A grammar of Toba-Batak

170 Pages·1981·8.7 MB·English

by  P. W. J. Nababan

PACIFICL INGUISTICS
SerieDs -No. 37.
A GRAMMAR OF TOBA-BATAK
by
P.W .J.N ababan
(MATERIALSI N LANGUAGES OF INDONESIA,N o.6.)
W.A .L . StokhofS,e rieEsd itor
Departmenotf Linguiiscts
ResearcShc hoolof PacifiSct udies
THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Nababan, P.W.J. A grammar of Toba-Batak.
D-37, xxiv + 170 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1981. DOI:10.15144/PL-D37.cover
©1981 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.
PACIFICL INGUISTICiSs i ssuetdh rougthh eL inguistic
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EDITORIALA DVISERS:
B.W.B ender JohnL ynch
Universiotfy H awaii Universiotfy P apuaN ew Guinea
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A. Capell H.P.M cKaughan
Universiotfy S ydney Universiotfy H awaii
S.H.E lbert P. MOhlhiiusler
Universiotfy H awaii LinacrCeo llegeO,x ford
K.J.F ranklin G.N.O 'Grady
Summer Instituotfe L inguistics Universiotfy V ictoriBa.,C .
W. W.G lover A.K.P awley
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G.W.G race K.L.P ike Universiotfy M ichigan;
Universiotfy H awaii Summer Instituotfe L inguistics
M.A.K.H alliday E.C.P olom�
Universiotfy S ydney Universiotfy T exas
A. Healey GilliaSna nkoff
Summer Instituotfe L inguistics Universiotfy P ennsylvania
L.A.H ercus W.A.L.S tokhofN ationaCle nterf or
AustraliNaant ionaUln iversity LanguagDee velopmenJta,k arta;
Nguy�n Bang Lit!m Universiotfy L eiden
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GonzagaU niversiStpyo,k ane
Allc orrespondence concPeArCnIiFnIgCL INGU ISTICSi,n cluding
orderasn d subscriptisohnosu,l bde addressetdo :
The Secretary
PACIFICL INGUISTICS
Departmenotf Linguistics
ResearcShc hooolf PacifiSct udies
The AustraliNaant ionaUln iversity
CanberraA,. C.T.2 600
Australia.
@
Copyright The Author.
FirsPtu blishe1d9 81.
The editorasr ei ndebtetdo theA ustraliNaant ionaUln iversiftoyr a ssistanicne
thep roductioofn t hiss eries.
Thisp ublicatwiaons made possibblye an initigarla ntf romt heH unterD ouglas
Fund.
NationaLli braroyf AustralCiaar dN umbera ndI SBN0 8588235 42
TABLEO FC ONETNST
Page
Introduction viii
Introductiont o the Thesis (1958)C:h apterso n Phonology xvi
Introductiont o the Dissertation( 1966)F:r om Morphophonmeics
to Syntax xx
Map� xxiii
CHAPTERI -THE BATAK PHONEMES 1
1. Consonants 1
1.1. TheS tops 2
1.2. TheF ricatives 3
1.3. TheA ffricates 5
1.4. TheN asals 6
1.5. TheL inguals 7
1.6. TheS emivowels 8
1.7. TheG lottaSlt op 9
1.8. ConcludinRge marks 11
2. Vowels 13
2.1. The SuprasegmenPthaoln emes 21
3. Stress 21
4. Juncture 29
5. Pitch 33
CHAPTERI I - PHONOTACTICS 41
2.1. WordP atterns 41
2.2. ConsonanCtl usters 43
2.3. VowelC lusters 50
CHAPTERI II - MORPHOPHONEMICS 57
3.1. Words 57
iii
1v
Page
3.2. ExternaSla ndhi 58
3.2.1. Exampleosf ExternaSla ndhi 59
3.3. InternaMlo rphophonemics 60
3.3.1. RegulaIrn ternaAll ternations 60
