A glimpse of the tropics – spiders (Araneae) in the greenhouses of the Botanic Garden Berlin-Dahlem

2008·6.2 MB·English

by  Karl-Hinrich Kielhorn

Arachnol.Mitt.36:26-34 Nürnberg,Dezember2008
Aglimpseofthetropics- spiders (Araneae) in thegreenhouses ofthe Botanic
Garden Berlin-Dahlem
Karl-Hinrich Kielhorn
Abstract:InasurveyofthespiderfaunaingreenhousesoftheBotanicGardenBerlin-Dahlem,30spiderspe-
cies were recorded.Two species are newto Europe: Theotimaminutissima (Petrunkevitch, 1929) and Heteroonops
spinimanus{Simon,]89]).T.minutissimaisthefirstmemberofthefamilyOchyroceratidaereportedfromEurope.
OecobiusnavusBlackwall,1859 isnewtoCentral Europe.TriaerisstenaspisSimon,1891,isrecordedfromGermany
forthefirsttime.Zodarionitalicum(Canestrini,1868) isnewtoeasternGermany.Despitethediscoveryofsome
species previously unknown to Germany,the spiderfauna in the Botanic Garden consisted mainly ofwell-
known synanthropicspeciesand common inhabitantsofgreenhouses.Several alien spiders recentlyfound
in greenhouses,garden centersand houseswere notrecorded inthe BotanicGarden.Thespeciescomposi-
tionoftheexoticspiderfauna ingreenhousesseemstodependchieflyonthespecificmodesofacquisition
ofplantsand plantsubstrate.
Keywords:Europe,Germany,introduced species,Ochyroceratidae,Oecobiidae,Oonopidae
The spider fauna ofbotanic gardens and green- The examined greenhouses are divided into two
houses has attracted several researchers, starting groups:
wCiatmhbSriimdogne((11980966)),VaandnfdoelrloHweadmbmyePnlC(1K9A4R9aD)-, 1.2H0o°tCh.ouseswithminimumtemperatures around
HOLZAPEEL(1932)andothers.BOETTGER(1929) Display greenhouses: House B (Begonias), House C
wasthefirsttoinvestigatetheinvertebratefaunaof (usefulplantsofthetropics).HouseD(orchids).House
the greenhouses ofthe Botanic Garden in Berlin- E(plantsofthehumidtropics).HouseF(tropicalferns).
Dahlem (Germany). His main interest focused on House G (Bromeliads).The maintropicalgreenhouse
molluscs.Nevertheless,hecaughtseveralexoticspi- wasnotaccessibleduetoongoingreconstructionwork.
dersnewto Germany.Thenextsurveyofthefauna Servicegreenhouses: House 7,9, 10 and 14.
in the Dahlem greenhouses was conducted byW. 2. Coolergreenhouseswithminimumtemperatures
Eichlerbetween 1936 and 1938 (EiCHLER 1952). around 10-12 °C.
H
In the last days ofWorldWar II, the greenhouses Displaygreenhouses:House (OldWorldsucculents),
were severelydamaged. HouseI (cactiandotherAmericansuccMulents).House
K (plants from SouthAfrica), House (plants from
Today, global trade and climate change facili- Australia and New Zealand), House N {Camellia and
tate the importation and invasion ofexotic spiders Azaleaspecies).House Pa (Mediterraneanregion,mi-
to Europe (JÄGER 2005, KOBELT &c NENTWIG nimum temperatures 6-8 °C) andPb (treeferns).
2008). The number ofestablished alien species is
expected to rise. Therefore, a new survey of the Ifnototherwiseindicated,allspiderswerecollected
and identified by the author. Voucher specimens
spider fauna in the greenhouses of the Botanic
were deposited in the collection of the author
GardenBerlin-Dahlemwasconductedtocompare
theresultswiththedataofBOETTGER(1929) and and in one case in the Royal Museum for Central
Africa,Tervuren (Belgium). The Botanic Garden
Eichler (1952). In 2008, spiders in the green-
Berlin-Dahlem lies in the Northeast of Germa-
houseswerecollectedbyhand(includingbeatingof ny (52°27'22"N 13°18'24"E, TK 3545; 50-60 m
plants and litter sieving) as well as bypitfall traps.
a.s.L).
