A Handbook of Sustainable Building Design and Engineering: An Integrated Approach to Energy, Health and Operational Performance PDF
Preview A Handbook of Sustainable Building Design and Engineering: An Integrated Approach to Energy, Health and Operational Performance
00Prelims.qxd 12/19/2008 3:27 PM Page i A Handbook of Sustainable Building Design and Engineering 00Prelims.qxd 12/19/2008 3:27 PM Page ii 00Prelims.qxd 12/19/2008 3:27 PM Page iii A Handbook of Sustainable Building Design and Engineering AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO ENERGY, HEALTH AND OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE Edited by Dejan Mumovic and Mat Santamouris publishing for a sustainable future London • Sterling, VA 00Prelims.qxd 12/19/2008 3:27 PM Page iv First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2009 Copyright © Dejan Mumovic and Mat Santamouris, 2009 All rights reserved ISBN: 978-1-84407-596-6 Typeset by Domex e-Data, India Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge Cover design by Yvonne Booth For a full list of publications please contact: Earthscan Dunstan House 14a St Cross St London, EC1N 8XA, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7841 1930 Fax: +44 (0)20 7242 1474 Email: [email protected] Web: www.earthscan.co.uk 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166-2012, USA Earthscan publishes in association with the International Institute for Environment and Development A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A handbook of sustainable building design and engineering : an integrated approach to energy, health, and operational performance / edited by Dejan Mumovic and Mat Santamouris. p. cm. ISBN 978-1-84407-596-6 (hardback) 1. Sustainable buildings--Design and construction. 2. Buildings--Environmental engineering. 3. Buildings-- Performance. I. Mumovic, Dejan. II. Santamouris, M. (Matheos), 1956- TH880.H358 2008 721’.046--dc22 2008036286 The paper used for this book is FSC-certified. FSC (the Forest Stewardship Council) is an international network to promote responsible management of the world’s forests. 00Prelims.qxd 12/19/2008 3:27 PM Page v Contents List of Figures, Tables and Boxes xiii List of Contributors xxv Preface xxxi List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxxiii PART I – INTRODUCTION TO COMPLEX BUILT ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS Introduction: Setting the Scene 3 Dejan Mumovic and Mat Santamouris 1 Building Sustainable Communities: Combining Social and Physical Perspectives 7 Gemma Moore, Irene Perdikogianni, Alan Penn and Mags Adams Introduction 7 Background: What is a sustainable community? 7 A multidisciplinary research strategy 8 Investigating the role of space in the construction of place 11 Reflections on processes and outcomes 15 Considerations 16 PART II – ENERGY AND BUILDINGS Introduction: Towards Zero Carb on Buildings 21 Dejan Mumovic and Mat Santamouris 2 Energy Efficiency and Thermal Envelope 23 Jurij Krope and Darko Goric∨∨anec Energy efficiency of buildings 23 Energy-saving buildings 24 Construction materials 25 Building envelope 26 Advance construction layer 30 Summary 32 3 Energy Monitoring and Labelling 35 Stefano Paolo Corgnati and Vincenzo Corrado Introduction 35 Energy assessment methodologies 35 00Prelims.qxd 12/19/2008 3:27 PM Page vi vi A HANDBOOKOFSUSTAINABLEBUILDINGDESIGNANDENGINEERING Monitoring heating energy consumption 36 Energy labelling of heating energy consumption 41 Monitoring cooling energy consumption 44 Energy and microclimatic labelling 45 4 Energy Modelling 51 Pieter de Wilde and Godfried Augenbroe Introduction 51 Energy modelling tools 52 Application in energy efficient buildings 54 Challenges in thermal building engineering 55 Recent initiatives and outlook 58 Conclusions 59 5 Carbon Reduction in Buildings 63 Ian Ward Introduction 63 Carbon reduction issues to be considered at the early stages of design 64 Methods of approach to reduce carbon emissions 71 Some examples of passive houses in Hannover, Germany 72 6 Renewable Energy Sources and the City 75 Mark Barrett Introduction 75 What energy services will be required? 