mikluk] vkLFkk] /eZ vkSj fo'okl
& pSSYlsMuh izkIr djus ds fy, dh xbZ ;k=kk,a 86 (Changes in Cultic and Belief Systems) 133
n eè;ik"kk.k ;qxhu dyk dh mRo`Q"Vrk 92
n fu"d"kZ 93 & L=kh dh izfrek,a&lk/kj.k efgyk ;k vkjkè; nsfo;ka 134
n fu"d"kZ 134
3
4
[kkn~; laxzg ls [kkn~; mRiknu dh vksj%
gM+Iik lH;rk y- 2600–1900 lk-la-iw- 135
uoik"kk.k] uoik"kk.kh;&rkezik"kk.k vkSj
rkezik"kk.k xkaoksa dk mn;
y- 7000 – 2000 lk-la-iw- 95 lH;rk vkSj uxjhdj.k% ifjHkk"kk,a rFkk fufgrkFkZ
(Civilization and Urbanization : Definitions and
Implications) 136
uoik"kk.k ;qx vkSj [kkn~; mRiknu dh 'kq#vkr
& pkbZYM }kjk fu/kZfjr uxjksa ds nl y{k.k 137
(The Neolithic Age and the Beginnings of Food
Production) 97 u, vuqla/kuksa ds vkyksd esa cnyrs ifjizs{;
(Recent Discoveries and Changing Perspectives) 139
Introduction 10-11-2016.indd 8 12/3/2016 7:48:49 PM
fo"k; lwph xi
gM+Iik] fla/q ;k fla/q ljLorh lH;rk\ & ,d jkT; (LVsV) dh ifjHkk"kk 183
(Harappan, Indus or Sindhu-Sarasvati Civilization?) 141 & ,d iqjksfgr jktk\ 184
mn~Hko% vkjafHkd gM+Iik pj.k dk egÙo uxjh; thou dk iru
(Origin: The Significance of the Early Harappan Phase) 142 (The Decline of Urban Life) 186
& folj.koknh fl¼karksa ds lkFk tqM+h leL;k,a 143
mÙkj gM+Iik pj.k dk egÙo
vkjafHkd gM+Iik rFkk ifjiDo gM+Iik pj.k ds chp lEca/ (The Significance of the Late Harappan Phase) 187
(The Relationship Between the Early and Mature Harappan
Phases) 149 n fu"d"kZ 189
uxjh; gM+Iik dsanzksa dh lkekU; fo'ks"krk,¡
(The General Features of Mature Harappan Settlements) 151 5
ikB;~ kRed vkjS ijq krkfÙod lkzrs k as e as ifzrfcfEcr
gMI+ik lH;rk d s uxj] miuxj rFkk xkzeh.k dnas kz as d s ik'ofZp=k
(Profiles of Some Harappan Cities, Towns and Villages) 153 lkLa df`rd lØa e.k% y- 2000–600 lk-l-ai-w 190
gM+Iikdkyhu thou&fuokZg i¼fr;ksa dh fofo/rk
(The Diversity of the Harappan Subsistence Base) 160 ikB~;kRed lzksrksa ls izkIr ifjisz{;
(Perspectives from Texts) 192
& f'kdkjiqj ls izkIr i'kqvksa dh gfM~M;ka 162
n bfrgkl ds Ïksr ds :i esa osnksa dk mi;ksx 192
gM+Iikdkyhu f'kYi vkSj rduhd & ½Xosn dh frfFk 193
(Harappan Crafts and Techniques) 163 n b.Mks&vk;Z dkSu Fks\ 194
n ½XoSfnd lafgrk esa izfrfcfEcr oSfnd laLo`Qfr 195
& iRFkj vkSj /krq ls vfHkO;Dr ,d dyko`Qfr 167
n tutkfr;k ¡ vkSj ;q¼ 195
& dkusZfy;u ds eudksa dk fuekZ.k 169
& 'kL=kksa dks lefiZr ½pk,a&½Xosn lafgrk (6.75) 196
& oa'k] DySu] tutkfr 197
gM+Iikdkyhu O;kikj ra=k
n i'kqpkj.k] o`Qf"k rFkk vU; O;olk; 198
(Networks of Trade) 170
n ½Xosn esa ^o.kZ* 200
& 'kksjrq?kbZµviQxkfuLrku esa fLFkr gM+Iik lH;rk dk dsanz 174 n L=kh] iq#"k vkSj x`gLFkh 200
& ifjokj o x`gLFkh 202
ys[ku dh izo`Qfr vkSj mldh mi;ksfxrk,a
n èkeZ] nsorkvksa ds fy, ;K vkSj vuq"Bku 203
(The Nature and Uses of Writing) 175
& banz dks lefiZr ½pk,aµ½Xosn 2.12 204
& lkse dk ikS/k vkSj lksejl 205
/kfeZd rFkk vaR;sf"V O;ogkj
n mÙkj oSfnd dkyhu xazFkksa dk ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; 206
(Religious and Funerary Practices) 176
u nSfud thou ls tqM+s igyw 206
n jktra=k dk mn; 207
& i'kqifr&iq#"k] nsork ;k nsoh 178
& jRu vfiZr djus dk vuq"Bku 209
& dkyhcaxk dh ^vfXuosfndk,a* 179
n o.kZ O;oLFkk 210
& iq#"k lwDr (½Xosn 10.90) 211
gM+Iik lH;rk esa jgus okys yksx
n x`gLFkh vkSj fyaxHksn 212
(The Harappan People) 180
n èkeZ] vuq"Bku vkSj n'kZu 214
& gM+Iikoklh fdrus LoLFk Fks\ 181 u czkã.k xzaFkksa esa of.kZr ;K vuq"Bku 214
& uklnh; ½pk (½Xosn 10.129) 214
'kkld vkSj dqyhu oxZ & ;K {ks=k dh jaxHkwfe 215
(The Ruling Elite) 182 u mifu"kn~ 215
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