Sampling was done as the opportunity presented
itselfand did not follow a fixed regime. Results
In 2008, 30 spider species were collected in the
Dr.Karl-HinrichKIELHORN,Albertstr.10,D-10827Berlin, Dahlem greenhouses (Tab. 1).Mostofthe species
[email protected] wereeithercommonspiderslivinginnaturalhabi-
eingereicht:13.12.2008,akzeptiert:20.12.2008 tatsinBerlinortypicalsynanthropicspidersknown
Spidersingreenhouses 27
Tab.1:Spiderspecies recorded inthegreenhousesofthe BotanicGarden Berlin-Dahlem intheyears
1927-1928 (Boettger 1929),1936-1938 (Eichler 1952)and 2008.
Family/Species 1927-28 1936-38 2008
Scvtodidae
Scvtodessp. •
Ochvroceratidae
Theotimaminutissima(Petrunkevitch, 1929) •
Pholcidae
Pholcusopilionoides(Schrank, 1781) •
Pholcusphalangioides(Fuesslin, 1775) • •
Psilochorussimoni(Berland, 1911) •
Smeringopuspallidus(Blackwall, 1858) •
Segestriidae
SegestriabavaricaC. L. Koch, 1843 •
Dvsderidae
Harpactearubicunda(C. L. Koch, 1838) •
Oonopidae
Heteroonopsspinimanus(Simon, 1891) •
TriaerisstenaspisSimon, 1891 •
Mimetidae
Eroaphana(Walckenaer, 1802) •
Oecobiidae
OecobiusnavusBlackwall, 1859 •
Nesticidae
Nesticuscelhdanus(Clerck, 1757) •
Theridiidae
Enoplognathaovata(Clerck, 1757) •
Keijiatincta(Walckenaer, 1802) •
Parasteatodatepidariorum (C. L. Koch, 1841) • • •
Steatodagrossa(C. L. Koch, 1838) • •
Linvphiidae
ErigoneatraBlackwall, 1833 •
Erigonedentipalpis(Wider, 1834) e
Lepthvphantesleprosus(Ohlert, 1865) •
Meionetarurestris(C. L. Koch, 1836) •
Tenuiphantestenuis(Blackwall, 1852) •
Tisovagans(Blackwall, 1834) •
Troxochrusscabriculus(Westring, 1851) •
Araneidae
AraneusdiadematusClerck, 1757 • • •
Zvgiellax-notata(Clerck, 1757) • • •
Agelenidae
TegenariaatricaC. L. Koch, 1843 • • •
Tegefiariadomestica(Clerck, 1757) •
Textrixdenticulata(Olivier, 1789) •
Amaurobiidae
Amaurobiusferox(Walckenaer, 1830) •
Liocranidae
Liocranum rupicola(Walckenaer, 1830) •
Corinnidae
Phrurolithusfestivus(C. L. Koch, 1835) •
Zodariidae
Zodarion italicum (Canestrini, 1868) •
Salticidae
Hasariusadansoni(Audouin, 1826) • • •
Marpissamuscosa(Clerck, 1757) • •
Panvsinussp. •
Pseudeuophrvslanigera (Simon, 1871) •
Salticusscenicus(Clerck, 1757) •
Semnoliuschrysotrichus Simon, 1902 •
Sitticuspubescens(Fabricius, 1775) •
28 K.-H.Kielhorn
from cellars, apartments, etc. Somewere characte- (1932) apparently paid more attention to smaller
risticinhabitants ofgreenhouses.The“greenhouse spiders. She recorded several species belonging
spider”Parasteatodatepidariorumwasubiquitousin to the Linyphiidae and Dictynidae as well as an
allgreenhouses.Anotherverycommon spiderwas unidentified oonopid spiderin Bern.
Pholcusphalangioides. Five species recorded in the present study are
Theseandsixfurtherspecieswerefoundinboth particularly remarkable. Detailed information on
typesofgreenhousesregardlessoftemperature (see these spiders is given below.
Appendix,Tab.2).The majorityofthe spider spe-
cieswere observed onlyin the coolergreenhouses. Theotimaminutissima (Petrunkevitch, 1929)
Most ofthe native spiders belonged to this group. Diagnosis: This is a very small six-eyed spider
Fivespecieswereconfinedtothehothouses.Inthe (< 1 mm).Thecarapaceshowsapatternofdarkand
wild, these spiders live in subtropical or tropical lightbrownstreaks.Foureyesformastraighttrans-
climatesand,inonecase,inMediterraneanclimate verserowwiththetworemainingeyesbehindthem.
conditions. Thefemaleshavenoexternallychitinizedepigyne.