3.3.2. IrregulaIrn ternaAll ternations 61
3.3.3. Stress Alternation 63
3.3.4. Examples 63
3.4. Conclusion 64
CHAPTER IV - MORPHOLOGY 65
4.0. Introduction 65
4.1. Partso f Speech 65
4.2. InflectionCaalt egories 66
4.2.1. SubstantiCvlea ss 66
4.2.2. SUbstantive Reference 66
4.2.2.1. Allocation 67
4.2.2.2. Actor 67
4.2.2.3. Object 68
4.2.3. ' Voicea ndR esolution 68
4.2.3.1. Voice 68
4.2.4. Modea ndA spect 68
4.2.4.1. Mode:A ctiveT ransitive 68
4.2.4.2. PassivTer ansitive 69
4.2.4.3. Aspect 70
4.2.5. Degree 71
4.2.6. Ordinal 72
4.3. Contentives 72
4.3.1. Nouns 72
4.3.2. Verbs 73
4.3.3. Adjectives 75
4.3.4. Adjuncts 75
4.3.5. Interjections 76
4.4. Functors 76
4.4.1. Substitutes 76
4.4.1.1. Pronouns 77
4.4.1.2. Proverbs 79
4.4.1.3. Pro-adjective 79
4.4.1.4. Pro-adjuncts 79
4.4.1.5. Pro-clauses 80
4.4.2. DirectivPea rticles 80
4.4.2.1. Prepoistions 80
v
Page
4.4.2.1.1. LocativPer epositions 80
4.4.2.1.2. InstrumentParle positions 81
4.4.2.1.3. AttributiPvree position 81
4.4.2.1.4. Possessive-AgenPtrievpeo sition 81
4.4.2.1.5. ObjectivPer eposition 81
4.4.2.1.6. ComparatiPvree positions 82
4.4.2.1.7. Resu1tatiPvree positions 82
4.4.2.1.8. SomeP hraseFsu nctioans Prepositions 82
4.4.2.2. SubordinatiCnogn junctions 82
4.4.3. ModalP articles 84
4.4.3.1. PredicatiPvaer ticles 84
4.4.3.2. ImperativPea rticles 85
4.4.4. Connectives 86
4.4.5. Auxiliaries 86
4.4.5.1. PredicatAourx iliaries 86
4.4.5.2. NounA uxiliaries 87
4.4.5.3. Adjectvei Auxiliaries 88
4.4.5.4. Adjunct Auxiliary 88
4.4.5.5. Substitute Auxiliary 89
4.4.5.5.1. NumeraAlu xiliaries 89
4.5. Structuroef Words 90
4.5.1. Composition 90
4.6. Structuroef Stems 91
4.6.1. SecondarDye rivation 91
4.6.2. PrimarDye rivation 91
4.6.2.1. RootC ompounds 92
4.6.3. NounS tems 93
4.6.3.1. SimpleN ounS tems 93
4.6.3.2. PrimarDye riveNdo unS tems 93
4.6.3.3. SecondarDye riveNdo unS tems 95
4.6.4. VerbS tems 97
4.6.4.1. IntransitiVveer bS tems 97
4.6.4.1.1. SimpleI ntransitiVveer bs 97
4.6.4.1.2. PrimarDye riveIdn transitiVveer bs 97
4.6.4.1.3. SecondarIyn transitiVveer bs 98
4.6.4.2. TransitivVee rbs 101
4.6.4.2.1. SimpleT ransitivVee rbs 102
4.6.4.2.2. PrimarTyr ansitivVee rbs 102
4.6.4.2.3. SecondarTyr ansitivVee rbs 102
4.6.5. Stemso f otherW ordC lasses 104
4.7. Roots 104
vi
Page
CHAPTERV - SYNTAX 107
5.0. Introduction 107
5.1. Constructions 107
5.1.1. EndocentrCiocn structions 107
5.1.1.1. AttributiCvoen structions 107
5.1.1.1.1. NounP hrase 108
5.1.1.1.2. VerbP hrases 109
5.1.1.1.3. AdjectivPeh rases 110
5.1.1.1.4. AdjuncPth rases 110
5.1.1.1.5. SubstitutPeh rases 111
5.1.1.2. Co-ordinaCtoen structions 111
5.1.1.2.1. AdditivCeo nstructions 111
5.1.1.2.2. AlternatiCvoen structions 111
5.1.1.2.3. AppoistiveC onstructions 112
5.1.2. ExocentriCco nstructions 112
5.1.2.1. DirectivCeo nstructions 112
5.1.2.1.1. MarkedD irectivCeo nstructions 112
5.1.2.1.2. VerbalD irectivCeo nstructions 112
5.1.2.2. PredicatiCvoen structions 113
5.1.2.2.1. VerbalP redicatiCvoen structions 113
