A Grammar of Christian Arabic based mainly on South-Palestinian Texts from the First Millennium, Fasc. II: 170-368. Subs. 28. (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium)

108 Pages·1967·19.676 MB·English

by  Soren Blau

CORPUS
SCRIPTORUM CHRISTIANORUM ORIENTALIUM
EDITUM CONSILIO
UNIVERSITATIS CATHOLICAE AMERICAE
ET UNIVERSITATIS CATHOLICAE LOVANIENSIS
Vol. 276 (cid:9)
SUBSIDIA
TOMUS 28
A GRAMMAR
OF CHRISTIAN ARABIC
BASED MAINLY ON SOUTH-PALESTINIAN TEXTS
FROM THE FIRST MILLENNIUM
Fasc. II : §§ 170-368
SYNTAX I
by
JOSHUA BLAU
M.A., Ph. D. (Jerusalem)
Professor of Arabic
The Hebrew University, Jerusalem
LOUVAIN
SECRIETARIAT DU CORPUSSCO
49, CH. DE WAVRE
1967
IV. §§ 170-535. SYNTAX
~ff 1, 46G 1~o _
,-2
§§ 170-535. SYNTAX(cid:9) A
§ 170. THE PERFECT
After rubbamd «sometimes» the perfect may designate present/
future 1 . Burhan 39, 18-19 ti UJ1 ..-~_) ßj:.4.(cid:9) o~la
J
~Iji to ja U3 ol>j la olL-~l lc j9 ~:..~ ij
(cid:9)
«then he uses his hands-and suffers hardship and weariness from it;
sometimes his hopes are deceived and this work of his does not turn
out as he had intended ». — As a rule, however, (v. § 1.7) the perfect B
is restricted to the past, v. for the disappearance of its use as optative
§ 174, especially note 19, in fine. It is only in conditional clauses that
its use as denoting present/future is still alive (v. § 479).
§§ 171-174. THE IMPERFECT
171.1.(cid:9) In accordance with the analytic trend of MA, moods have
disappeared in ASP. This process was promoted by the elision of the
final short vowels (v. § 3.2), which led to the disappearence of the
differences between the moods in forms like ygtl/ygtlu/yqtla, in which
the last radical consonant was, at most, followed by a short vowel.
Therefore, it seems, the feeling for the differences between the other C
forms of the imperfect, viz. between forms terminating in a long vowel
with nün (i.e. Classical indicative) and without nitn (i.e. Classical
subjunctive/jussive) was blurred : they became mere variants. In
this situation, one of these variants prevailed, supplanting the other
in every position 1. Whereas in a part of the ASP texts imperfect
1 The same is the case after rubbamd in the sense of ti perhaps a in JA, v. Blau 125,
§ 174. This feature occurs in modern dialects as well, after adverbs denoting <4 perhaps)),
v. Feghali 18; 441, Blau, BZ 74/5, presumably due to the influence of conditional clauses,
which are related in signification.
1 The same applies to the moods of verba mediae and tertiae in/irmae, V. §§ 86.1;
98.1. In this respect, the general trend of development of MA is identical with that
through which e.g. Hebrew and Aramaic had passed before corning into the full light
of history. For the beginnings of this feature in various layers of ancient Arabic v.
Nöldeke 11, Nöldeke, Q 18, Vollers 128; 130/1, Schwarz 123A, Kofler XLVIII 55 (where
(cid:9)
260(cid:9) IV. SYNTAX MOODS, §§171.1-171.2.1(cid:9) 261
forms terminating without nun prevail, others are dominated by A make them)). 23, 14-15 l,4 y,,, fq ... (!) I(cid:9) , v I ((that they A
those with nün. Setting aside forms without nün in accordance with imagine... and honour them)). 43, 7 jy~,e, y9 « and they shall
CA and therefore arising from its influence, the latter texts exhibit not sacrifice ». SS 7 n 1, 20 j~.g (cid:9) y I (c not to understand)). A E, 5
only two frequent categories of forms without nun : preceding pro- (4 to worship)). n,, 11-12 1+js~ 1; Xl j v9j~:.~.+ VI
nominal suffixes (like ygtluhd, instead of Classical ygtlunand, presumably 69 j.~;;~-,y (( to disperse themselves in all the world and to preach))' A
through the influence of ygtlunil ygtluna, occurring - owing to haplo- 14 c).+ h .~ « until you are clothed)).(cid:9) , , 16. IV, 9• 1 • t' , 1
logy - in CA as well) and following a form (as a rule a perfect) v9yv ~ I (( have you not read)). Act 7, 39. 10, 47. 12, 19. 13, 27; 39;
terminating, in accordance with the Classical usage, in -ü (like kdnu 39; 42. 14, 2; 5; 18. 15, 1; 5; 7; 10; 10; 20; 24; 29. 17, 6; 13; 15;
ygtlü, presumably due to attraction to the preceding perfect etc.). 30. 17, 26 Z) qz~ « that they dwell)) (as against 17, 27 1_~ (( that
This is the more remarkable, because both JA texts of Palestinian
they are))). 18, 27. 19, 36; 36. 20, 10; 28. 21, 21; 25. 22, 25; 30. 23,
extraction (since the first millennium) and modern Palestinian dialects
2; 10; 10; 12; 12; 21; 21. 24, 13 S::J I jvi a rJ l (1) I_ :6,
invariably exhibit the prevalence of forms without nun. For a possible
(( and they could nöt speak about the things whereof
explanation v. § 1.11.(cid:9) B
they accuse me ». 27, 42. 28, 27. Ja 1, 4 Vj(cid:9) 1119 , , , ( ! ) I j. ~j B
Some details:
(( that you are... and do not want)). 1, 16; 22. 3, 14. 5, 9; 16. 1P 1,
171.2.(cid:9) Texts in which forms with nun prevail
6; 9. Burhan, after lam : 29, 12. 143, 3. After 'an : 99, 12. 144, 16
171.2.1.(cid:9) Imperfect forms terminating in long vowel plus nun
(preceded by a parallel verb terminating in -ü in accordance with
contrary to the Classical usage : BM 4950, e.g. after lam 9, 6. 10, -9.