Compared to the results ofBOETTGER(1929) Thegenitalopeningdoesnotextendlaterallyonthe
andEICHLER(1952),10speciesrecordedprevious- abdomenasis thecaseinmanyspecies ofthefam-
lywerenotfoundinthecurrentstudy(Tab. 1).Only ily (JOCQUE & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).
fivespecieswerefoundinallstudies:Ptepidariorum, Contrary to the Oonopidae, there is only a single
Ara?ieus diadematus, Zygiella x-notata, Tegenaria inconspicuous tracheal spiracle, which is situated
atrica, and thejumping spiderHasariusadansoni. near the spinnerets. For descriptions and illustra-
Tegenariadomesticawascaughtonlyinthestudy tionsofgeneralappearanceandgenitalopeningsee
ofBOETTGER (1929). According to KOMPOSCH SAARISTO (1998: 20,21: f 1-3) and DeelemAN-
(2002), this funnel-web spider has been common ReinhOLD (1995: 72, 75: f 202). Identification
in urban habitats in the 19'^ century, but is now should alv/ays beverifiedby a specialist.
rare. It could have been displaced by T. atrica.
Distribution: Tropical America, Asia, Pacific Is-
Anotherintriguingspecies isNesticuscellulanus. In lands (PlATNICK2008). Newto Europe.
Berlin-Dahlem, it was found only in the 1920"s.
Holzapfel (1932) reported it to be a frequent Material: House 10,23May2008,6 $ ?,leg.J.Esser,
inhabitant ofhothouses in the Botanic Garden of 30May2008,15 $ $,5June2008,5 $ 9,25June2008,
Bern (Switzerland) at the same time. Pphalan- 50 9 $,det. R.Jocque,coll. RoyalMuseum forCentral
gioides is known to displace other spider species Africa (in pars),21 August2008, 15 9 9,3 September
(KOMPOSCH 2002) and might be responsible for 2008,26 9 9;HouseB,5November2008, 1 9,24No-
vember2008, 1 9 House C, 17July2008,2juv.
the decline ofN. cellulanusin the greenhouses. ;
Two exotic spiders reported by BOETTGER Whiletheothermembersofthegenusareconfined
(1929) are not included in the current checklist to tropical and subtropical America or Africa, T.
ofCentral European spiders (BLICK et al. 2004): minutissima is a pantropical species (DEELEMAN-
thejumping spider SemnoUuschrysotrichus and the REINHOLD 1995). This is the first record of a
pholcid Smermgopuspallidus. The spiders caught member of the family Ochyroceratidae (midget
by C. R. Boettger were identified by E. Schen- ground weavers) in Europe and the first record of
kel. Unfortunately, the collection of Schenkel in T minutissima from agreenhouse.
the Natural History Museum Basel contains no Theotima minutissima builds irregular webs in
specimens ofthese spiderspecies from Berlinwith the ground litter. Itwas placed in a guild of“noc-
the exception ofH. adansoni (A. Hänggi in litt.). turnal ground weavers”by HÖFER 8cBRESCOVIT
Thewhereabouts ofthematerialfrom the studyof (2001). HÖFER (1990, 1997) reported it as one of
EICHLER (1952) are unclear. the dominant species in several inundation forests
Theapparentabsenceofsmallspiderspeciesin in Brazil,constitutingup to 35% ofthe totalcatch
the preceding studies ofthe fauna in the Dahlem inpitfalltraps.The spiders ascendedtree trunks to
greenhouses may have been due to low sampling avoid inundation.The specieswas notpresentin a
effort. EICHLER (1952: 63) did not try to identify terra firma forest (HÖFER 1997). In awet subtro-
T
thesmallspiders,whosewebsheoftenfoundonthe pical forest in Puerto Rico, minutissimareached
underside ofleaves with mealybugs. HOLZAPFEL a density ofabout 60 individuals m^ ofthe litter
Spidersingreenhouses 29
layer(EDWARDS ScEDWARDS2006).Itshowed a Like many other goblin spiders, 77 stenaspis
slightpreferenceforwetterlitterwithmoredecayed appears to live on the ground in the litter-layer
& &
material in the forest. (Edwards Edwards 2006,Jocque Dip-
Thefemaleslay4-6eggsandcarrythemintheir PENAAR-SCHOEMAN 2007). Oonopids build no
cheliceraeuntilthe spiderlings are fullydeveloped. webs; ground-dwelling species in rainforests are
T minutissima was shown to be parthenogenetic “litter stalkers” (HÖFER & BRESCOVIT 2001).