5.1.2.2.2. EquationaClo nstructions 114
5.2. Clauses 114
5.2.1. WordO rder 115
5.2.1.1. DirectO rder 115
5.2.1.2. InverteOdr der 116
5.2.2. ClauseT ypes 117
5.2.2.1. FavouritTey pes 117
5.2.2.2. Minor Types 118
5.3. Sentences 119
Append�1x - SYNTACTIC ANALYSOIFS A TEXT 121
1. Introduction 121
2. Text 121
3. FreeT ranslation 122
4. Analysis 123
Append�1x 1- SPECTROGRAPHICA NALYSISO F SOME BATAK PHONEMES 133
1. VowelL ength 133
2. VowelF ormants 135
3. Junctures 136
vii
Page
4. PitchC ontours 137
5. Phonotactics 183
Apepnd�1x1 1 - THE BATAK ALPHABET 141
B�bu.oJtgaph!f 145
INTRODTUICON
1. It epsernst smoethingo fa prboletmo w rtiea ni ntodrucitont o
on'est hesiasn dd isrstaetiona ftear l apsoef2 2 and14 yearrses pect­
ivel.y Howeer,v iand diiotnt ot he aspeocftn osatlgai notm ucdhi ­f
ferenftr ormev isiintgt he twono fo n'esc hlihdoo,d it ahlassao n
evaulaitev aspewchti cghi veosn ea newp erpsecvteio f itnhgrse meemrbed
asb enigd ifefrenftr otmhe irpr seneta peparanc.e
Thet hesiwsas resrecaheadnd writteinn1 957a nd 1958,t he cumli­
naitgn perioodf s turctuarlmi sint he UniteSdt tae,s ont he eve oft he
lniguistuipcha evacla usbeydt he transofrmiaotn-aglenteirvaea pporach;
Chmosyk presentehdi smo dle onw iad esrc alatet heT exaCso nfecreoe nn
Linugitsic,s inA ustiinn1 9 58. Nautrall,yt hel niguisttiheco yr
underlytihen tghe siwsa ss turctruailsm.
Thed issetratni woasr eseracheidn1 964-1695 and wrtiteunp i nt he
latter ohf1a 96l5f. The metheomdhpa siasni dnt he analsyinsa taulrly
reflectthe (preavilngi) spiirto ft he tmiesn,a mley( 1)t he vieowf
lanugagea sa sysmt geoverbnyer dul etsh actna bep rensteeda sa n
ordersee,dt a nd (2)t he groundn-ignvagii etwha tt he senteinscn eo t
theu ppelri miotfl niguistdieccs ript.i Tohnef irsvti ewwa si nit­
maetlyr elatteotd he interoefsl tig nusitsin t he exlporaitono ft he
useo fc mopurtsei nt he procensgso ifl niguistdiact aan dt hea ppli­
catni oofa lgormiict chmopuetrt ehcniuqes tot he unedrsntdaign of
thniki.n gThes encdov iewwa sr eleadtt ot het heotrhayt t hes tudyo f
phnoolyo agnd moprhoolgyh adr eachae sdtb ales tage atnhdep aradimgs
usehda da tatinead d egroefee asien t heiarpp lcitaio.n Itw as
relaiesd attth heb roadesrt uy dofs yntwaoxlu dn ecseasritlkaye o ne
tot he styu dofm eanianngdt hep arapshe.r Tahsi inovlvde noto nltyhe
hierarhcicaaln dc onrsutctniaolr eliaotnbse tewent hee lmeenst ofa
setnence,i .et.h ec onistteunts truucreto f et shentee,nb cuta lstohe
horziontraell atioofsn esn teesnt charte psreenotr r elaies thes mae
viii
ix
smeantince towr,k ino thewrod rs, expesrst he mesm aenaingT.h si led
theg enetriiavstisnt he 1t9o6p 0oss ia t' absec moponnet'o ft he
sytnactsitcr uucrtef rowmh ich stuhraefc eo ra ctaulf oromf t he sen­
tnecec oulbde' edrievd;' amontghe otehr mtseu rse(dyb different
peopalted ifefrentt mies) fora smiilra (ubtd iffer)e cnotncewpetr e
'edeps trurce't,u'e smnatince towr'k,'o cnceptsutarluu cr'et.u nd­er
lyings turctreu' .
