A Handbook of Applied Biopolymer Technology: Synthesis, Degradation and Applications

500 Pages·2011·62.95 MB·English

by  Claire J. Creutzfeldt, Sabu Thomas, James H Clark, George A Kraus, Sanjay K Sharma, Ackmez Mudhoo, Tim A Osswald, Sylvana Garcia-Rodriguez, Naozumi Teramoto, Rajana Rai, Ipsita Roy, P. M Visakh, Laly A Pothan, Kikku Fukushima, Daniela Tabuani, Cristina Abbate, Jasna Djonlagic

A Handbook of Applied Biopolymer Technology
Synthesis, Degradation and Applications
PDuobwlinshloeaddo end2 o 0nJ 3 u0nM e2 a0r1c1ho 2 n0h 1t2tp://pubs.rsc.orgd | oi:10.1039/9781849733458-FP001
RSC Green Chemistry
Series Editors:
James H Clark, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
George A Kraus, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Iowa, USA
Titles in the Series:
1: The Future of Glycerol: New Uses of a Versatile Raw Material
2: Alternative Solvents for Green Chemistry
3: Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Fine Chemicals
4: Sustainable Solutions for Modern Economies
5: Chemical Reactions and Processes under Flow Conditions
6: Radical Reactions in Aqueous Media
7: Aqueous Microwave Chemistry
nd
8: The Future of Glycerol: 2 Edition
9: Transportation Biofuels: Novel Pathways for the Production of Ethanol,
Biogas and Biodiesel
10: Alternatives to Conventional Food Processing
11: Green Trends in Insect Control
12: A Handbook of Applied Biopolymer Technology: Synthesis, Degradation
and Applications
How to obtain future titles on publication:
A standing order plan is available for this series. A standing order will bring
delivery of each new volume immediately on publication.
For further information please contact:
Book Sales Department, Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House,
Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WF, UK
Telephone: [phone], Fax: [phone]
Email:
A Handbook of Applied
Biopolymer Technology
Synthesis, Degradation and Applications
Edited by
Sanjay K. Sharma
Jaipur Engineering College & Research Centre, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Ackmez Mudhoo
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,
University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
VPDuioebwlinO shloienadedo end2 o 0nJ 3 u0nM e2 a0r1c1ho 2 n0h 1t2tp://pubs.rsc.orgd | oi:10.1039/9781849733458-FP001
RSC Green Chemistry No. 12
ISBN: 978-1-84973-151-5
ISSN: 1757-7039
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
r Royal Society of Chemistry 2011
All rights reserved
Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of research for non-commercial purposes
or for private study, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations
2003, this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form
or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of The Royal Society of
Chemistry or the copyright owner, or in the case of reproduction in accordance
with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK,
or in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the appropriate
Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning
reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to The Royal
Society of Chemistry at the address printed on this page.
The RSC is not responsible for individual opinions expressed in this work.
Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry,
Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road,
Cambridge CB4 0WF, UK
Registered Charity Number 207890
For further information see our web site at www.rsc.org
VPDuioebwlinO shloienadedo end2 o 0nJ 3 u0nM e2 a0r1c1ho 2 n0h 1t2tp://pubs.rsc.orgd | oi:10.1039/9781849733458-FP001
Preface
Researchers are conducting active research in different fields of engineering,
science and technology by adopting the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry and
the inherent green methodologies to devise new processes with a view to help
protect and ultimately save the environment from further anthropogenic
interruptions and damage. With this in focus, this book provides an up-to-
date, coherently written and objectively presented set of book chapters from
eminent international researchers who are actively involved in academic and
technological research in the synthesis, degradation, testing and applications of
biodegradable polymers and biopolymers. Hence, the overall pool of latest
ideas and recent research and technological progress achieved in the synthesis,
degradation, testing and applications of biodegradable polymers/biopolymers
together with a high level of thinking have been presented in a comprehensive
perspective to make progress in the emerging field of biodegradable polymer
science and engineering (or bio-based polymers). The element of environ-
mental sustainability as linked to biopolymer technology also constitutes the
essence and novelty of this very relevant book in today’s era of environmental
depredation.
This book consists of book chapters written and contributed by international
experts from academia who are world leaders in research and technology
regarding sustainability and biopolymer and biodegradable polymer synthesis,
characterization, testing and use. The book highlights the following areas: Green
polymers; Biopolymers and bionanocomposites; Biodegradable and injectable
polymers; Biodegradable polyesters: Synthesis and physical properties; Discovery