Classical usage). 198, 5. 214, 10. 11 22, 9; 18. 27, 13 (the first parallel
11, -1. 15, -5. 17, -7. 47b, -2. 50, -2. 66b, 2. 67, -7. BM 4950 Mashriq
verb stands in singular). After Ian : 78, 15; 15. 80, 4; 5; 10. After
1017, -1. 1018, 2. 1019, 3; -6; -3. After 'an BM 4950 2, 3. 11, 7. 15,
li : 121, 19 (the first parallel verb stands in singular). 125, 1. 189,
-6. 45b, -1. 46b, -10. 67, 10. BM 4950 Mashriq 1018, 3. After hattd :
16 (the first parallel verb terminates in -u in accordance with Classical
BM 4950 141b, -4f. After li : 9, 11. llb, 5. 66, -8f. 67, -3. 101, 6. In
usage). 192, 12. 204, 2. After hattd : II 29, 7. S 516, after 'an : 4b, 1
prohibitions after la : 54b, 7.101b, -5.163b, 4; 12. Further 88, 6 Vy;
(followed in the same line by an imperfect form terminating in -u
ßj9-I=••IL-A l j e let them be in the church in order that they
after 'an). 5b, 8. 9, -7; -7. 9b, -3. 10, 3; 6 (being parallel in lines 4;
may learn». 14011, 1 ( .► 19(cid:9) La ~jL1 ~j99yu V9i9 j ((that they 6 to imperfect forms terminating in -ü). 10b, -3 (parallel to an imperfect
shall know the time of their going)). The same applies to the canons C
form terminating in -ü). After hattd : 5, -6; -6. 6b, -3; -3. 7, -8; -7. C
contained in BM 4950 (pp. 185bff ; though in them more forms without
After li : 5b, 8. After lam : 12, -6. 13b, 5. In prohibitions after lä
nun occur, even contrary to Classical usage), e.g. 187, 5; -7. Arendzen
28,(cid:9) 9; 9. Camb 3b, 6 i j9,x (cid:9),9 y1 ~J 1 äJ6 (!~ oy l~ ßj1(cid:9) 19 (( and
14, 18(cid:9) « they desire to hear*. 17, 8
he ordered to bring him the machine of torture and to bind)). 4b,
+I ((he ordered... them to prostrate ». 19,
1. 7, 3. S 514 Atiya III 9. IV -5. V -10f (twice -una, preceded twice
8 lg i s9 ~'o(cid:9) !) Imo; ä a j 12 ((to carve their images and to
by -uhu). BM 5008 3, after 'an : 18b, 2. 20, 7; 8; 8; 9; -5; -4; -1. 21,
read (( N61d, Gramm » for a N61d, Beitr *) ; XLIX 235ff, for its occurrence in Early
Muslim MA v. Blau, Emergence 128-130, in MA Miiller 892, Landberg 14C, Hitti, e.g. copyist still remembered the verb being governed by 'an etc.), but those with wan in
1 V, note 133; 1 0 1 , note 41, Yägfit 61, Wehr XVIC, in MA of translations Galen XXV, later, parallel verbs. For this phenomenon in ChA of Spain v. Römer ZA 112.
in late MA N61deke, Dr 12, in JA Blau 125/7, Blau, Emergence 84 (cf. also J. Blau, 3 In BM 5008, BM add. 26117 and BM 8605 pseudo-correct -an(a) occurs as a mor-
Orbis 7 [19581, 164/5, Blau, Emergence 63/4), in ChA Sanders 37, in ChA of Spain Römer pheme denoting the third person masculine plural of the perfect, v. § 39. This may reflect
ZA 110/1; 112; 114/5, in ASP Fleischer III 384B, Graf 30ff, Levin 21A; 22C. the uncertainty of the writer as to which form to use when trying to write. On the other
2 There is a certain tendency (v. also some of the following examples) to use forms hand, it may be interpreted along the lines expounded § 1.11 as well: in ASP the use of
without ndn immediately after 'an etc. (presumably because in this position the author/ -An(a) in the imperfect in every syntactic position was, in the second half of the ninth
262 IV. SYNTAX MOODS, §171.2.1(cid:9) 263
-3; -2. 21b, 4; 9; 10. 22, 8; -8. 27, -4. After lam :(cid:9) 4b,(cid:9) 9; 9.(cid:9) 21, 6. A li is wanting). Mk 6, 36 (all mss.). After 'an : Mt 125 34 (S 72 and S 74 A
22, -6. 22b, -6. 24b, 1. 26b, 8-9. After fal : 21, 6; 7. 21b, 4. 22, 10; 'an is wanting, the imperfect terminating in -4na in S 74 and in -ü
-5. 22b, -6. After wal : 32b, -8. 33b, 1. After hattd : 10, 4. 21b, 2. 31, in S 72). 14, 19 (so also S 72; S 74 -4); 36 (so also S 74; S 72 4). 15,
5. After li'alld : 18, 6. In prohibitions after ld : 43b, 1; 2. BM add. 35 (all mss.). Mk 6, 8; 39 (all mss.). 9, 9. After lam : Mt 16, 8 (all mss.).
26117 3 31, -5. 31, -1 (parallel to an imperfect form terminating in After hattd : 16, 28 (all mss ) 23, 39 (all mss.). Mk 9, 1. S 72 Mt 6, 2
-ühu). 31b, 3; 8. V 71 PS 12 V~ y I e that you shall not conceal ». (Levin, S 74 (,~9> ~C) v that they glorify them)).
Tis 15 1:9p :(cid:9) V I ((to send ». 16 Vj a• 1 « to bring water » . V 13 22, 3 V9..Qg « to call r,. S 74, after lam : Alk 7, 4. Lk 15, 7. S 72 and
Guidi Mt 10, 28 v99U' y (corrected by a different hand into 19.1s y) S 74, after li : Lk 5, 7; 15. After 'an : 14, 17. After lam : 111k 7, 3 (S 72
((do not fear)) (as against -ü in accordance with Classical usage 10, twice, S 74 once; but Levin twice -ü). S 75 Mt 3, 7. 6, 1; 8. 12, 10.
