A Handbook of Contemporany Soviet Psychology PDF
Preview A Handbook of Contemporany Soviet Psychology
A HANDBOOK OF Contemporary Soviet Psychology Editbeyd MICHAEL COLE ·I RVING MALTZMAN ForewobryAd . N .L eonefvA ). R .L uriaan)dA .A .S mirnov BASIC BOOKS, INC.,P UBLISHERS NEW YORK • LONDON Thec haptoefrt sh ivso lume havbee etnr anslfartoemtd h eR ussibayn RosGal ickmDaanv,iG d.N ichols, ElkSac humaannd,L ynSno lotarofj. @ 196B9 Y B A So I Koc s IB N c . , LibraorfyC ongreCsast alCoagr dN umber6:8 -54138 Manufactuirnet dh eU niteSdt atoefsA merica DesigbnyeS do phAidel er ' :.. , . : '· J� FOR EWORD A.N .L eont'eAv.,R .L uriaA,. AS.m irnov IN THI s HandbooofCk o ntempoSroavriPyes ty oclhogSyo,v isecti en tsitesa,c ehm ineinnth sifi elpdr,e saeb nrto acdo,m prnesihveveei wo f the mailnni eso fd evelopamnedtn htce hiaedfv anocfeS so vipesty clhoogical sciencIena. d diiotnt,h eA mericeadint ohrasv seu ppliae hdsi tiocrailn tro ductianodnn otaensd h avoer giaznetdh veo lumiens ucah w aya st og vie theW estern ar celaedpaeerrr stpvieeoc nS ovipesty choalnodgt yoa llow hmi tof ollouwpt hleni eosf r esearrecpho ritnte hdve a iroucsh apters. Thihsa ndboiosak nu nprecedaecnihteevde meinnst c,o paen dd eptihn, ana reianw hicshc ienctoimfimcu nichaatbsi eoentn o,s atyh lee aisnta,d e quatIen.1 959-19a6 t0w,o -volwuomreke ,n teidtP lsycholoSgciiceanlc e int hUe. S.Sw.aRsp. u,b ilsheidnR, u sisani,nw hiclhe aidnSgo ivepts ychol ogisstusr vefyoret dh eciorl leatghueae csc omipslhmeanntdds r ieicotonf thesicric eenT.h iRsu sisawno rke,d itbeyd,a monogt hetrhsae,u thoorfs thiFso rewohradss, e rvaestd h be asainsdp oinotfd epartfuorrt hepe r es enwto rk. TheR usisawno rrke presesnutcfiehed l odfsp scyholoagsgy e neprsayl cholo(giytm sa idnvi siionsp)h,yi sologpisccyahlo lopgryo,b leimnts h e developomfem netn tparlo cesesdeusc,a tiposcnyhoallo ,gp yscyhopathol og,ya ndd eefctoogl.yT hep hsyoilogoyfh ighneerr voaucst iwvaistn yo t inclu;f doleldowtihntegr aidtisoo fnS ovisecite ncieht,a sl onsgni ceb ecome indepenodfpe snytoc lhogayn d ncoown istteusat s peicadlvi sioin ofp hyis ologin yi tosw nr gihtT.hi ss ubidvisiisno onct ustomianAr mye ircaann d Briistshci encweh,e rteh per oblems troeh glihaetnree dr voaucst iavriet y parotfg eneprsacylho logiyni tbsr oader seAnmseeir;c aetndih teo hrasv e thereifnocrle uidnte hidhs a ndbosopke ccihaalp tdeervso tteotd h ien vesti gatioofpn s ycphhosyioogilcbaals oefsb ehiavor. Attemaptta sc qunatigi tnheE nglish-srpeeaadkweiitrnh tg h ei nviegsat- v 160015 Foreword VI toinsb eincga rroiuetbd y S ovipesty chioslhtosag vuen tniolw b eeonf a relatifvrealgym enntaatruyrT eh.ep resewnotr kh,o wevedrffi,e rfsr om theisnet hatth aeu thoofrt sh ceh aptperress tehnmeta ibnr