2 . T hec ahpteorn P hono,l Cohgpayte1r, i sa repruocidtono fs moe
chpaterosfm yM .At.hs ei,s enittle"dAp homnice anlaysiofsB ataakn d
itbse rainogn ttheea icnhgo fE nglisphro nnuciatiotno a speakoefr
Batka", cmopletaetd et hiUvnresitoyfT eaxs,M ay1 95. 8Thec hpaters
dealiwnigtt hhe cnotrtaisev anaylsiosfB ataakn dE ngilhs andw ith
its pedoaggiciampll ciatioanrse� efto u;th oewve,r thea ppendix
desicbrnigt he resulotfts h es pecogtrrapahna�lcy siosft heB atak
vowlesa ndo fs moej nuctraul featuraersei ncleudd.
Thet ecnhiuqeu seidn i deinyftintghe phomnese ist of inodu tw hteher
two miinmla sonuds emgentsa rei nc ontriansi td einctaolr s miilar
envrionemnts.W heenveornl yo neo rn oi ednitacle nvrionnmtesa ref onud,
the procesbesc moes smoewhcamutb erosmea tt mies. Fore xmapl,e itnhe
casoef I �Ia nd1 01a ndt hato fl eia ndl EIp,r esenotnpe p.d3 1 ff, and
ind igaramimcaft oromn p 1.6, thea rgumaepnepta rosv erlloyn bgu t sd oe
loofka ircloynl cuisv.e
Thec asoef et ghlottsatplo i sa lsqou itceop mleaxn dm erist a
lengtyh tremaentt( pp9.-1)1.T hec onclurseiaocnhc eodna tdricttshe
findionfog t ehrr esearch(eer..s Pg ericva1l9 6)w 4hos ayt hatthe
glottsatloi ps a separpahtnoee m.e Imnya naylsi, stheg lottsatlo p
isa na llohponoef / k/ ini tso bilgatoryo ccrruencper ecegd ivano iecd
connsanot; iti sn otr ecnoisgedan a na llopohnei ni tosp itonal occ­ur
rencea s vao wle onseattt heb egniingn ofa nu tetranacneda vowle
codaa tt hee ndo fa nu ttaenrc.e
Thei ntnearlj nucture( p3.1-)3 h3asa lsboe egni vean g oodde aolf
spacaest hilsi gnusitipchn eomeniosdn i ffciultto a nalysienB ata(ksa
ina nyo tehrl angu)a.gI eti sp artlya tmepo pheneonmobnu t otthhee r
featuorfes so unmdoi difactio(nno se,t lentgh,st ers,s etc). seme to
bem oriem opratnt, resultiinan cgo pmliatcende towrko fi ntreerliaotn.s
There,f tohreed iscuns soitnoh ep lujsnu ctruee ndisn samo ewhat
incnocluvset inoe. Aptr eesn,t wIo ulmdo rdeef iintye lgivae m uch
smallerro lteo t hep ausoarlb reaka speocftt hep lujsnu ctreu,b ecause
iti si nf acta 'opteinat'lr athteharn a'nca tu'ab lreaiknb etewent wo
phonees.m Nevtehrlee,s sits tirlemla inas s tbubornf eautrei nt he
descriipotno fB atapkh olnogoy.