and characterization of biopolymers; Degradable bioelastomers, Lactic acid-
based biodegradable polymers; Biodegradation of biodegradable polymers;
Biodegradation of polymers in the composting environment; and Recent research
and application development in biodegradable polymers. The book is aimed at
technical, research-oriented and marketing people in industry, universities and
RSC Green Chemistry No. 12
A Handbook of Applied Biopolymer Technology: Synthesis, Degradation and Applications
Edited by Sanjay K. Sharma and Ackmez Mudhoo
r Royal Society of Chemistry 2011
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
v
PaolnwoD ed ehsilbu aM 03 no d enuJ 02 no d rr.sbup/:pth no 102 ccs 2102 h ro. PF-854379481879/9301.01:iod | g 50
vi Preface
institutions. The book will also be of value to the worldwide public interested in
sustainability issues and biopolymer development and as well as others interested
in the practical means that are being used to reduce the environmental impacts of
chemical processes and products, to further eco-efficiency, and to advance the
utilization of renewable resources in bio-based production and the supplier chain.
The main outcomes of reading this book should be that the reader will have a
comprehensive and consolidated overview of the immense potential and ongoing
research in bio-based and biodegradable polymer science, engineering and
technology, which is earnestly attempting to make the world of tomorrow
greener. Hence, this handbook is a reasonably comprehensive and applied treatise
of the topic and provides up-to-date information to a very wide audience on the
applied research areas of biopolymers.
Sanjay K. Sharma
Ackmez Mudhoo
VPDuioebwwlins Olhoenadldi enoden o2n0 3Ju0n Me a2r0c1h1 2 o0n1 2http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781849733458-FP005
This book is for Kunal and Kritika, my twin angels.
Sanjay K. Sharma
For you Neelam.
Ackmez Mudhoo
uPoD bwlnislhoeaddo enduJ 02 o nneaM 03 o 102 rhcn2102 h ttup/:p bs.rs.c orgd | oi.01: F-854379481879/9301 70P
VPDuioebwwlins Olhoenadldi enoden o2n0 3Ju0n Me a2r0c1h1 2 o0n1 2http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781849733458-FP007
Contents
About the Editors xvii
Chapter 1 History of Sustainable Bio-based Polymers 1
Tim A. Osswald and Sylvana Garcı´a-Rodrı´guez
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Silk: From a Royal Stitch to a Wounded Peasant 4
1.3 Cellulose: The Quintessential Bio-based Plastic 7
1.4 Casein Plastics: From Food to Plastic 9
1.5 Soy Protein Plastic: Back to Nature 12
1.6 Building Scaffolds for Our Bodies: Collagen
and Chitosan 15
1.7 Letting Bacteria Make Our Plastics 17
1.8 Conclusions 19
References 19
Chapter 2 Synthetic Green Polymers from Renewable Monomers 22
Naozumi Teramoto
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Triglycerides of Fatty Acids and their Derivatives 24
2.2.1 Monomers from Triglycerides 24
2.2.2 Polymers Synthesized from Triglycerides 29
2.3 Essential Oils, Natural Phenolic Compounds and
their Derivatives 34
2.3.1 Terpenoids 35
2.3.2 Phenylpropanoids 40
2.3.3 Lignin Digests or Extracts and
Liquefied Wood 46
2.3.4 Other and Natural Phenolic Compounds 48
RSC Green Chemistry No. 12
A Handbook of Applied Biopolymer Technology: Synthesis, Degradation and Applications
Edited by Sanjay K. Sharma and Ackmez Mudhoo
r Royal Society of Chemistry 2011
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
ix
silbuPoD eh nw o d ol neda nuJ 02 o d eno 102 2102 hcraM 03 nth tsbup/:p sr. o.c od | gr 90PF-854379481879/9301.01:i
x Contents
2.4 Carbohydrates and their Derivatives 51
2.4.1 Polymers from Popular Carbohydrates 51
2.4.2 Furan Derivatives 54
2.5 Monomers Obtained by Fermentation 55
2.6 Conclusions and Outlook 60
References 61
Chapter 3 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: The Emerging New Green
Polymers of Choice 79
Ranjana Rai and Ipsita Roy
3.1 Introduction 79
3.2 History of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 80
3.3 Chemical Organization of PHAs 80
3.4 Occurrence and Biosynthesis of PHAs 81
3.5 Cheap Substrates for Cost-effective PHA Production 86
3.6 Physical Properties of PHAs 86
3.7 Biocompatibility of PHAs 88
3.8 Biodegradation of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 89
3.8.1 Factors Affecting Biodegradation 89
3.8.2 Biodegradation in the Environment 89
3.8.3 Biodegradation and Biocompatibility 90
3.9 Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 90
3.9.1 Industrial Application 90
3.9.2 Medical Applications 91
3.10 PHAs as Green Biofuels 94
3.11 Market and Economics of PHAs 95
3.12 Concluding Remarks 97
Acknowledgement 97
References 97
Chapter 4 Fully Green Bionanocomposites 102
P. M. Visakh, Sabu Thomas and Laly A. Pothan
4.1 Green Composites – Introduction 102
4.2 Green Materials: Fibres, Whiskers,
Crystals and Particles 103
4.2.1 Cellulose Fibres 103
4.2.2 Chitin Whiskers 105
4.2.3 Starch Crystals 107
4.2.4 Soy Protein Particles 110
4.2.5 Polylactic Acid 111
4.2.6 Natural Rubber Uncross-linked Particles 114
4.3 Green Nanocomposites 114
4.3.1 Cellulose-based Green Composites 114
4.3.2 Chitin and Chitosan-based Green Composites 116
VPDuioebwwlins Olhoenadldi enoden o2n0 3Ju0n Me a2r0c1h1 2 o0n1 2http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781849733458-FP009