ancohfeS so viet psychoalso gyfa uslp loys sitbhluets;h r ee adweilrlfi nda reliavtecloym pleatcec ouonfwt h ahta sb eeanc complibsySh oevdi pesty cohgioclaslc i encweit hitnhp ea sste vedreacla des. A numbeorfo riingafile lhdasv eem ergienSd o vipesty chioclsaocilgn ece, dsitiinsgihunigtf rotmh set uodfyp sychoilnoo gtyh ceoru ntrTiheess ci.e n tfiic-maitaelraipsptr otaocp hs ycholopgheincoamle na uismt por egelasr d mentparlo ceasssa e hssi toryi ecsaatlbillshaendd h gihloyr giazneadc tivity of manna;t ureanloluyg thh,e reftohrpeer ,e sveontl umreep resaenna tts tempttoc lartihfeny a tuorfet heh istormiectahlow dh icuhn dreliaelsl Sovipesty chiocliaonlgv ieagstitons. Sovipesty chohlaogsny e vearc cepttheeldm iitism posbeydp oisivtsit desicpirtonosfm entpahle nomeonrba e hiaovra,mi ingi nstteoaf da thom thepihry siolmoegcihcaanli Tshmisvs.o lumtehe refocroeni tnacsh apters whicdhe monsthroawmt uec hp sychioclsaoclgi enbceen efiftrsos mt uidnyg thdey namoifct sh heg ihenre rvopurso cesusnedsei rnltgyh eb ehiavoorf animaalnsdm an. Int hsee ctdieoanl wiitnhgt hper obloefmg se neprsaylc hotlhorege ya der wilfiln dc haptdeecrsrsi bnigi nviegsiatotnisn tsoe nsatpieornc,e pmteimon, orya,n dth inkisnugb,j ewcidteslr ye preesdie nnS tovipesty cholsocigeinccael. Oneo ft hfee atudrsieisn guiSsohviipnesgty choilsot ghyai tta sp proach tob aspirco blpermosc eferdostm h ceo ncieopontf d evleopmeanptp,l ying three suflrtosam w ideelxyp andseeidre osf s peciinavlie gsattioontn hse developomfem enntt aaclt ivFiotuyn.da esdf abra caks t hme iddloef t he nnietehe cnetntubryty h ger eat Russian physiaonldgo vigeins t Sechenov, an ewi mpetbuyts h oeu tstaSndoivtnip ges ycholVoyggiostitst, kh ietsaredi tiohnasv beo rnrei cfhri utt;h neu mbeorfc haptdeervso tteotd h dee vleop menotf m entparlo ceasnsdet sot hfeo rmiaotonf c omplfeoxr mosfc ogni tviea ctivreiflteyct htesu nabatiendt erweitshwt h icthh esber ancohfe s scienacrebe e ipnugr suientd h Seo viUenti on. Greaatt tieonintn S oivepts ycholoignsivcteaaitlgi ohnassa lsboe epna id tot hper obloefmu sn derdevelaonpddm iesnitn tegorfca otginoinpt riovce essseost ,h atth ree adweirlfi ln ds urvoefyw so rk detvoon teeudr opsychol ogyp,s ychopatahnoddl eofgeyc,t ology. Thei ntengsriovweot fhS ovipesty cohgioclaslci encwehi,c dhr awisn to itosr bainte veirn crienangsu mbeorfn ewfi elodfsk nowledogfce o,u rse makeisti mposstiocb olveeu rn oirfmliyno nev olumaelo lf i tbsr anches andt or efleaclotlf i trse ceandtv ances. Theree viesrr ye astoonb eilevheo,w evtehra,bt y c ovienrga,sf uyl als possitbhleme a,i bnr ancohfeS so vipesty cholosgcniicceeat,lhi sv olume wills ervietp sri ncippuarlp otsheed: i esmsiniaotonf c orreicntf ormation Foreword vii ont hed evelopomfep nsty