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A Handbook of Applied Biopolymer Technology: Synthesis, Degradation and Applications PDF

500 Pages·2011·62.95 MB·English
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A Handbook of Applied Biopolymer Technology Synthesis, Degradation and Applications PDuobwlinshloeaddo end2 o 0nJ 3 u0nM e2 a0r1c1ho 2 n0h 1t2tp://pubs.rsc.orgd | oi:10.1039/9781849733458-FP001 RSC Green Chemistry Series Editors: James H Clark, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK George A Kraus, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Iowa, USA Titles in the Series: 1: The Future of Glycerol: New Uses of a Versatile Raw Material 2: Alternative Solvents for Green Chemistry 3: Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Fine Chemicals 4: Sustainable Solutions for Modern Economies 5: Chemical Reactions and Processes under Flow Conditions 6: Radical Reactions in Aqueous Media 7: Aqueous Microwave Chemistry nd 8: The Future of Glycerol: 2 Edition 9: Transportation Biofuels: Novel Pathways for the Production of Ethanol, Biogas and Biodiesel 10: Alternatives to Conventional Food Processing 11: Green Trends in Insect Control 12: A Handbook of Applied Biopolymer Technology: Synthesis, Degradation and Applications How to obtain future titles on publication: A standing order plan is available for this series. A standing order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately on publication. For further information please contact: Book Sales Department, Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WF, UK Telephone: +44 (0)1223 420066, Fax: +44 (0)1223 420247 Email: A Handbook of Applied Biopolymer Technology Synthesis, Degradation and Applications Edited by Sanjay K. Sharma Jaipur Engineering College & Research Centre, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Ackmez Mudhoo Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius VPDuioebwlinO shloienadedo end2 o 0nJ 3 u0nM e2 a0r1c1ho 2 n0h 1t2tp://pubs.rsc.orgd | oi:10.1039/9781849733458-FP001 RSC Green Chemistry No. 12 ISBN: 978-1-84973-151-5 ISSN: 1757-7039 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library r Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 All rights reserved Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of research for non-commercial purposes or for private study, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003, this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of The Royal Society of Chemistry or the copyright owner, or in the case of reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry at the address printed on this page. The RSC is not responsible for individual opinions expressed in this work. Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WF, UK Registered Charity Number 207890 For further information see our web site at www.rsc.org VPDuioebwlinO shloienadedo end2 o 0nJ 3 u0nM e2 a0r1c1ho 2 n0h 1t2tp://pubs.rsc.orgd | oi:10.1039/9781849733458-FP001 Preface Researchers are conducting active research in different fields of engineering, science and technology by adopting the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry and the inherent green methodologies to devise new processes with a view to help protect and ultimately save the environment from further anthropogenic interruptions and damage. With this in focus, this book provides an up-to- date, coherently written and objectively presented set of book chapters from eminent international researchers who are actively involved in academic and technological research in the synthesis, degradation, testing and applications of biodegradable polymers and biopolymers. Hence, the overall pool of latest ideas and recent research and technological progress achieved in the synthesis, degradation, testing and applications of biodegradable polymers/biopolymers together with a high level of thinking have been presented in a comprehensive perspective to make progress in the emerging field of biodegradable polymer science and engineering (or bio-based polymers). The element of environ- mental sustainability as linked to biopolymer technology also constitutes the essence and novelty of this very relevant book in today’s era of environmental depredation. This book consists of book chapters written and contributed by international experts from academia who are world leaders in research and technology regarding sustainability and biopolymer and biodegradable polymer synthesis, characterization, testing and use. The book highlights the following areas: Green polymers; Biopolymers and bionanocomposites; Biodegradable and injectable polymers; Biodegradable polyesters: Synthesis and physical properties; Discovery and characterization of biopolymers; Degradable bioelastomers, Lactic acid- based biodegradable polymers; Biodegradation of biodegradable polymers; Biodegradation of polymers in the composting environment; and Recent research and application development in biodegradable polymers. The book is aimed at