A History and Philosophy of Fluid Mechanics (Dover Civil and Mechanical Engineering)

292 Pages·1994·12.036 MB·English

by  G. A. Tokaty

A HISTORY AND
PHILOSOPHY OF
G.A.Tokaty
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A History and Philosophy
of Fluid Mechanics
G. A. TOKATY
Emeritus Professor of Aeronautics and Space Technology
THE CITY UNIVERSITY, LONDON
DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC.
New York
Copyright
Copyright © 1971 by G. A. Tokaty.
All rights reserved under Pan American and International Copyright Conventions.
Published in Canada by General Publishing Company, Ltd., 30 Lesmill Road,
Don Mills, Toronto, Ontario.
Published in the United Kingdom by Constable and Company, Ltd., 3 The
Lanchesters, 162-164 Fulham Palace Road, London W6 9ER.
Bibliographical Note
This Dover edition, first published in 1994, is an unabridged, corrected republica¬
tion of the work first published by G. T. Foulis & Co, Ltd, Henley-on-Thames,
Oxfordshire, England, 1971, under the title A History and Philosophy of Fluid-
mechanics. For the Dover edition the author has substituted a new Preface for the
original one and a new photograph for Plate 15, which originally showed only Dimitri
Pavlovich Riabouchinsky.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tokaty, G. A.
[History and philosophy of fluidmechanics]
A history and philosophy of fluid mechanics / G.A. Tokaty.
p. cm.
Originally published: A history and philosophy of fluidmechanics. Henley on
Thames : Foulis, 1971.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-486-68103-3
1. Fluidmechanics—History. I. Title.
QA901.T63 1994
532'.009—dc20 94-7411
CIP
Manufactured in the United States of America
Dover Publications, Inc., 31 East 2nd Street, Mineola, N.Y. 11501
Contents
Preface ix
Basic definitions i
Fluids and life 3
Water and air 5
The first uses of fluids 8
Mythology and fluids 12
Plato and fluids 14
Aristotle and the science of fluids 17
The birth of fluidstatics 21
Hero of Alexandria 26
Through the Dark Ages to the Renaissance 30
General remarks about Leonardo da Vinci 33
Leonardo da Vinci’s original works on fluids 36
Leonardo’s fluidmechanics 42
Simon Stevin 49
Galileo Galilei 52
Evangelista Torricelli and Otto von Guericke 56
Blaise Pascal 59
Sir Isaac Newton 64
Daniel Bernoulli 70
Leonhard Euler 73
Louis de Lagrange 78
Jean le Rond d’Alembert 80
Chevalier de Borda and others 82
vi Contents
Chezy, Du Buat, Coulon, Hagen, Poiseuille and
Girard 86
Claude Louis M. H. Navier 88
The birth of experimental fluidmechanics 91
Benjamin Robins and Leonhard Euler 96
Lazare Carnot, Pierre Simon de Laplace
and others 101
Augustin Louis Cauchy and others 106
Hermann von Helmholtz and others 109
Osborne Reynolds 114
Mikhail Lomonossov and others 120
The Russian School of scientific thought 124
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 127
Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky 131
Frederick Lanchester and others 134
The Prandtl-Lanchester Lifting Line Theory 138
Flettner’s rudders 141
Flettner’s rotorship 147
Flettner’s rotor windmill 153
Autorotating bodies 155
Riabouchinsky, Mallock, Benard, von Karman 166
William Froude and others 169
Turbulent boundary layer and flow separation 174
Methods of delaying flow separation 176
Airscrews 180
The inner structure of fluids 187
The velocity of sound 191
Ernst Mach and others 193
The Chaplygin-Khristianovich method 198
Contents vii
The drag wall 204
Transsonic compressibility effects on lift 211
Further notes on transsonic aerodynamics 216
Further notes on supersonic fluidmechanics:
superfluidity 220
Hypersonic gasdynamics 225
The universal matter-energy continuity 230
Index 235