x
Thep honaocittcd esicpritno oft heB ataskuo nds ysmt eiwnh cih
seevrals qeuecneasr er epersentedo nblyoy n ee xmaple( eseD iagrma on
p.49i)n ditceast he changincgh aarcteorft heB atalkna guatghreo ugh
itsco ntawcittb hah a�a Indonesia,t he naitonallna guageI noodnfse ai.
Sincet he copmletn iooft het hes(i91s5? ),I havhee arodt her novel
seuqecneso fp homnese whicnho ws eetmo b ee stasbhleitdo oa nda lso
moreex mapleosf t hes equeesnd cecsribaesdu niq(uie .sei.n gle
ocucrrcee)n.
3. Int he 1950ansd 1 96m0asn syic enitsttso otkh ea nalogyo f et h
cmoputewri tthhe minsder iou.s lyOcnnae s eesm oei nflcueeo nft his
thikninign t hed iesrstatiinot nhe descirpitono ft hemo rphompihcosn e
ofB ataaks oarnd eedrs eto fr ules.I fa t tthmieeo fw rtinigo ft he
ruels, cIno siedretdhe exeirscaes a ne xpreimeinntw riitnga ni tme­
and-ocpers(sPI )d esicptrino,a fte1r4y ea,r ists tidlole nso tl ook
sob ad thaIt w oulldki et or ewtreii ti nt he mortera ditniaol' time­
and-raarngnetm' e(AI)m oedl. Thsi formiast modrifefc iultt ou nder­
stnada ndo f coturows rei tteo, ob uti ti sm ucmho rceno cistehan t he
regluarI Af orm.a t
Onew ayo fr epsr�netnigt hem orphompihcoonsfe B ataiksi nt baular
for.m Thisc na bee aisyl donfeo rt hee xtnearls nadhpih neomeansa
inT albe2 ,p .95,w hertehe rowh eadisnhgostw h eb asef or,m i.e.
phoenm,eo ft hef inaslem genotf t he firswtor adn dt he columhne adings
aret he basfeo rmosft hei niitalph omneeo ft hes encdow or.d Howerv,e
thei rregulraitieosf t hei netrnals nadhmia kiet l esesa s,yo rr ather
imopsbsli,e top rseentth ea letrantinosi nt baulr afomr. Thiwsa ,s as
I reacl,lp arotf et ahttriaocnot fe xeprimentiwnitgh a rerwitreul e
moedl. Itd idpr oev feasiballeht ougihtt ookm anpyr eicouhso urs and
daytso maa kweo rkisnteg o f ersu.l
Anym eirt, oirn teriensgat spe,c totfh em odeulsn iga no rderseedt
ofr ulesi sb roughotu tb yt he abiiltyo ft he rulest oh adnle the
cmoplexiotfty he intnearls anhdi, botrhe gulari rraeungldra .
Secnodl,y theer isa lssopu porfto rt hifsr otmhe fact tthhearet a lso
seemst o ab fei xeodr deirnt hea plpictaiono f tthhree et ypeosf
rulse:I rreglura IntnearlS and(hIIiS ),R egulIanrtn earlS and(hIRiS ),
andE xetrnaSlan dhi( SE), itnha to redr.T hilry,dw itheianc ohf t hsee
subtsy tpheere alssoe mest ob ea fixeodr deorfa plpicaitno oft he
rules.
4. Thec haptoenMr o rplhoogfyo llotwhsem aisnterma ofs tructiusrta l
grmamra.T hem odelu sefdo ri tw asB loomefli1d9 6, 1witmho dfiictiaons
tof itt hes turctreuo ft heB aatkl nagua.g Tehem odiifactioncsno sist