78 Energy resources and technologies 78 Planning and implementation 83 Conclusions 88 7 Heat Pumps in City Centre Buildings 89 Djordje Kozic and Darko Goric∨∨anec Introduction 89 Thermodynamics of the heat pump 90 Ground source heat pumps in city centre buildings 92 8 Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings 99 Christina Diakaki and Denia Kolokotsa Introduction 99 The evolution and standardization of the life cycle assessment method 99 Goal and scope of life cycle assessment 100 The methodology of life cycle assessment 106 Conclusions 112 00Prelims.qxd 12/20/2008 11:54 AM Page vii CONTENTS vii 9 CASE STUDY Energy and Environmental Monitoring 115 Alex Summerfield, Hector Altamirano-Medina and Dejan Mumovic Introduction 115 Research methodology 116 Supplementary research: Indoor environment and mould 123 Discussion 128 10 CASE STUDY Energy Modelling 131 David Johnston Introduction 131 Forecasting energy use and CO emissions 131 2 Domestic Energy and Carbon Dioxide Model (DECARB) 132 The illustrative scenarios 134 Results of the illustrative scenarios 136 Conclusions 137 11 CASE STUDY Energy Efficient Refurbishment of Buildings: A Policy Context 139 Mark Schroeder Introduction 139 The German policy landscape 139 Case study: Modernization of dwellings in north Germany 141 Conclusions 151 PART III – BUILDINGS AND ENVIRONMENT Introduction: Emerging Design Challenges of the 21st Century 155 Dejan Mumovic and Mat Santamouris 12 Urban Climate: Impacts on Energy Use, Comfort and Health 157 Michael Davies, Philip Steadman and Tadj Oreszczyn Introduction 157 Modifying factors 158 Energy use 160 Health and comfort 162 Conclusions 163 13 Air Pollution and the Urban Built Environment 167 Dejan Mumovic and James Milner Introduction 167 Urban air-quality management areas 167 Airflow and concentration patterns in complex built environments 172 Relationships between outdoor and indoor air pollution 174 Modelling air pollution in urban buildings 176 00Prelims.qxd 12/19/2008 3:27 PM Page viii viii A HANDBOOKOFSUSTAINABLEBUILDINGDESIGNANDENGINEERING 14 Ventilation, Thermal Comfort, Health and Productivity 181 Pawel Wargocki Introduction 181 Thermal environment 181 Indoor air quality 186 Economic implications 191 15 Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation Modelling 197 Ian Ridley Introduction 197 Types of application 197 Types of models 198 Validation and testing 199 Creating the model 199 Output and analysis 207 Conclusions 207 16 Moisture Control in Buildings 211 Hugo L. S. C. Hens Introduction 211 Terminology 211 Water vapour in the air 211 Air and moisture scale 213 Moisture sources 214 Moisture damage 214 Moisture displacement 215 Moisture modelling 216 Moisture-resilient design 218 Case studies 221 17 Natural Ventilation in City Centre Buildings 225 Dejan Mumovic, Oliver Wilton and Sung Min Hong Introduction 225 Theoretical background 225 Design requirements and site analysis 227 Developing a ventilation design strategy 231 Design performance evaluation 237 Detailed design 239 Installation, commissioning and post-occupancy evaluation 242 18 Mechanical and Mixed-Mode Ventilation in City Centre Buildings 245 Jarek Kurnitski and Olli Seppänen Principles of mechanical and mixed-mode ventilation 245 Ventilation systems for residential buildings 246 Ventilation systems for non-residential buildings 249 00Prelims.qxd 12/20/2008 11:54 AM Page ix CONTENTS ix Ventilation system components 254 Basic design principles of ventilation 257 19 Climate Change and Building Design 263 Steve Sharples and Susan Lee Introduction 263 Climate change and temperature 263 Climate change and precipitation 266 Climate change and wind 267 Climate change and subsidence 267 Conclusions 268 20 Sustainable Cooling Strategies 271 Thomas Lakkas and Dejan Mumovic Introduction 271 Developing the sustainable cooling strategy 271 Reduction and modulation of heat gains 272 Direct and indirect ventilative cooling 272 Cooling energy from renewable sources 275 Sustainable distribution systems 276 Low-energy cooling technologies 279 Cooling potential of sustainable cooling techniques 280 Case study: School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES) building 282 Case Study: Portcullis House 284 Case Study: Swiss Re Tower 287 Case Study: National Assembly for Wales – the Senedd 290 Case Study: National Trust Headquarters – Heelis Building 293 21 CASE STUDY Indoor Air Quality in City Centre Buildings 297 Katerina Niachou, Mat Santamouris and Iro Livada Introduction 297 Airflow in the urban environment 297 Hybrid ventilation systems 297 Experimental indoor/outdoor air quality and ventilation studies in urban buildings 298 Conclusions 309 22 CASE STUDY Indoor Air Quality and Health 313 Marcella Ucci, David Crowther, Steve Pretlove, Phillip Biddulph, Tadj Oreszczyn, Toby Wilkinson, Glenis Scadding, Barbara Hart and Dejan Mumovic Introduction: House dust mites, housing and health 313 Study design and methodology 315 Study results 315 Modelling techniques 319 Discussion 320 Conclusions 322
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