31; 34). 26, 4 A.i9l••ö 9 di9.5~ Li A~(cid:9) !~ 19 jS.~ vl LJ,_j I ~3 1.3./ tj 13, 15. SS 5 4 1 1, 14. 1 1, 1. r r., 19. SS 8 r 1, 18. r r , 21. SS 2 Rm
(( and they consulted against Jesus, to take him by subtlety and kill 1, 11; 20; 28; 28; 32. 5, 14. 7, 4. 8, 15. 9, 11. 10, 3; 14; 14; 15; 18.
him)). Scholz Mt 13, 13; 15. Scholz p. 125. 10, 20 (parallel to an imperfect form terminating in -üni). 11, 10 (as
Interesting is the use of this suffix in the ms. group preserved in B against 11, 11 -ü in accordance with Classical usage). 12, 16. 13, 14. B
Levin, S 72 and S 74 : they often exhibit forms with a long vowel 15, 21. 1Cor 5, 2; 10; 11. 6, 9. 7, 8. 10, 21; 21. 11, 19; 22; 33. 14,
without nün, contrary to Classical usage. But forms terminating 29; 29. 15, 34. 2Cor 9, 4; 5. BM 8612 Eph 4, 3. 6, 13; 21; 22. Phil 1,
in a long vowel with nün contrary to Classical usage are not rare 7; 10. 4, 2; 10. 2Thes 3, 12. BM 8605 Act 5, 33; 40. 7, 52. 13, 27
either, so that one will be disinclined to attribute them to mere hyper- «they did not know)) (alongside of I(cid:9) who
correction. It seems likely that this text originally exhibited the preva- dwell)>!). 15, 17. 16, 18. 17, 5; 21; 27; 27. 19, 36
lence of forms with nün, and that the frequent use of forms without ► ~ 191. (cid:9) '~9 ((you have to be quiet and not to do » ; 38. 21;' 21;
min is, at least partly, due to variant readings that have crept (along 24. 23, 12; 23; 24; 30. 24, 8; 19. 25, 3. 26, 11; 18; 18; 20. 27, 21;
the lines suggested § 1.11) into these mss. In this respect the extant 22; 33; 40; 43. 28, 20. 28, 27 vL9(cid:9) ? (cid:9) 1
variant readings are quite instructive. The same may apply to S 75, ~4; I u (also followed by two other parallel imperfect forms
an offshoot of this ms. group, and to SS 2, its continuation BM 8612,
terminating in -ü) « lest they should see with their eyes and hear
to BM 8605 3, S 73, SS 5 and SS 8. Some examples : Levin Mt 3, 7
with their ears ». Ja 3, 14 A;9 ß, ßy-4-1 ja(cid:9) lye xs ((they
V9?' cal ((to flee» (S 72 and S 74 19;ßg;). After likay : 5, 16 05~} C
must not glory against the truth and lie against it ». 1P 2, 2. 3, 7. C
t39. 3~.9 d-~-1,,o-! I , J l€ I (cid:9) 19_y (so also S 74; but S 72 -ü) « that 4, 19. 2Jn 10 (followed by an imperfect form terminating in -ü with
they may see your good works and glorify ». 6, 1 (so also S 72, and a pronominal suffix). S 73 Rm 8, 15. 9, 11; 11. 10, 3; 20. 11, 4; 30.
similarly S 74) ; 16. 7, 6 (preceded and followed by imperfect forms REMARK : Nothing can be inferred from the usage of the im-
terminating in -ü with pronominal suffix; S 72 and S 74 -ü). 13, 13 perfect after the final conjunctions kaymd and kamd, since in
(all mss.). 15, 32 (so also S 74; but S 72 -ü). 27, 64 (all mss.). After CA they govern both indicative and subjunctive 5. (Li)kaymd
ld in prohibitions: 5, 39 (S 72 and 74 -ü). 23, 8ff (ygtlün[a] and ygtlea governing the imperfect with nün occurs e.g. SS 7 Act 12, 17.
alternate in all mss.). After li : 20, 19 A, vj:.1 1 (so also S 74; but
872 ~j~1, ~) ((to mock him» (followed by o9.As9 «to 4 In SS 5, which was edited from the same ms. as SS 8 (S 508), pseudo-correct -dn(i)
scourge him and to crucify him))). Further : 14, 15 (in S 72 and S 74 marking the third person dual of the perfect occurs once, v. § 39, rem. a. It may be
interpreted along the lines expounded in the preceding note, the only difference being
century, no more a living feature, but due to literary tradition. Accordingly, -in(a) that the use of dual forms as such has to be regarded as an attempt to apply Classical
in the perfect may well be considered as a hyper-correction. Cf. also § 39, where the features, since the dual is about to disappear in ASP (v. § 106).
possibility of regarding this feature as a living form, due to Aramaic influence, is consi- 5 V. N61deke 71; 145a, referring to 59/2, Reckendorf, SV 732; 733/4 (correct Graf 31
dered. accordingly); cf. also Römer ZA 111, rem. 1.
(cid:9) (cid:9)
264(cid:9) IV. SYNTAX MOODS, §§171.2.1-171.2.3 265
Ja 5, 12. 1Jn 2, 1. BM 8605 Act 8, 15. 27, 33. Levin Mt 10, 1 A as :) 66, 5; 97, 10; 191, 9. 94, 6. 121, 8. 136, 8. 181, 14 (followed by A
« to cast them out and to heal)) (S 72 ygtlüna contrary to Classical usage). 187, 8. 190, 11. 194, 5. S 516
and S 74 likay). S 75 Mt 6, 1. (Li)kaymd governs imperfect without 19b, 3. 24b, 5; 5; 6. 25b, 5 (also preceded by kdnü). 26, 10. BM 5008
nün e.g. Viz Vrem 4, 18; 18. BM add. 26117 31, -6. BM 8605 9b, 6; -3. 20, 9; 20b, 1 (in the same lines 'an governs imperfects
Act 19, 4. Ja 1, 4. iP 2, 12. Levin Mt 10, 1 (v. supra). S 75 Mt 5, terminating in nün). BM add. 26117 31, -4; 32, 10 (parallel to -üna
45. I have noted kamd governing the imperfect with nan e.g. without a pronominal suffix). Levin Mt 5, 44; 44 (S 72's reading
SS 7 Act 13, 42, without nün e.g. SS 2 1Cor 5, 7. Cf. also cases is different). 6, 32 (S 74 -ü, S 72 -üna, both without a pronominal
like SS (cid:9) 2P 1, 15 ~,~, ~jI ~j(cid:9) LJS(cid:9) S l,e.,I ~J4Jy(cid:9) cJI suffix following). S 74 Mt 4, 6 (Levin with nün, in spite of the following
Jy:(cid:9) 1_ ;9(cid:9) ~9m ö~~i 1,,~,41 L5'9 . «that you may also be pronominal suffix). S 75 Mt 4, 6. SS 7 Act 28, 2. BM 8605 Act 14,
always able to have these things in remembrance also after my 5. 16, 17. 19, 22. 20, 37. 20, 38 (preceded by kdn4 as well). 21, 11. 22,
decease )>, where the imperfect (by the way, without nün) is 29. Ja 2, 6 (parallel to a form with nuln, without a pronominal suffix
separated from vl governing it (cf. for this phenomenon §§ 402.4; following).