cholosgciiceanilcnt e h e Sovietc onUnion, tributthienrgte boay f urthiemrrp ovemoefnm tu tuuanld erstanadmionngg thpes ycholoofvg airsitcosou usn tries. Moscow EDITORS' PREFACE A L T H 0 u G H T H E L A s hTa swD iEt nc eAsa sD d erEd a maitnic creaisnce o ntabcettsw eWeens tearnndS oviet scientisltisn, ideological, guistaincdc, u ltudriaffle rehnacveceso mbinteodl imtihte e xteanntd furiutlfneosfss ciefincct oimmunicaTthiiobsno .o kw asu ndertabkeen causbeo tthh eA mericeadni taonrdst heSiorv iceoltl eaghuaedes x peri encetdh ew asteen gendebryie gdn oraTnhceeb .o oks'tsr ucctaunrb ee st beu ndersitnoto hdle i gohftp reviaotutse mtpotp sr eseSnotv ipesty cho logisccaile ntcoet sh eA mericraena daenrd t her eceinntc reianse ex change of wshciicemhna tdiecs ltesat rhe i nadaecqiueosft hep resent situation. Whent hied eoafu ndertatkhiibnsog o kfi rsbte gatnot akfeor m,b oth editwoerrspe e rsoncaolnlcyed r wnietthh ep robloefmS oviAemte-rican sciefincct oimmunicaOtnieoo fnt .h eed itoIrrsv,iM nagl tzmwaansd, o ing reseaornco hr ienrteisnpgo nasnedls e arnwihnigcl he dh imi ntaon a rea knowtno b eo fg reaitn terteoSs otv ipesty oclhogiUsntofsr.t unya,tt heel publicoafts ioomnoe f t hper imamrayt eroinat lh is subnjoetcp tro did vidhei mw itthh ed etahieln se edetdoa nsweprr oblermasi sbeydh is workW.h erwee ret hed etapiulbsl isahnedhd o w cotuhledby e o b tained? Thea nswetrots h easned o theqru estwieornbese insgo ugbhytM ichael Colweh,o f,ol lowrienlga itneetdr eswtasss, p endaiy nega artt heP scyhol ogyD epartmoefnM to scoSwt atUen iversity auunsdpeiroc fett shh ee SoviAemte-riccaunl tuerxaclh anpgroeg raCmo.lh ea di nfoartmiopnr ob lemosf h iosw nh;e h adg onteo M oscohwo pitnogw orko nt heu seo f conditionemde-trheoflfdeorsx t hes tudyw oorfd -meainnic nhgi ldren. Somewhtaoht i dsi sym,at hitso pwiacs c onsidmeorreoed r l eswsr apped upb ye arlrieesre aarncdwh a sn ol ongtehrse u bjoefcc to ncerstteu.ddI yt wasn ecsesatroyd evelaon pe wr eseaprrcohg rwaimt thh aei odf h issc ien ticfia dvisAe.Rr .,L uria. ix EditoPrrse'f ace x Itw asi nt hicso ntetxhtaP tr ofesCsoolraesn dL urifiar sbte gane xto plowraey osf i mprovtihnergie rs pecctoilvlee akgnuoewsl'e adngdue n der standoifen agc oht hewro'rsk . Sintchea tti maeg ,r edaeta hla so ccurtroei dm promvaet tse:tr hej our nalS oviPesty chiaantdrP ys ycholnoogwye ,x pandiendtt ow os eparate periodibceaglatsno,p ubliisnth h eU nitSetda tSetse,v eanust'h oritative (isfo mewhat dHaatneddb)oo ofkE xpemrenitaPls ycholaoswg eyl la s seveortahlei rm portant conbtoeomkhpsao vrbeae reytn r ansliantt heed SoviUenti oann,ds evemroanlo grabpyhl se adiSnogv ipesctyh ologainsdt s phyosliogihsatvbsee epnu blisihnEe ndg liPsrho.f esRsaozrr acno ntinues top