&
byEdwardsetal.(2003).Parthenogenesisinthis KORENKO PekAr (2008) reared 77 stenaspis in
species might be connected with the occurrence the laboratory and studied the life history ofthe
of endosymbiontic bacteria (GOODACRE et al. species. The spiders lived about sixmonths. 77ste-
2006). naspis proved to be parthenogenetic. The females
In Berlin-Dahlem, 77 minutissima occurred in laid two eggs at a time and on the average only27
large numbersina servicegreenhouse. Here itwas eggs in theirlifetime.
restrictedtoasmallareaofapproximately2.5 m^of The species was collected in several service
A
coarse-fibred peat moss in a greenhouse bench. greenhousesinBerlin-Dahlem,andinpracticallyall
thoroughsearchintheothergreenhousesresultedin displaygreenhouseswith a minimum temperature
thecaptureoftwojuvenilespidersinHouse C and of20 °C. Itwas mostcommonin substrateswith a
twoadultfemalesinHouseB.Thereasonfortheir highpercentage ofpeatmoss.Veryfewindividuals
abundance in the service greenhouse is unclear. were caught in pitfall traps compared to the high
numbers collected byhand.
Triaerisstenaspis Simon, 1891
Diagnosis:This oonopid spider can be identified Heteroonopsspinimanus (Simon, 1891)
using the key in NENTWIG et al. (2003) and by Diagnosis: The species resembles the European
the pictures in KORENKO et al. (2007: 7, f 4-8). oonopid Tapinesthis inermis (Simon, 1882) in size
Characteristic features are the large dorsal scutum aswellasinthelackofscuta.Unlike 77inermis,the
and the smallventral scutum on the abdomen. legsbearspines.H.spinimanuscanbedistinguished
Distribution: USA to Venezuela, West Indies, from other members of the family by the shape
introducedtoEurope(PlATNICK2008).InEurope of the palpal patella and the conspicuous spines
known fromthe Czech Republic,Finland,France, on the palpus (Chickering 1969: 175, f 28-32,
Great Britain, Ireland and Slovakia (VAN HelS- SAARISTO 2001: 352, fig. 170-174).
DINGEN 2008). Newto Germany. Distribution: USA to Panama, West Indies, St.
Material:House10,30May2008,5 9 $ 5June2008, Helena, Seychelles (PlATNICK 2008). New to
, Europe.
2 9 9,25June2008,10 9 9,3September2008,11 9 9,
1juv;House14,21August2008,3 9 9;HouseB,5Au- Material: House 14, 21 August2008, 1 9; House C,
gust2008,5 9 9,5November2008, 1 9,24November 17July2008, 1 9;HouseD,25June2008, 1 9,vid. R.
2008, 2 9 9; House C, 11 July 2008, 9 9 9,3juv., 17 Jocque.
July2008,29 9 9,21 August 2008,20 9 9; House D, Heteroonops spinimanus is widespread in Central
12June 2008, 1 9,25June 2008, 3 9 9,11July2008, America andthe southernUnited States (CHICK-
4 9 9,5 August2008, 5 9 9, pitfall traps; House E, 5 ERING 1973).Ithasbeenintroducedto St.Helena
August2008,2 9 9.
and the Seychelles. The male ofH. spinimanus is
Triaeris stenaspis is a well-established element of unknown (CHICKERING 1973), and the species is
the exotic spider fauna in European greenhouses.
believed to be parthenogenetic (SAARISTO 2001).
Simon (1896) discovered it in the greenhouses of This is apparentlythe firstrecordofH.spinimanus
theJardindePlantesinParisjustafewyearsafterhe
from agreenhouse.
describedthe species from the Caribbeanislandof
Information on the habitat preferences ofH.