422).(cid:9) B 171.2.3.(cid:9) Similarly, even those texts in which the forms with(cid:9) B
171.2.2.(cid:9) Even texts in which forms with nün prevail, use forms nün prevail, use forms terminating in -it contrary to Classical usage
without nün contrary to Classical usage before pronominal suffixes 6 when preceded by a perfect/ (Classical) subjunctive/ (Classical) jussive
BM 4950 7b, 12-14 ,.,(cid:9) y9 ...( !~ 19J1..ß y9 ...o9(-rai form ending in -ü 8 : BM 4950 l lb, -2 1.,, Jy 9 I(cid:9) 19;9<
# they do not prefer him... and do not care... and do not do ~). 13b, 6 «they could not receive what they had seen» (as against
oy(cid:9) 9 41 ßj9; t ((they approach him and speak with him». 12b, 4 Ve t, l yi ~ # they came))). 17, 2-3 at,e ,(cid:9) I~; ~ (pronominal
44b, 2. 50b, 3 o9J a~ (as against 51b, -9 4;3 ~). 58b, 3 (as against suffix). 52, 9-10. 52b, -4. 54b, 4 lye i J5'. 66b, -1 19~ ßa9 vy(cid:9) ß
61b, -1). 70, -1 9(cid:9) (read so!) e you dress yourself and 19 ,g:;µ,, (as against 67, 10 tj99LK. 19,d', and similarly 67, 10-11).
put them)) (as against 70b, 4-5, where the form with a pronominal 69b, -2f ly..,~G; 19),kä,, 4485 Jl IL~A(cid:9) e the priests could not
suffix terminates in nün : `l~ , whereas the parallel form without advance)). 91b, 6-7
a pronominal suffix terminates in -ü : 1914s). 95b, 2-4 , , , ( !)J,; (also influence of Wan, although it does not introduce
116, -7. 164, -6. Burhan 14, 11. 29, 11-12 (alongside a final clause) « they must not stand... because, when speaking, they
of -üna without a pronominal suffix contrary to Classical usage). C are not free from the weakness of their minds ». 98b, 10-11 LIc(cid:9) C
57, 16 (alternating with -üna without a pronominal suffix 7, as well uy I 19.,A U (cid:9) c) I ~t J I « people must honour
the Son as they honour the Father ». 128b/129 h•„ h::.~ 1_;A
6 For this feature in CA cf. NSldeke 11. — Nothing can be inferred from the rejection
of nün preceding the pronominal suffixes -ni/-nd, since this occurs in CA as well (being, (v. Wright II 26/7, especially 27*, Reekendorf 15, § 9; 454, § 222, Zamakhshari, 'al-
perhaps, of Western origin), v. Wright I 102, Nöldeke 9; 11, J. Barth, ZDMG 59 (1905),
Kashshdf, referring to sira 39, 64). One has the impression that its occurrence in asyn-
165; 642, A. Fischer, ZDMG 59 (1905), 448/9, Vollers 145/6, Rabin 147, Fleisch 149/50.
detic object clauses governed by verbs expressing command etc., is, partly at least,
Some examples from ASP: BM 4950 17b, 8. 66, -1 j9 'Uz.'• (parallel to(cid:9) V9! a due to the desire of the Arab grammarians to adapt non-Classical usages to the system
66b, 1). 98, 1. 125b, 4 (preceding -nd; parallel to ygt1,Qa) e.g. 125b, -2). 1601, 4. BM 4950 of CA.
8 In the case of a preceding perfect (and imperative, v. note 9, in fine), the use of
Mashriq 1021, 12. SS 2 1Cor 9, 3. BM 8612 Phil 4, 14. SS 7 Act 16, 37 , , ,
-ü for -in(a) may well be due to attraction to the perfect (or the imperative) in living
26, 2. 26, 5(cid:9) , , , j95jjy .. 3Jn 3
speech. In the case of a preceding subjunctive/jussive terminating in -ü, which were no
(cid:9)
BM 8605 Act 7, 7 9 longer alive in ASP (except when preceding pronominal suffixes), the attraction was a
20, 38. 21, 5. 24, 13. literary one (perhaps also influenced by the same development after perfect forms),
7 Contrary to the editor's interpretation that kallafa governs asyndetic subjunctive which, however, has become productive, as one must infer from the frequency of this
forms. The subjunctive without a governing particle, however, is exceptional in CA phenomenon.
(cid:9)
(cid:9) (cid:9)
266(cid:9) IV. SYNTAX MOODS, §§171.2.3.171.2.4 267
133, 8. 190b, 1. Arendzen 23, 15 ( ! ) Iy ,(cid:9) I~ y I ly JS' Lf-. Burhan A 171.2.4.(cid:9) But even texts in which imperfect forms with nün prevail, A
131, 10-11. S 514 Atiya V -8f. S 516 7b, 9. 17, 9 (the second parallel may exhibit -ü not only in accordance with, but also contrary to
verb terminates in -ü with a pronominal suffix as well, the third Classical usage. In the first case, one will regard it as Classical influence,
one, however, in -üna without a pronominal suffix). 22, 4-5 Ls. j I in the second as hyper-correction or according to § 1.11.
