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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 76-11,244 BEUKEMA, Ronald W illiam, 1949- A GRAMMATICAL SKETCH OF CHIMBORAZO QUICHUA. Yale U niversity, Ph.D., 1975 Language, lin g u istics Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A Grammatical Sketch of Chimborazo Quichua A D issertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Yale U niversity in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Ronald William Beukema December 1975 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT A Grammatical Sketch o f Chimborazo Quichua Ronald W illiam Beukema Yale U niversity 1975 The study i s a description of the dialect of Quechua spoken in the Chimborazo province of Ecuador and known as Quichua. The description is based on tex ts e lic ite d from native speakers of Quichua. The approach is basically that of S tra tific a tio n a l grammar. The scope of the description is wide: phonology, morphology, phrase stru ctu re, le x o ta c tic s, and semology. As a resu lt of th is wide coverage, detailed treatm ent of th eo retical and h isto ric a l problems has been sacrificed except in those cases where such discussion makes possible in terestin g and sig n ifican t sim plifications of the grammar. In addition to the description there is included a folk tale with a detailed analysis of its stru ctu re in terms of the methods developed in the body o f the grammar. Finally there is a short dictionary th at includes a ll words in the corpus on which the analysis is based. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Preface This d issertatio n grew out o f a desire to work ’in the f ie ld ’ , p a rticu la rly in Ecuador, the land where I was born but in which I had never had the opportunity to liv e . My year in the fie ld liv ed up to expectations, larg ely because of the kindness of many people. The s ta ff of the Gospel M issionary Union statio n in Colta were very helpful in providing us with a comfortable home for eight months and in giving us many opportunities to meet Quichuas. My inform ants were ex cellent. I would p a rticu la rly lik e to thank Victor Manuel Naula S. fo r his p atien t help. One hardly thinks to thank one’s parents, but la st year I came to be especially g ratefu l to them as they helped out in many ways. A fter the year of field work was accomplished we moved back to New Haven to w rite up the re su lts and, inadvertently, to learn more about the Quichua language than I had in the fie ld . Those c h a rac teristics of the academic environment which made th is year in New Haven so p ro fitab le are many. Those th at I can mention, I w ill. F irs t, of course, are the invaluable discussions with Professors Floyd Lounsbury and Sydney Lamb. I dare say there were times when they found me try in g , but they stuck it out with genuine patience, never fa ilin g to come up with helpful suggestions and re a l in sig h ts. Then there Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iii were informal discussions with other members of the faculty and with classm ates. Out of most of those talks I was able to d is till something th at would c all for one more re-w rite. For th a t, I'm not sure I'm g ratefu l. Yale U niversity was helpful in very p ractical ways. I'm grateful to them for the excellent collection of Quechua m aterials in Sterling lib rary , and also for th eir generous adm inistration of NDEA and NDAF funds. The person who has probably had to to le ra te the most from my academic lif e is my w ife. Somehow, through six years of m arriage, a ll of which I have spent in school, she has made home a good place to come a t the end of the day. This, in spite of having to move th at home to Ecuador and back. And our two children certain ly come in fo r praise at th is point. They were,- and are, little interested in my shop-talk, so they have taught me how to put it aside. New Haven has also been a good home th is la st year because of the warmth of fellow ship and the p ractical help of the people in the T rinity Evangelical Free Church. More important than environment, however, my family and the C hristian church have given my a reason for working and a reason for having faith in God. So I come to dedicate th is work to Marj, K ristie, Peter, and the Church of C hrist. Lt Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Contents Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Phonology 3 110. Phonemes 3 111. A rticulatory chart 3 120. Componential analysis 4 121. Chart 6 122• Contrast 7 123• V ariation 10 124• Determined features 10 130. Clusters 12 131. R estricted phonemes 12 132. Geminate consonants 12 133. Vowel and glide re stric tio n s 13 134. Nasal assim ilation 13 135. A / and /g / 15 140. Phonological word 15 141. Distribution of phonemes 16 142. N on-contrastive stress 16 143* Contrastive stre ss 17 150. Morphophonemic altern atio n IS Chapter 2: Morphology 19 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 210. M orphotactics 20 211. Roots and stems 21 212. Suffixes 22 a. Verb suffixes 23 b. Noun suffixes 27 213. E n clitics 23 220. Bound morphemes 29 221. vV 29 222. vD 34 223. vl 36 224. vN 33 225. nN 41 226. nV 42 227. nA 43 223. E n clitics 43 230. Word classes 54 231. Pronouns 55 a. Personal 55 b. Possessive 55 c. Demonstrative 56 232. Indefinites 56 233. Q uantifiers 56 234. Numerals 57 235* Negative 53 236. Prohibitive 5$ 237. Adverbs 5$ Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 233. P ostpositions 5* 239* Comparative 59 240. Conjunctions 59 250. za 59 Chapter 3: Phrases 62 310. Noun phrases 62 320. A djective phrases 65 330. Verb phrases 66 331. Complementive 67 332. P redicative 69 333* Quotative 71 340. Nominal phrases 72 350. P ostpo sition al phrases 73 360. Adverbial phrases 74 Chapter 4: Lexotactics 77 410. Simple sentence 411* Predicate 73 412. Subject 31 413• Objects 81 414. Adverbs 82 a • Temporal 83 b. Locative 84 c • Manner 35 d. M otivational 86 e . Accompaniment 87 f . Benefactive 87 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 415 • Connectives ## 416. Order and v ariation 90 417* M ultiple constituents 104 420. Compound sentences 10# 430. Complex sentences 111 I 440. Quotative sentences 117 450. Negation 120 460. Interrogatives 123 461, Yes/no questions 123 462* Inform ation questions 125 470. Conditional sentences 126 4#0. Im perative sentences 127 Chapter 5: Semology 12# 510, Role structure 129 511. Quichua ro les 129 512. Adverbials 130 513* Verb suffixes 136 a. naku vV R ecip ro cal’ 136 b* ci vV ’C ausative’ 13# c. r i vV ’M edio-passive’ 140 520. Location 143 521. nA suffixes 143 522. mu vV ’C islo cativ e’ 14# Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.