A Handbook On The WTO TRIPS Agreement

459 Pages·2020·3.694 MB·English

by  Antony Taubman, Hannu Wager, Jayashree Watal

A HANDBOOK ON THE WTO TRIPS
AGREEMENT
ThishandbookdescribesthehistoricalandlegalbackgroundtotheTRIPS
Agreement,itsroleintheWTOanditsinstitutionalframework.Itreviews
thefollowingareas:generalprovisionsandbasicprinciples;copyrightand
related rights; trademarks; geographical indications; patents; industrial
designs, layout-designs, undisclosed information and anti-competitive
practices;enforcementofIPRs;disputesettlementinthecontextofthe
TRIPSAgreement;TRIPSandpublichealth;andcurrentTRIPSissues.It
containsaguidetoTRIPSnotificationsbyWTOmembersanddescribes
howtoaccesstheofficialdocumentationrelatingtotheTRIPSAgreement
andrelatedissues.Furthermore,itincludesthelegaltextsoftheTRIPS
AgreementandtherelevantprovisionsoftheWIPOconventionsreferred
toinit,aswellassubsequentrelevantWTOinstrumentsandrelatednon-
WTOtreaties.
TheneweditioncoversthepublichealthrevisionoftheAgreementthat
entered into force in 2017 and provides updates on other recent
developments.
antonytaubmanisDirectoroftheIntellectualProperty,Government
ProcurementandCompetitionDivisionoftheWTOSecretariat.
hannu wager is a senior officer in the Intellectual Property,
Government Procurement and Competition Division of the WTO
Secretariat.
jayashreewatalisaformerseniorofficerintheIntellectualProperty,
Government Procurement and Competition Division of the WTO
Secretariat.