« whom they trusted and called ». Some instances of the imperfect without nün contrary to Classical
22b, -6. 35b, 4 ~g gII ~ls (!~v9jQ~ ö~t+~jI j Ill. ig,ö usage : BM 4950 6, 6 (ld negating an imperfect without nün, parallel
~g,L,o►9 ((they competed with each other for martyrdom and to two preceding positive imperfects terminating in nün in accordance
abused their gods and idols)). Camb 6b, -5. BM 5008 31b, 5. BM add. with Classical usage). 6b, 12. 9b, 5. 45, -2f. 53, -2. 55b, 12. 56b, 8
26117 31, -4. V 71 Mashriq 696, 7. S 75 Mt 4, 24. SS 2 1Cor 10, 7 (preceded and followed by imperfect forms terminating in nün in
!(cid:9) 1 199 cjy. 9 v(cid:9) 1,(cid:9) ;J I v"I'' «the people sat down accordance with Classical usage). 59b, 1. 62b, 4; 5; 6. 67, -4 (preceded
to eat and drink, and rose up to play ». SS 7 Act 12, 11 (as against and followed by imperfect forms terminating in -üna contrary to
13, 2 -üna preceded by kdn4). 19, 32. 25, 7 (as against -üna preceded Classical usage). 79b, 11. 114, 4. 140b, 1 (v. §171.2.1). 144b, 9 (preceded
by kanü in the same verse). BM 8605 Act 5, 42 (continued by a circum- B and followed by parallel imperfect forms terminating in -üna). 146b, B
stantial clause containing -üna twice). 6, 10. 8, 17 111 ,(cid:9) I y; is, -9. 156b, 5. 175, 6. It is quite frequent in the canons contained in BM
g..lr r, gj I « they laid their hands on them, and 4950, as 186b, -8; -7. 187, 11. 190b, -2. 191, -5. 192b, 8. Arendzen
they received ». 13, 45 (i~ vy9.lsy , . , I9 ~o la ILO_.~ e they started 6, 18 (!~ I(cid:9) « they receive)) (followed by L49. ,&L ((and they under-
contradicting... and blaspheming (as against 13, 50 v~e- Imo. stand it))!). 15, 5 (!~ Y1 L ß,.a,9 «and they say e. 19, 15-16 L ice,
(ithey started stirring up »). 14, 3 (!~ v-9(cid:9) I~;:a j (,~ s j t c, -LL, I'. ~,, l., ~ys « and they blame others for doing
((and they abode there some time speaking and being bold a. 14, 12 things as they do, without feeling ». 23, 10; 10(!). 25, 18; 18 (! ; in
(as against 14, 27 Vs ;,(cid:9) I ji=— (4 they started telling))). 15, 3 (followed the same line ygtlünahü, before a pronominal suffix!). 26, 3. SS 7
by a pronominal suffix as well); 12 (as against the dual forms 15, 35 A C , 17 1_9 L, L9 (( and you will be led)). A,, 1 8. Act 24, 13 (v. supra
( !) !9»~9~ h V ?9 V !j9-ß(cid:9) «they both moved § 171.2.1). 2P 2, 6 1(cid:9) 1 1y9 (cid:9) 1JI ((those who will live after-
around and taught in Antioch and preached »). 16, 4 (followed by a
wards». Burhan 10, 5. 64, 1 (preceded and followed by the parallel
pronominal suffix as well). 16, 3; 13. 17, 5 (but in the same verse
ygtlüna). 100, 1; 2. 132, 5. 133, 1; 2. 136, 8. 138, 5; 18. 139, 8. 166,
(cid:9) IL; ~9' « and they sought them)), and similarly 16, 25. C 3; 4. II 33, 12; 13. S 516 6, -6. 9, 2; 10; -3. 24, -7. BM 5008 27, -3. C
On the whole, BM 8605 exhibits quite often kdnü ygtlüna etc.). 17, 44b, -3 ly 1..., L~ 3JI who ask)). 52b, -1. BM add. 26117 32, 7. V 71
(i
18. 18, 6 (continued by -üna. And similarly, the verb in perfect being Mashriq 698, -6.
ja`alü :) 19, 6. 19, 12; 18; 32. 21, 29. 22, 22; 29. Perhaps also 21, 32 More frequent are imperfect forms without nün, contrary to
1-g.,ß L- Iy:Su they left beating)). Classical usage, in the texts enumerated in the second half of § 171.2.1,
Also when the preceding -ü is contained in an imperfect form, as SS 5 , 9. r ~., 23. Levin Mt 4, 21 19.41 (as also S 74. S 72 uses
9
followed by a pronominal suffix (according to §171.2.2), as BM 4950 the hypo-correct dual form without nün lrg~). 5, 4 (S 72 and S 74
7b,(cid:9) 12-14 (cid:9) 1~9 ... !j-A;(cid:9) y9 ... o f t ~. e,(cid:9) (( they
do not prefer him... and do not care... and do not do)). And even
rative terminating in 4 should influence a preceding imperfect : BM 4950 89, -3 I~ s
when the preceding imperfect terminates in -ü contrary to Classical
as you like to be treated, treat
usage, as BM 8605 Act 15, 1 (~~s' 19j_a,(cid:9) j .,,19(cid:9) ~ a
,Y others)). On the other hand, a preceding imperative may well influence following imper-
((if you are not circumcised..., you can not be saved a 9.
fect forms, as perhaps BM 4950 108b, -3 1~=0 '9 i9 J' S~JI l(cid:9) !9 yo^ «inform
9 Both tagdirü and takhlusü may, however, be influenced by the preceding lam takhta- John of what you see and hear)) (by the way, it was, mutatis mutandis, a similar attraction
tin4, which is, to be sure, separated from them. — It seems rather unlikely that an impe- that caused jawdb 'al-'amr in CA).