St.Vincent.InEurope,thespecieswasfoundexclu-
sivelyingreenhouses(KOPONEN 1997,KORENKO spinimanus is scarce. It is a litter-dwelling spider,
confinedtohumidtropicalorsubtropicalclimates.
etal.2007,LOCKET&MILLIDGE 1951).GEITER In arain forestin Puerto Rico,the species reached
etal.(2002)listed 77stenaspisasanintroducedspe- a density ofabout 14 individuals m^ in the litter
ciesinGermanydue to amisinterpretationofdata layer(PFEIFFER1996).COREYetal.(1998)caught
given in EICHLER (1952).
a single individual inxeric pineland in Florida. In
. ;
30 K.-H.Kielhorn
Panama,CHICKERING (1973) foundittobe more importedbytrain(HÄNGGI2003,BRENNEISEN6c
abundantin mountainous regions. HÄNGGI 2006).
In the Dahlem greenhouses, H. spinimanus The popular English name“urbanwall spider”
was veryrare compared to T.stenaspis. Only three refers to thepreferred site forthewebs of0. navus
femaleswerecollected.Nevertheless,thecatchesin in urban environments. In favorable climate, the
threedifferentgreenhousespointto anestablished spidersbuildtheirwebsontheoutsideofbuildings
population ofthis spider in the greenhouses. (Santos 6c Gonzaga 2003, Voss et al. 2007),
but have also been found under rocks in coastal
Oecobiusnavus Blackwall, 1859 areas (GlATZ 1967) orbush land and in caves. In
Diagnosis:MembersofthefamilyOecobiidae are northernEuropeandJapan,theyliveintheinterior
easilyrecognizedbyalargeanaltuberclewithacon- ofbuildings (MiYASHITA 1992, VAN KEER 2007,
spicuous fringe ofsetae (JOCQUE ScDlPPENAAR- ViLBASTE 1974). Van Keer (2007) doubted the
SCHOEMAN 2007). O. navuscan be distinguished ability of 0. navus to live outside ofbuildings in
from other members ofthe genus by the epigyne Belgium. Contrary to this, STERNBERGS (1980)
orpalpus(Santos&Gonzaga2003:241,f 1-5, reported that the spider lives in crevices of tree
Wunderlich 1995:605,f31-35).Inthepast,the barkinLatvia.Itwasfoundthereeven afterahard
specieshasbeenconfusedwith 0. annulipesLucas, winter.AccordingtoGlATZ(1967) 0. navusprefers
1846. Older studies on O. annulipes refer in most antsasprey.ThisissupportedbyVOSSetal.(2007),
cases to 0. navus (SANTOS 6c GoNZAGA 2003, whofoundantsandvariousdipteransaspreyitems
Voss et al. 2007). with one ant species as the most common prey.
Oecobius navus was found in three service
Distribution:Cosmopolitan(PlATNICK2008).In
greenhouses ofthe Botanic Garden. Spiders built
Europe recorded from Belgium, Estonia, France,
their webs on rough concrete walls and painted
Greece,Italy,Portugal,Latvia,Malta,Netherlands
and Spain (VAN HELSDINGEN 2008). New to brickwalls.The population didn’t seem to bevery
large. Some individuals were noticed beside the
Central Europe. A
ones collected. female was observed for several
Material: House 7, 17March2008, 1 9,leg.J. Esser, months on the same spot.
23 May2008, 1 9,2juv.; House 9, 5June 2008, 1 9
House 10,30May2008, 1 d
Zodarion italicum (Canestrini, 1868)
Oecobiusnavuswasdescribedfromspecimensfound
Diagnosis:Z. italicumisreadilyidentifiedusingthe
inMadeira(BlACKWALL1859).TheMacaronesian key in NenTWIG et al. (2003). ROBERTS (1987:
islands harbor a remarkable diversity ofspecies of
thegenus Oecobius(WUNDERLICH 1995). O. navus 172-173, f. 89, plate C) provides an illustration of
thegeneralappearanceaswellasfiguresofthemale
mighthave originated there.Today,this spiderhas
palpus and female epigyne.
been spread by man to many parts of the world
includingsuchremoteandisolatedplacesasSt.He- Distribution: Europe (PlATNICK2008,foramap
lena(ASHMOLE6cASHMOLE2004)orMacquarie see PEKAr et al. 2005), Caucasus (MIKHAILOV
Island south ofAustralia (FORSTER 1962). 1997). Newto eastern Germany.