ubilsshu revyso fS ovireets eawrhcihlP,e r ofesBsroorza enkd h sic ol leagupeesrd iiocarlelivye wa nds ummarbiozoek psu blisihne dE astern EuropTer.a nslaptrioognr asmusp pordtiecrdte layn di ndirebcytt lhye FederGaolv ernmceonntt itnoug er owA.n othdeerv elopmneonttt ob, e overloowkaestd h,ef actth atth eE ighteIennttaehtir nonaClo ngreosfs Psyhcolo,wg hyicwha sh elidnM oscoiwnt hseu mmeorf 1 966,p rovided thoep portufnonirut my eropuesr soenxaclh anbgeetsw eSeonv ipesctyh ol ogistst haencidor l leafgorume ost hecro unt.r Uinedsoubtedlyo f some theesxec hancgoenistun edo na ni nforbmaaislsY .e tm anyi naqdueaicerse mainS.i nictew a st he intoeftn htiibsoo no tko r edutchee isnea qdueacies inc ommunicaittii swo onr,t hiwltheol itshte ams a p arteixapll anaftoiro n thtee xt ftohlalto ws. Fristth,e irtseh per obloeflm a nguaWgede o.n omte anb yt hipsr oblems oft ransliantt hineoa nr rsoewn sael,t hotuhgehes xei bsutrt,a thtehrpe r ob lemo fi nterptreertmiwsnh go smee anihnagsa ccruoevdeg re neratiinao ns theorectoinctatelhx atit ss t ratnogt eh uen iiintateTde.r mssu cahs " excita toin,""r eflectainod"n p,s"y chmiics"l euasbd y t hesiere mgi fnamiiltiya;r thehya vtea keonns pecmieaaln inwghsi cwhe cannotg leeaafsnri olamy reseaarrcthiw chlieca hs sumoeusrf amliiarwiitttyhh emiera ni(njgu asst Russiwaonusl bde ,a ndh avbee enm,i slbeydt ool itetrraaln slaotfi ons "habi"tr,e"a cptoitotenain l,a"n d" cognimtaipv"e)T .o oo ftetnh is lan guagper oblheamsl euds t or ejeocutto fh andr eseatrhcahit s i,nf act, quitceo ngenial. Secoinsdt hper obloefmr eseasrtcrha ;tt ehgiaysm ounttosa cultural differenceo nwlhnyio cwhs e emtso b ed isapipnegaa sre acthr adition accommodtaott heoest heWre.h avien m inhde rteh eSo viperto clitvoi ty conduct riensa e maarncnhe r deoevmeeridln yf orbmyat lh emiert hod consciAomuesr iccaonu nterpraerltisa;no cfet epinls a coendi ndiidvual subjeocrst msa lglr ouwphso spee rformance tihlecl ounsuctsilroantt hees authiosir n terested girno.u apCrsoen n ottor fotlei nn cluwdietdrh,e fer encbee inmga det oe arloibesre rivoanwtsh iccho nfirtmh seg infiicanocfe trenodbss erivnet dh per esceanstTe h.i rse seamrocdhes le emtsop arallel thset ratoefcg liaesss pihcyasli ology. EditPorraescf'e xi Ont hoet hhearn dt,h eirsem ucht hacta nb es aifdro t heaiprpo ractho researIctahss. s iducoonucse rwni tqhu alitdaettiialvm ea ys uggetshte preseonfcv eai rablwehsi coht hrewimsieg hbteo veorokledI.te mphasizes thce omplexiotfti hepesr o cessienosvl veadn dd ecreatsheels i keoloido hf overegreanloinza antdoi veirmspfilciaotni. Thes tratoeflg noyg -tearnmdr epeaetxepdme ernitwsi tahs manlulm ber ofs ubjewchtos reldieamobnlsyt raa pthee mneononc,h aracitceo rfai ts t leatshtce o ndintiinorge seaprrocvhi,d