(cid:9) (cid:9)
268 IV. SYNTAX MOODS, §§171.2.4-171.4(cid:9) 269
-zinc). 5, 7 (so also S 74; S 72 -ulna). 5, 15; 15 (so also S 72). 5, 46 (so A 23 ygtlulna in accordance with Classical usage occurs twice). 12, 25 A
also S 74; S 72 -ulna). 5, 47; 47 (so also S 74). 6, 7; 7; 7; 24. 6, 32 (as against ygtlüna verse 24). 13, 2; 7; 7; 8. Probably Heffening also
(S 72 and S 74 -ulna). 19, 28 (all mss.). 20, 7; 16. 20, 21 (all mss.). 112, 4-5 S.Ls 0 « and you don't find ». 112, 9 (! j Ls. LJ(cid:9) y
,.~9
Often in chapter 23 according to all mss. (alternating with ygtluln[a]), ly.(cid:9) y9 (cid:9) !~ c~}~~ y9 (cid:9) j + « because they do not
as 23; 27; 29; 30; 34; 34; 34. 28 (S 72 -ulna). 33 (S 74 -ulna). Further fear kings nor honour rulers nor have awe... ». 112, 11-12
Mk 2, 19 (variant readings). 2, 24 (all mss.). S 72 Mt 6, 25 (Levin, S 74 I f'j jj j (cid:9) ~~ from these
-4na). S 75 Mt 6, 7; 7; 24; 28. 7, 2; 2; 2. 12, 27; 27; 33; 33; 34. SS 2 they withdraw in fear and awe and make the way clear before them».
Rm 1, 30. 2, 13; 15; 15. 3, 13. 8, 13 (parallel to -ulna). 11, 8; 8. 11, One is also inclined to include Bilabel pp. 8-23 among these texts,
23 I~.Sy l{ (read so!). 11, 24. 12, 15 (parallel to -ulna). 15, 14. 16, 18. if one is entitled to infer from such a short text : 10, 16 I ]yJyä; l~_
Wor 1, 21. 3, 2; 2. 4, 21. 5, 12. 6, 7; 7; 9. 7, 30 (parallel to many as you say ». 10, 22 h - + u you know ». Presumably also 20, 7 (as
imperfects terminating in -ulna). 9, 13. 12, 2; 22. 14, 9; 9; 22; 22 against Vas 20, 17).
(but 23; 23 etc. -ulna). 15, 15; 22. BM 8612 Heb 8, 5. S 73 Rm 6, 21. 171.3.2.(cid:9) Nevertheless, even in these texts hyper-correct imperfect
8, 13. 9, 8. 10, 14; 14 (preceded and followed by lam ygtlul). 11, 8; B forms occur, terminating in a long vowel with nuln contrary to Classical B
8; 23; 24. Imperfect without nuln contrary to Classical usage is quite usage", as Marr 70, -11 of lzl(cid:9) (read so!) «that his enemies
frequent in BM 8605, as Act 5, 35; 35; 36; 39. 7, 26; 40. 13, 46 be ashamed)). 88, -4 ~)9 J e that they be ashamed)). 92, 1
~ I 19J' y9 ( ! ) lg i9xi.Z ~ U e and as you put it from you «you did not say». Viz Vrem 3, 2 (= Fleischer III, plate III, line -2)
and do not consider yourselves)). 14, 15. 14, 18 I.~a 19Jä,(cid:9) ~C- 99 #m order to defame him)). S 520 201b, -6. 209b, 1.
~( and while they were saying this)) (as against 16, 4 234, 3. S 116 Jn 4, 24 v9^^ß ~j).:,~ «they must prostrate».
e and while they were going around))). 15, 1 (v. § 171.2.3, in fine). 15, 29. Baudissin 21, 13 r,~I J1 vjo (cid:9) v)I j l ((until they are gathered
15, 35 (v. § 171.2.3, second half). 16, 5. 17, 6; 11; 22. 19, 10; 39. 22, in hells. S 1 3b, 4 = Jb 32, 3 j , r v I e that they answer ». 12b,
30, 23, 15; 20. Ja 2, 9; 9; 12. 4, 4; 14.(cid:9) 1P 2, 8; 10; 12; 19. 4, 12; 13. -3 = Dn 2, 9. Heffening 110, 15-16 &,~;~ yl9 ado not postpones.
171.3.(cid:9) On the other hand, some ASP texts exhibit a predilection For S 461 v. § 39, rem. b, note 13.
for imperfects terminating in a long vowel without nuln : REMARK : It goes without saying that in these texts imperfect
171.3.1.(cid:9) Texts in which imperfect forms occur terminating, as forms occur, terminating in a long vowel with nuln in accordance
a rule, in a long vowel without non contrary to Classical usage, are 10 C with, and through the influence of 12 the Classical usage, as C
illarr, as 68, -8. 72, 2; 11. 74, 5. Abram, as 264, 3 (cf. also Fleischer Abram 263, -1 (! )19~r9 , , , c~9 ~' l,w , , , l y~ 6'9. PSb 70, 13;
I1I 384). Viz Vrem, as 1, 11. lb, 11; 12. 2b, 9. S 520, e.g. 202b, 1. 13 (alternating with three imperfect forms terminating in -u
213, 4. 215b, 7. 217b, 3; 4. 218, 5 (after kanul). 230, -4. S 461, for contrary to Classical usage). 79, 13 (read : v9~1.M~). For addi-
particulars v. supra § 39, rem. b, note 13. PSb, as 70, 11; 13; 13 (read tional instances v. § 171.3.1, passim.
13. S 116, as Jn 1, 12. 6, 31. 8, 14; 15. 8, 19 171.4.(cid:9) Rather interesting is the pseudo-correct use of -d(ni) denoting
v~ I t~ if you had known me, you" should have the dual of the imperfect (a category about to disappear in MA, v.
known my father also)). S 70 Mt 6, 24 19.E ljj.QY y « you cannot § 106) contrary to Classical usage 13 :
serves. 6, 25; 25; 25. Baudissin 6, 27. 9, 24 (but in the parallel verse
11 These imperfect forms could, however, also exhibit remnants of the general use of
forms with ngn once prevailing in ASP, if the development did take place along the
lines expounded § 11.1. — For this phenomenon in ChA cf. e.g. LSfgren 58, 9 = Dn 3,
10 To this category also the ChA texts Gild - BM add. 14467 and Löfgren belong,
20 r,43A9 !_~~ v , , , >.,,19 v and he commanded ... to bind ... and to
v. e.g. Gild Mt 27, 53. BM add. 14467 Mt 10, 23. Jn 16, 26. Löfgren 55, -4 = Dn 1, 13.
cast them u.
57, 8; -3; -3 = Dn 3, 10; 14; 14. 57, -6f = Dn 3, 12 12 V., however, the beginning of the preceding note.
.x,
!9..1x" y.9 ... 19 . 13 For this phenomenon in JA v. Blau 126/7.