It has been introduced to the Netherlands in Material: HouseI,23 May2008, 1 d,pitfalltrap.
the 19'^ century (VAN DER HAMMEN 1949b, As with many other invertebrates, this Southern
Van HeLSDINGEN 1999). Records in Belgium EuropeanspiderisextendingitsrangetotheNorth
datebackto 1985 (VAN Keer2007).InEstoniait and has been reported as an invasive species from
was recordedforthe firsttime in 1974 (ViLBASTE several countries, including Austria (KOMPOSCH
1974) and occurred shortly afterwards in Latvia 2002),Switzerland(BliCKetal.2006)andBelgium
(Sternbergs 1980). In recentyears itwas found (Van Keer et al. 2006). In Germany it has been
in Finland, too (M. Huttunen inlitt.). caught mainlyin the south-west (STAUDT2008).
In Central Europe, the family Oecobiidae was The spider was often recorded in man-made
present until nowwith the record ofa single male habitats on railroad yards, airports and the like
ofOecobius maculatus Simon, 1870.The specimen (Malten et al. 2005, PekäR et al. 2005, VAN
wasfoundonarailroadembankmentinthecityarea Keeret al.2006). Itprefers open siteswith sparse
ofBasel(Switzerland) andisbelievedtohavebeen vegetation and sandy or gravelly soil. Z. italicum
Spidersingreenhouses 31
has evenbeenfound to colonizegreen roofs in the in other studies. Most likely they can be found in
&
cityofBasel (BRENNEISEN HÄNGGI 2006). In otherGermangreenhousesasweU,atleastthemost
Berlin-Dahlem,onesinglespecimenwascaughtin common species T.stenaspis.
adisplaygreenhousewithcactuses.SinceZ. italicum
Acknowledgements
does notrequire tropicalorsubtropicalconditions,
the spider probably immigrated from outside. No Iamindebtedtonumerouscolleaguesandfriends:Theo
data on the spider fauna of the outdoor garden Blick, Jens Esser, Ambros Hänggi, Lars Hendrich,
were available. MarkkuHuttunen,RudyJocque,AndreasKahre.Thank
Zodarion-sptcits feed exclusively on ants youallforyourhelpandsupport.Albert-DieterStevens
(PekÄRetal.2005).Nootherant-huntingspiders gIroawnteedspemceialuntchoamnpklsictaotHeednracickeessWitolkteheangrdeetnhheouostehse.r
were collected in the displaygreenhouseswith the gardeners for their helpfulness and patience. Finally, I
exception ofa single specimen ofPhrurolithusfes- ammostgratefulforthehelpfulcommentsofChristian
tivus.P\\isant-mimickingspeciesisknowntoprey Komposchandanotheranonymousreferee.
on ants (CuSHING 1997). The absence of other
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gleichsderSpinnenfaunavonDachbegrünungenmit
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Appendix
Tab.2:Catch numbersofspidersinthegreenhousesoftheBotanicGarden Berlin-Dahlem in2008.
Pleasenote:Differencesin numbersdonotreflectactualdifferencesinabundance(+=observa-
tions;*=oneormorejuvenilespidersraisedtomaturity).
Coolergreenhouses Hothouses
Species male female juv. male female juv.
Amaurobiusferox 3 1
Araneusdiadematus 1 +
Enoplo^natha ovata 1
Eri^oneatra 1 3
Eri^onedentipalpis 1
Eroaphana 1
Harpactea rubicunda 1*
Hasariusadmuoni 4 2 11*
Heteroonopsspinimanus 3
Lepthyphantesleprosus 2
Liocranum rupicola 3*
Meionetarurestris 1 2 3
Oecobiusnavus 1 3 2
Parasteatodatepidariorum 2 3 + + -1-
Pholcusphalan^ioides + + + 1 3
Phrurolithusfestivus 1
Pseudeuophryslani^era 1 2 1
Psilochorussimoni 3 7 4 1
Salticusscenicus 2
Se^estriabavarica 1
Steatoda^rossa 2 1 8 + -1-
Te^enariaatrica 2 1 -t-
Tenuiphantestenuis 2 2
Textrixdenticulata 1 1 -1-
Theotima minutissima 119 2
Tiso varans 1
Triaerisstenaspis 112 4
Troxochrusscabriculus 1
Zodarion italicum 1
Zygiellax-notata 1 2*