eisfn ormoantn iota lwaoybst ainable int hel arge-gfirtfoyu-pm ineuxtpee riment. sRuubnjneticonts gst eady statiesas sm ucha charaicstteoirfSc ov iecton diotninigs tudaisei sti so f American coponedrioatnniitsn tgu dies. Nexitst hree laptroebdl eomft hmea nneirnw hicrhe seairsrc ehop rted. Neithientr h erierop rtosfi ndiidvueaxlep riemntnsor int hegiern eral re veiwa rtidcloSe ovsei tr esehaerrpcsro vidteh e detianifloeridmno a atbout proceduarnedrs e suwlhtisca hr teh bea ckobneo fW estern sccomientific municna.tI ineo ithcears e stthyilsec ommoufn icatiinotne,np dreiadmr ily fort heSiorvi ectol leagiuseo stf,e nc onfusintgot heA mericraena der; IvaonvS-molnesikiw'esl l-knmoewtonhd ofs tudyvienrgb caonld itioning isn otw elklno wno utisdteh eU .SSR...,a ndm anyo ft he otrheetidciasl pute(svo ert hen umbeorfb asitcy peosfh gihenre ruvsoa ctivitthye or prpoerM arxiisntt eraptnri oeotft hrel oeo fl anguiangt ehde e evlpomenotf consocuisnessese)lm i tsthloeor ftb izarIrti esp. e rhaipnss trutcoit miavge inteh pel igohfot ne o f oSuovri ectol leagtureysit norg e aadn A PA juornal inw hichhei sl iketloey n ocuntienrt riacragtuem ents orveedcruti nod rive ort hea ppprroiateonfes smose verbaaslos ciaotnin orm,t hec ontenotf whicihns eveexrp lained. Anotheprro bleimsc omprehensivAestn heeds iss.c ounsa sboivei ndi cateisti,h s a rtdo understpaanrdot fsts hmpeai tlcul rweit huots moek nowl edgoef tchonet eaxntd h sitoorfy tphroeb ledmiss cusIsfte hdme. e aning oft hoerettiecramalsn dt hjeu sfitciantf ioocre rteaxipne rimteencthanli ques arhei sritcoadleltye rmitnhegede ,n eosfit sh per obleamr emau sbte u nder stooidno rdteroc omprehefnuldlt yh pe urspeoa nds igfincianocfea par ticuelxapre rimiennvteaslit noi.g at Weh avter iteodo veormcet hipsro blebmy i ncluding background and hiosrticmaalet riianlt h eI notdruicnot,n otesa,n dt heb odyo fi ndiidvual chaptseor st,ah m aorte c omplesteet tinagg ifvoreren s eaarrcehia sa vail ablHei.s troicaanldt hoeriectabla ckgroiunnrfdmo aitno oft hiksi npd,r o vdiinags t hedyo s moe formo fr atniaolse,ho ulmda ket hei ndividual stuidemso reu nderstatnhdaatnbh leweyo u ldot ehrwibseei fre aidni osla tion. A lasptro bleimst mielineWsitsht. h ea ccelienrgpaa tcoef s cniteific achievemtehnedt esl,a oyfsy earasn ds moetimdeesc adwehsi chha ve acocmpanisecide incfitc ommunicaitnit ohnpe a satr en ol nogetrlo erable. EditoPrrsea'fc e XII Almotis netvaibldyu,p ltiicooanfe ffoarntd w astteidm wei lrleu sltf orm a fewy easr'd elianyc ommunicraetlientvgf a ancatnsdt heories. Ouri ntteinounp onu ndtearkitnhgi s hanwdabsto ooc kr eaat ter uly Hegelsiyatnnh esoifcs o mprehecnosvievrea dgetea,i lreedpt onirgo fr e seardcehs igannsdr eslsuta ndc otnemporaneoIunso nredsetsroa. c