technical, research-oriented and marketing people in industry, universities and RSC Green Chemistry No. 12 A Handbook of Applied Biopolymer Technology: Synthesis, Degradation and Applications Edited by Sanjay K. Sharma and Ackmez Mudhoo r Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org v PaolnwoD ed ehsilbu aM 03 no d enuJ 02 no d rr.sbup/:pth no 102 ccs 2102 h ro. PF-854379481879/9301.01:iod | g 50 vi Preface institutions. The book will also be of value to the worldwide public interested in sustainability issues and biopolymer development and as well as others interested in the practical means that are being used to reduce the environmental impacts of chemical processes and products, to further eco-efficiency, and to advance the utilization of renewable resources in bio-based production and the supplier chain. The main outcomes of reading this book should be that the reader will have a comprehensive and consolidated overview of the immense potential and ongoing research in bio-based and biodegradable polymer science, engineering and technology, which is earnestly attempting to make the world of tomorrow greener. Hence, this handbook is a reasonably comprehensive and applied treatise of the topic and provides up-to-date information to a very wide audience on the applied research areas of biopolymers. Sanjay K. Sharma Ackmez Mudhoo VPDuioebwwlins Olhoenadldi enoden o2n0 3Ju0n Me a2r0c1h1 2 o0n1 2http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781849733458-FP005 This book is for Kunal and Kritika, my twin angels. Sanjay K. Sharma For you Neelam. Ackmez Mudhoo uPoD bwlnislhoeaddo enduJ 02 o nneaM 03 o 102 rhcn2102 h ttup/:p bs.rs.c orgd | oi.01: F-854379481879/9301 70P VPDuioebwwlins Olhoenadldi enoden o2n0 3Ju0n Me a2r0c1h1 2 o0n1 2http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781849733458-FP007 Contents About the Editors xvii Chapter 1 History of Sustainable Bio-based Polymers 1 Tim A. Osswald and Sylvana Garcı´a-Rodrı´guez 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Silk: From a Royal Stitch to a Wounded Peasant 4 1.3 Cellulose: The Quintessential Bio-based Plastic 7 1.4 Casein Plastics: From Food to Plastic 9 1.5 Soy Protein Plastic: Back to Nature 12 1.6 Building Scaffolds for Our Bodies: Collagen and Chitosan 15 1.7 Letting Bacteria Make Our Plastics 17 1.8 Conclusions 19 References 19 Chapter 2 Synthetic Green Polymers from Renewable Monomers 22 Naozumi Teramoto 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Triglycerides of Fatty Acids and their Derivatives 24 2.2.1 Monomers from Triglycerides 24 2.2.2 Polymers Synthesized from Triglycerides 29 2.3 Essential Oils, Natural Phenolic Compounds and their Derivatives 34 2.3.1 Terpenoids 35 2.3.2 Phenylpropanoids 40 2.3.3 Lignin Digests or Extracts and Liquefied Wood 46 2.3.4 Other and Natural Phenolic Compounds 48 RSC Green Chemistry No. 12 A Handbook of Applied Biopolymer Technology: Synthesis, Degradation and Applications Edited by Sanjay K. Sharma and Ackmez Mudhoo r Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org ix silbuPoD eh nw o d ol neda nuJ 02 o d eno 102 2102 hcraM 03 nth tsbup/:p sr. o.c od | gr 90PF-854379481879/9301.01:i x Contents 2.4 Carbohydrates and their Derivatives 51 2.4.1 Polymers from Popular Carbohydrates 51 2.4.2 Furan Derivatives 54 2.5 Monomers Obtained by Fermentation 55 2.6 Conclusions and Outlook 60 References 61 Chapter 3 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: The Emerging New Green Polymers of Choice 79 Ranjana Rai and Ipsita Roy 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 History of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 80 3.3 Chemical Organization of PHAs 80 3.4 Occurrence and Biosynthesis of PHAs 81 3.5 Cheap Substrates for Cost-effective PHA Production 86 3.6 Physical Properties of PHAs 86 3.7 Biocompatibility of PHAs 88 3.8 Biodegradation of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 89 3.8.1 Factors Affecting Biodegradation 89 3.8.2 Biodegradation in the Environment 89 3.8.3 Biodegradation and Biocompatibility 90 3.9 Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 90 3.9.1 Industrial Application 90 3.9.2 Medical Applications 91 3.10 PHAs as Green Biofuels 94 3.11 Market and Economics of PHAs 95 3.12 Concluding Remarks 97 Acknowledgement 97 References 97 Chapter 4 Fully Green Bionanocomposites 102 P. M. Visakh, Sabu Thomas and Laly A. Pothan 4.1 Green Composites – Introduction 102 4.2 Green Materials: Fibres, Whiskers, Crystals and Particles 103 4.2.1 Cellulose Fibres 103 4.2.2 Chitin Whiskers 105 4.2.3 Starch Crystals 107 4.2.4 Soy Protein Particles 110 4.2.5 Polylactic Acid 111 4.2.6 Natural Rubber Uncross-linked Particles 114 4.3 Green Nanocomposites 114 4.3.1 Cellulose-based Green Composites 114 4.3.2 Chitin and Chitosan-based Green Composites 116 VPDuioebwwlins Olhoenadldi enoden o2n0 3Ju0n Me a2r0c1h1 2 o0n1 2http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781849733458-FP009

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