(cid:9)
270(cid:9) IV. SYNTAX IMPERFECT, §§171.4.1.-172.2(cid:9) 271
171.4.1.(cid:9) The use of -äni instead of Classical -a in texts in which A 172.1.(cid:9) The third person of the imperfect denotes command etc.,(cid:9) A
forms with nün prevail has to be considered as hypo-correction 14 : e.g. Arendzen 22, 7-9 _~~ , . , J (cid:9) ßj19 t and if he says..., he
BM 4950 20, 1 j1;9~,(cid:9) « they were not)). 177b, -7 ~jU_L,(cid:9) ((they shall remember» (as against YIJ9 22, 11). SS 7 v o, 15-16
did not fit)). Burhan 20, 13 V 6.L6 (cid:9) 'J(y ~j1~9 ßäj ßj9(cid:9) Jt9 (cid:9) `let there be light',
«because the two of them could not agree or join». 11 28, 11 and there was light. Then He said `let there be a firmament', and
c they shall not eat)). 29, 10 V(cid:9) (► ) ((that they prepare ». 98, 7 J I there was a firmament)). Levin ms. V Mt 23, 11. SS 2 Rm 15, 11
« that they should be made clear » . BM 5008 45b, 3 ~ Lx ~, v I `-'9 • .'.. i I cÄ o9x a9 Y_J I r.A'J 1 JS (! )19~.. L,~,, I9 a and again, praise
« that they return)). S 516 19, 5. the Lord, all you nations, and let him laud all the people ! ». Baudissin
171.4.2.(cid:9) The use of -ä instead of Classical -äni in texts in which 1, 21 J~ 1(cid:9) uß!1 (,..u,) v9~'~ e and blessed be the name of God ! )).
forms with nün prevail has to be regarded as hyper-correction 15 172.2.(cid:9) The second person of the imperfect denotes command,
BM 4950 126b, 11(cid:9) aJ i.e. the imperfect has partly supplanted the imperative; e.g. SS 7
they agree on something wrong and strive for it and do not find)). V,, 1 1(cid:9) ~1! v9~, a; a search the Scriptures ! ». Ja 2, 12 U.~Y
SS 7(cid:9) y , 4ff yk (cid:9) 19 _r,: W ö(cid:9) la 19(cid:9) , ylSl, ~A L,o9 U B Z)91, (cid:9) Iy9(cid:9) `,ß3Y9 Z j(cid:9) 19,~ « so speak and so do ! ». 3, 1.(cid:9) B
J Li U : J , , ( read so !) cV L'9~ . u9., Lg.;..., ESL, Pte' ~' U L+L4 yLSI, 5, 12; 16; 16. 1P 1, 22. 2, 2; 13. 3, 8; 9. 2P 3, 15 A'9.L,,Y ((account
(!) v(cid:9) ; Lg.;.,,, yUy Ly Ls--. , ~L~ .4 ai i ,i-11 ä (cid:9) y~sl; y A u I it ! ». Burhan 36, 6 A_JU P.4 L,L IDLY :~j
(= Gen 2, 16ff) e He commanded them to eat... but of the tree of .~ (cid:9) xUI L,S L; f°' d,~ ~gJgi ~jS'~9 «the blood of every
P
good and evil they should not eat, for in the day that they would
living thing is its soul, so do not eat flesh with the blood of its soul,
eat thereof, they would surely die... Therefore God has said `do not
but pour out its blood, then eat the flesh without blood ! )). II 79,
eat of the tree of knowledge', He knows that when you eat of it,
note 8. Marr 72, 5. V 71 Mashriq 697, 8; L; V9;~.;9 ((and come
you will become... ». Burhan 55, 10 ~)kS L ~~ ,) ((He commanded to them ! )). S 514 Atiya V 1 ol9A J~9(cid:9) yI(cid:9) I (cid:9) .~; LuL .L.xj
them to eat)). 117, 7 L;'yx L,3.., a they will surely die ». BM 5008 9b,
3. Levin Mt 19, 5 (all mss.). 24, 41 (all mss.; only ms. B -äni). S 72
Emergence 129, note 1, in MA, v. Muller 906, Durra 1 1 .,, (referring to the third person),
Mt 8, 27 (preceding a pronominal suffix; the other mss. do not exhibit
Fleischer I 548/9, Fück 61, in MA of translations, v. Galen XXV, in JA, v. Blau 127,
a dual). 8, 29 (the other mss. -dni). BM 8612 Eph 5, 31. § 176, Blau, Emergence 85, and in ASP, v. Graf 32/3 (omit, however, the instances of
171.4.3.(cid:9) The use of -a instead of Classical -dni in texts in which C the prohibitive Id with imperfect forms formally not identical with the Classical jussive
forms without nün preponderate, has to be considered as hypo- quoted here, because they may be interpreted as a continuation of the jussive after the
correction 18 : Marr 122, 14 J` y Li ~9' « and they sent a, presumably disappearance of the moods), Levin 23; 27B and Burhan p. VI, § 4. This phenomenon
is quite general in many languages, both Semitic and non-Semitic ones. Havers 25
also due to the influence of the preceding kdnd.
derives it from questions, De Goeje aped Wright II 19, rem. b, Miiller 906 and Brockel-
mann II 21 attribute it to politeness, and Brockelmann loc. cit. calls attention to the
172.(cid:9) Quite frequent is the use of the imperfect to denote command, fact that in CA as well, the imperative is supplanted by the imperfect in prohibition,
request etc. 17 : further in commands directed to the first and third persons. Perhaps all these factors
worked together, helped also by the disappearance of the Classical moods. Levin's
assumption p. 23A that this phenomenon originated in asyndetie object clauses after
14 This form exhibits one Classical (the dual) and one vernacular feature (the use of
verbs denoting commands, will not find much consent. Moreover, since the jussive not
n411 in every syntactic position).