hieve thegsoea Mlisc haCeoll ien,t he sporf1i 9n6gm5 a,d aes peicatlr itpoM os cow, whheem reet wPirtohf esLsuorriLsae ,o 'netvS,m irnaonvdm, a nyo f thceo tnributtoto hriss voTlhuelm iteos .fc haptaenrdts h eciorn tsew netre gonoev eirns omed etaiwli,ta hn e yet om akintgh per esetnitouannd er stnadabtloep rofessiifuo nnailnt,ie tdri,ea aders. Hiontw heecv oeurr,s e oft hfeo lloyweianirg,tb ecameev idtet nhatth bee sto fi ntetniocnasn nto compleotveelryc otmhewe e itgo hfl ontgr aditMiaonnyos f.t haeu thors, ina ne ffotrota ssuissi tnm akitnhgve o luamsec ompreheanssp iovses, i ble expandoentd h epirre viwooursku ,s iansga springbaortaircdtl heeshy a d wrtietfno trh tew o-volPusmyec holSocgiiecnaiclnte hsUe . S.SH.oRw.e v,e r thdee groefde e tadiildn oatd dv ermyu cht oo ldweorr akn dt hdee scrip tioonfns e ww orwke rneo ats e xtensaisvw eeh adh oepdf orA.n dt,r uteo traditthiaeou tnh,o ardsh erteotd h set yolfte h epirre viworuinstg i. Sevearuatlh orsa bwletero fie n dt het imteo w rtiea rctliessp ecifically fotrh viosl ume. Ina f ewc astehspe r eosfso hterc ommtimendtesyl eadw rtiinogfc hap tertsot hpeo itwn herwee f eartehda tth mea terwioaull bde o uttdeaid f dealyeadn yl ongNeort.w antitnoeg x clutdheim sa terwieab lr,uo gtht o gethemrat erpiuabll isihnve adr ious sources aw rheipcrhe spernotvaides tipvceit uroef twhoerb ke icnogn sidIenre eadcc.ha soeu rS ovtic eolleagues werhee lpifnup lr oviudsiwn igtm ha terfioartl h ecsoem piotsaer ticles. Witrhe spteocs to moef o ura imwsh icwhe rteh bea sisu nfdoterar king theed intgoi ft hivso lumoeu,rr eacehx ceeoduergd r asIpno. ht err espects thmea teroibatla inaenddp resehnetreweda sh ighglrtyai fyainndeg x ceeded oure xpteacotnisM.u cho ft hSeo vtir eeseairsmc ahr ekdb ya higdhe gree ofi ngenaunidat.nyi nnovacthiavrea tchtaeotru ttsriipstsW estecronut ner parTth.i issa pparbeotnhti nt heex piemrenttcaehln iqaunedis n t hient er pretatoiffoenrseS du.ci hn notviaveniesas psp artie nan renaostw elkln own int hWee sstu,c ahsd evelopmpesnytcahlo laongdiy na, r eatshu oghttob e knowsnu,c ahsc ontdiionTihngec. o ncewrinti hm potratnv ariaobflm easx imumg neeralliyiz toaubtisiodfte h el abotroa,r tyheu tilizoaftn ioovne l experitmapelrn ocedaunrdve asr tiiaoonfss a tndaprrdo cedeuvreeinsn t he casoef c lassciocnatdlii onitnhged, i siinntcailotnoe ngaignep armaetric sutdioefsu nimptoatrnv arialbalceksgi ennge tryat,lh iseu sitnaeidn vestiga tioonfa p roblbeyma ni ndiviidnuvtaegilsat ora,n dt hoeb vioduesd ication tot hhei ghpersitn ciopfsl ceiste infirce seatrhcawhte s awi no urp ersonal enocutnerwsi tSho vtii envesttoiragsra ael rle fresshitimnugl,a tainndig m, potratna spteoscf t hewiorr k.
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