A H A N D B O O K O N T H E
W T O T R I P S A G R E E M E N T
Second Edition
Edited by
ANTONY TAUBMAN
HANNU WAGER
JAYASHREE WATAL
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www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108835282
DOI:10.1017/9781108883511
©WorldTradeOrganization2020
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andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2020
PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd.PadstowCornwall
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
AHandbookontheWTOTRIPSAgreement,SecondEdition/editedbyAntonyTaubman,
HannuWager,andJayashreeWatal.
Description:[Secondedition].|Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY:Cambridge
UniversityPress,2020.|Series:WTOHandbooks|Includesbibliographicalreferencesand
index.
Identifiers:LCCN2020021820(print)|LCCN2020021821(ebook)|ISBN9781108835282
(hardback)|ISBN9781108799928(paperback)|ISBN9781108883511(ebook)
Subjects:LCSH:Intellectualproperty(Internationallaw)|AgreementonTrade-Related
AspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights(TRIPSAgreement)(asamendedon23January2017)
|Foreigntraderegulation.|WorldTradeOrganization.
Classification:LCCK1401.H3652020(print)|LCCK1401(ebook)|DDC346.04/8–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2020021820
LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2020021821
ISBN978-1-108-83528-2Hardback
ISBN978-1-108-79992-8Paperback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof
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accurateorappropriate.
CONTENTS
ListofFigures xvii
ListofBoxes xviii
ListofTables xix
Preface xxi
Acknowledgements xxv
AcronymsandAbbreviations xxvii
I IntroductiontotheTRIPSAgreement 1
A Introduction 1
1 General 1
2 Historicalandlegalbackground 4
3 PlaceofTRIPSintheWTO 8
4 OverviewofTRIPSprovisions 10
(a) Generalprovisionsandbasicprinciples 11
(b) Standardsconcerningtheavailability,scopeanduseof
intellectualpropertyrights 11
(c) Enforcement 13
(d) AdministrationofIPrights 13
(e) Disputesettlement 13
(f) Transitionalandinstitutionalmatters 13
B Generalprovisionsandbasicprinciples 14
1 Objectivesandprinciples 14
2 Minimumstandardsagreement 15
3 Beneficiaries 15
(a) Industrialproperty 15
(b) Copyright 16
(c) Performers 16
(d) Producersofphonograms 16
v
vi contents
(e) Broadcastingorganizations 17
4 Nationaltreatmentandmost-favoured-nation
treatment 17
5 Exhaustion 20
C ProceduresfortheacquisitionandmaintenanceofIP
rights 22
D Transitionalarrangementsandother
matters 22
1 Transitionperiods 22
(a) Developedcountriesandnon-discrimination(all
members) 23
(b) Developingcountriesandeconomiesin
transition 23
(c) Least-developedcountries 24
(d) Accedingmembers 25
2 Protectionofexistingsubjectmatter 25
(a) Applicationoftherules 25
(b) Additionalrequirementsinrespectofpre-existingworks
andphonograms 26
3 Transferoftechnology 26
4 Technicalcooperation 27
5 Securityexceptions 28
E Institutionalarrangements 28
1 Decision-makingprocedures 29
2 TheworkoftheTRIPSCouncil 32
(a) Notifications 33
(b) Reviewofnationallawsandregulations 35
(c) Forumforconsultations 35
(d) Forumforfurthernegotiationorreview 35
(e) CooperationwiththeWorldIntellectualProperty
Organization 36
II Copyrightandrelatedrights 39
A Introduction 39
1 General 39
2 Whatarecopyrightandrelatedrights? 39
3 WhatistherelationshipofTRIPSwiththeBerneandRome
Conventions? 40
contents vii
B TRIPSprovisionsoncopyright 42
1 Whatisthesubjectmattertobeprotected? 42
(a) ‘Literaryandartisticworks’ 42
(b) Derivativeworks 43
(c) Certainothercategoriesofworks 44
(d) Certainprinciplesgoverningeligibilityforcopyright
protection 44
2 Whatrightsaretobeconferred? 46
(a) General 46
(b) Reproductionright 47
(c) Rentalright 47
(d) Rightsofpublicperformance,broadcastingand
communicationtothepublic 48
(e) Rightsoftranslationandadaptation 49
(f) Moralrights 49
3 Whatlimitationsandexceptionsarepermitted? 49
4 Whatistheminimumtermofprotection? 53
C TRIPSprovisionsonrelatedrights 54
1 Whatrightsareavailable? 55
(a) Performers 55
(b) Producersofphonograms 55
(c) Broadcastingorganizations 56
2 Whatlimitationsandexceptionsarepermitted? 56
3 Whatistheminimumtermofprotection? 56
III Trademarks 58
A Introduction 58
1 General 58
2 Whataretrademarks? 58
3 WhatistherelationshipofTRIPSwiththeParis
Convention? 60
B TRIPSprovisionsontrademarks 61
1 Whatsubjectmatteristobeprotectedandwhataretheconditions
forregistration? 61
(a) Subjectmatteroftrademarkprotection 61
(b) Conditionsforregistrationasatrademark 64
2 Whatrightsaretobeconferred? 71
(a) General 71
(b) Trademarkrights 71
(c) Rightswithrespecttowell-knowntrademarks 74
(d) Licensingandassignmentofrights 76
(e) Otherrequirements 77
viii contents
3 Whatexceptionsarepermissible? 81
(a) Permissibleexceptions 81
(b) Nocompulsorylicensingpermitted 83
4 Whatistheminimumtermofprotection? 84
IV Geographicalindications 85
A Introduction 85
1 General 85
2 Background 85
3 WhatistherelationshipofTRIPSwiththeParis
Convention? 86
B TRIPSprovisionsonGIs 87
1 Whatsubjectmatteristobeprotected? 87
(a) TRIPSdefinitionofgeographicalindications 87
(b) ElementsoftheArticle22.1definition 87
(c) Geographicalindications,indicationsofsource,rulesof
origin,appellationsoforiginandtrademarks 89
(d) Rightholdersandeligibleusers 91
2 Whataretheconditionsforprotection? 94
3 Protectionandrightsconferred 95
(a) Forgeographicalindicationsforallgoods(Article
22) 95
(b) Additionalprotectionforgeographicalindicationsforwines
andspirits(Article23) 98
4 Exceptions,andnegotiationsabouttheuseof
exceptions 101
(a) Exceptions 101
(b) Internationalnegotiations,reviewand
standstill 103
V Patents 105
A Introduction 105
1 Whatarepatents? 105
2 WhatistherelationshipofTRIPSwiththeParis
Convention? 106
B TRIPSprovisionsonpatents 106
1 Whatsubjectmatteristobeprotected? 107
(a) Inwhichareasmustinventionsbeeligiblefor
protection? 107
(b) Whatconditionsmustinventionsmeettobeeligiblefor
patentprotection? 108
contents ix
2 Whataretherightstobeconferred? 114
(a) Whataretherightstobeconferredonownersofproduct
patents? 114
(b) Whataretherightstobeconferredonownersofprocess
patents? 115
(c) Non-discriminationwithrespecttoenjoymentofpatent
rights 116
(d) Whatotherrightsdopatentownershave? 117
3 Whatexceptionsarepermissible? 117
(a) Limitedexceptions 118
(b) Compulsorylicences 121
4 Whatistheminimumtermofprotection? 124
(a) Termofprotection 124
(b) Revocation 125
VI Industrialdesignsandlayout-designsofintegrated
circuits 126
A Introduction 126
B Industrialdesigns 126
1 Whatisanindustrialdesign? 127
2 Whatsubjectmatteristobeprotected? 127
(a) Generalformalitiesfortheprotectionofindustrial
designs 128
(b) Provisionsregardingformalitiesforindustrialdesignsinthe
textilesector 128
3 Whatrightsaretobeconferred? 129
4 Whatexceptionsarepermissible? 130
5 Whatistheminimumtermofprotection? 130
C Layout-designs(topographies)ofintegrated
circuits 131
1 Whatisalayout-design(topography)ofanintegrated
circuit? 131
2 Whatsubjectmatteristobeprotected? 132
3 Whataretherightstobeconferred? 133
4 Whatlimitationsandexceptionsarepermissible? 133
(a) Reproductionforprivateorresearchpurposes 133
(b) Parallelcreation 134
(c) Innocentinfringement 134
(d) Exhaustion 135
(e) Compulsorylicensing 135
5 Whatistheminimumtermofprotection? 135