15 More exactly, a hyper-correction based upon the hypo-correction dealt with § 171. preceded by li etc. is rare in CA, v. Durra I 11, Fleischer I 548/9, Wright II 35/6,
4.1. Cf. J. Blau, Museon 76 (1963), 365/6. Nbldeke 149b, Schwarz 129C, Reckendorf 15C, being mainly due to metrical reasons,
16 This form exhibits one Classical (the dual) and one vernacular feature (the use of one will not agree to Levin's other supposition p. 22C that imperfect denoting command
forms without nün in every syntactic position). in ASP has to be regarded as jussive without li. Besides, Levin's wording is clumsy:
17 There are beginnings in CA as well, v. Wright 11 19, rem. b, Brockelmann 11 2112, after the moods had disappeared, there existed no morphological category like the jussive,
Reckendorf 15A, Gaudefroy-Demombynes 251/2, and it occurs in early papyri, v. Blau, in ASP.
272(cid:9) IV. SYNTAX IMPERFECT, §§172.2.174(cid:9) 273
and then go to your God and do his will ! ». Levin Mt 4, 10 c~_6 y I u_~d! A o the Father... shall preserve you ! ». S 431 175, 7 = S 428 22, 3 A.0 I A
(S72 and S74 ,k~ ; in the Greek ,;L a « God have mercy on you! ». S 460 65, -4 ~"~ , , , A.0 I e may
Vorlage both verbs stand in future) «you shall worship the Lord, God... preserve them ! ».
your God, and Him only shall you serve ! ». 5, 24 ( ! ) `„m ~ 19 , , , ( !) ~.1j REMARxs A: In some cases, however, the imperfect precedes its
U 6 " u_~jy(cid:9) "h ~q J h.I (!~ Z:J1,09 y9! e leave... and subject, perhaps a hypo-correction, exhibiting one Classical
go first, be reconciled to your brother, and then come and offer your (the frontal position of the verb) and one vernacular feature
gift ! ». 5, 44 (! I h9 (,S Lasl ly clove your enemies and bless !» (in (the use of the imperfect in wishes). It occurs, however, relatively
S 72 and S 74 both verbs stand in imperative, as is the case in Levin often, so that one wonders if it reflects a living feature 20. In JA,
verse 43 as well). 1VIk 8, 15 cr~~ I ö~d &.' (! )19(cid:9) I 19J it is true, the subject always precedes the imperfect in wishes
«take heed, beware of the leaven of the Pharisees !» (in the Greek (for a solitary exception v. Blau 261, note 4), but this may be
original both verbs stand in imperative). 11, 24 (so also S 74; S 72 due to the JA texts being of later date. In this case one would
imperative). SS 2 Rm 12, 9; 9; 11 (tgtlüna parallel to tgtl(t) ;13; 13 (tgtlü- assume that at first the word order of wishes expressed by imper-
na ; continued by tgttO and then by an imperative verse 14 fects, was free, and this stage is reflected by ASP. Then the B
1-y;.,,J3 y9 l y~y(cid:9) 19 ~~1?? j a 11(cid:9) I 1~ 9 « seek, and bless those preverbal position of the subject prevailed, as attested by the
who persecute you, bless and do not curse h)»)). . 12, 10; 10 (tgtlit ; so JA texts. The examples : S 516 2b, -5 (cid:9) II(cid:9) e may Christ
also:) 13, 8. BM 8612 Phil 2, 12. Heb 13, 7 19 jS~s I~~(cid:9) « remember ! » put you to shame! ». S 457 51, 6 ur11(cid:9) a may the Lord
(as against i_ , l 13, 3). BM 8605 Act 6, 3 19rß «look !#. 1P 4, 13 disgrace you ! ». 80, 6 A.0 I(cid:9) may God let you perish ! ».
Ig>I, parallel to 1_,,~9 «rejoice!». 80,(cid:9) 8. S461 51, 3-4 s 11 . !,1 !, j , , , o 11 ä ~~(cid:9) « 0 that
your heart would be burnt... and your eyes would be darkened ! v,.
173. I have not noted any certain instances of the imperfect SS 7 Act 9, 34 L ,(cid:9) '; ((Jesus shall make you healthy! ».
denoting duration in the past : the examples quoted Levin 22 Nothing can be inferred from Baudissin 3, 3 r9,J 1 4~ u let the
do not belong to this category, because all of them exhibit imper- day perish h)),, where the perfect 4~A has been changed by a later
fect in relative clauses, for which the past is sufficiently indicated hand (v. also Fleischer III 396 and Baudissin loc. cit., note 1)
by the main clause (v. Levin himself p. 27B). S 116 Jn 4, 20 into imperfect, i.e. 4.g,. Accordingly, one may regard the subject
J9(cid:9) h ~ l v i « our fathers worshipped » is perhaps to be(cid:9) C following the imperfect as a mere remnant of its following the C
interpreted as denoting an action still continued (something perfect. The same applies to 3, 5, where (v. loc. cit. note 4 and
like present perfect). Cf. §469. Fleischer loc. cit.) l6Sj. I ((let reach it!» has been changed to
3,(cid:9) 6 j , y9 ,J J;J I lg 1, 4141 4~Y9 « and (as to)
174. Whereas in CA wishes and prayers are expressed by the that night, let darkness come upon it and let not be... ! » the
perfect 18 followed by its subject, in ASP they are designated by the imperfect expressing a wish and preceding its subject, is, however,
imperfect preceded by its subject 19 : Marr 130, 12(cid:9) , , , yy I preceded by the isolated natural subject.
18 Even in CA it has to be interpreted as a mere survival.
19 For beginnings in CA v. Gaudefroy-Demombynes 252A (A,U I `IZjy. ((God may § 1.7) that the perfect as optative has fallen into disuse, whereas the preverbal position
have mercy upon you a, where the verb still precedes the subject, v. infra), Schwarz of the subject is caused by the partial prevalence of this word order in living speech
126/7 (the subject both preceding and following the imperfect), for its occurrence in (v. also § 510).
modern literary Arabic Mainz 23, and in modern dialects Spitta 342/3, Feghali 18; 20 For this feature in CA, v. the preceding note, in initio, in modern literary Arabic
239ff, Blau, BZ 76, note 5, EIl, sx. Arabia, I 399a, § w. It is quite frequent in JA, Wehr, MSOS 13, in late MA Zettersteen 31, and in modern dialects Spitta 343, note 1,
v. Blau 26112, Blau, Emergence 79/80. The use of the imperfect is due to the fact (cf. Feghali 241, Blau, BZ 76, note 5, Margais-Guiga II 114.