A glimpse into a "Flora et Entomologia": The Natural History of the Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia by J. E. Smith and J. Abbot (1797)

2006·17.9 MB·

Volume 60, Number 1
JournaloftheHL,epidoptehsts'Society
60(1),2006, , ,bKAK)
A GLIMPSE INTO A"FLORA ETENTOMOLOGIA": THE NATURAL HISTORY OFTHERARER
LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS OFGEORGIA BYJ. E. SMITH AND j. ABBOT (1797)
John V. Calhoun1
977WicksDr.,PalmHarbor,FL 34684
ABSTRACT. TheillustrationsforTheNaturalHistoryoftheRarerLepidopterousInsectsofGeorgia (Smith&Abbot 1797)wererepro-
ducedfromdrawingsbyartist-naturalistJohnAbbot,whoalsosuppliedlifehistorydataoneachspecies. JamesEdwardSmitheditedAbbot's
manuscriptandprovidedadditionalinformationforthebook.Abbot'soriginalmanuscriptentriesforthe24butterflyplatesaretranscribedand
comparedwiththecorrespondingpublishedletterpress. TheearlystagesandplantsinAbbot'sbutterflydrawingsareevaluated. Eightycopies
ofthebookwerelocatedinsixcountries. Datedwatermarksontheplatesaretabulatedandplatecaptionsarecompared. Twodifferentver-
sionsofPlates77and78arefiguredanddiscussed. Abbot'snotesforPlate31arereproducedforthefirsttime. Amemorandumaboutthebook
byJ. E. Smithistranscribed. Authorshipattributionandpastownersofthebookarereviewed. Atleastoneearlyprintsellersoldsetsofplates
withoutletterpress. Topromotenomenclaturalstability,alectotypeisdesignatedforPapiliobathijllusJ. E. Smith.
Additionalkeywords: Dasijchira, Thonjbes,hostplants,lectotype,watermarks
Heraldedby Rothschild &Jordan (1906) as "perhaps Schenkling 1928-1929). No expense was spared in the
the best lepidopterological work of the eighteenth production of Insects ofGeorgia. The volumes were
century," The Natural History of the Rarer printed using the finest wove paper from England and
Lepidopterous InsectsofGeorgia (Smith &Abbot 1797) included 104 masterfully etched and hand-colored
was the first majorwork on North American insects. It plates of life-size figures, 24 of which depicted
has been praised, both for its scientific merit and the butterflies and 80 portrayed moths. The book was
quality ofits hand-colored plates. It was authored by exceptional in that it included figures oflarvae, pupae
two extraordinary naturalists. James Edward Smith and hostplants of each species, not just rigid "cabinet
(1759-1828) was an English doctor and eminent style" illustrations of adult specimens typical of most
botanist, who founded and served as the first President other early entomological works. The text was
of the Linnean Society of London. John Abbot subordinate and merely placed the images into the
(1751-ca. 1840) was an adventuring Englishman who context of contemporary zoological wisdom. Smith's
devoted his adult life to documenting the flora and writtendescriptionswerebrief, relyingon the figuresto
fauna of an untamed southeastern North America. convey the concept of each species. American
Abbot's groundbreaking artistry contributed to a entomologistThaddeusW. Harriswrotein 1830diatthe
revolution in entomological illustration. Regrettably, species were "easily identified by Abbott's figures,
this was the only publication to acknowledge Abbot as although from Smith's descriptions alone I could not
an author. have made out half of them" E. Le Conte
(J.
Insects of Georgia was produced in two lavish folio correspondence, American Philosophical Society). The
volumes, measuring roughly 31 cm x41 cm (12 in x 16 bookdocumentedAbbot's observations in Georgiafrom
in). The entiretitlewas cumbersome, buttypicalofthe 1776 to 1792, but also some of his earlier finding's in
period: TheNaturalHistoryoftheRarerLepidopterous Virginia from 1773 to 1776.
Insects of Georgia, Including Their Systematic Forty-three ofthe 57 Lepidoptera species described
Characters, the Particulars of Their Several by Smith in Insects of Georgia are still recognized,
Metamorphoses and the Plants on which They Feed. havingenduredover200years oftaxonomicscrutiny. In
Collectedfrom the Observations of Mr. John Abbot, addition, platesinInsectsofGeorgia inspiredJohannC.
Many Years Resident in that Country. Like other Fabricius (1745-1808) todescribe sixnewbutterflytaxa
significant publications ofits era, the letterpress (text) based on the figured hostplants as identified in die
was provided in English and French in an effort to book. They are all replacement names for earlier taxa
appealtoboth British andcontinental European buyers. mostly proposed by Fabricius himself, but were not
The French translation was allegedly provided by published before his death in 1808. They remained
"Romet,"who also translated the 1794 edition of"The unpublished until a facsimileofthisworkwasproduced
Aurelian" by Moses Harris (Hagen 1862-1863, Horn & 130years later (Fabricius 1938).
Two centuries of critical appraisals have been
'ResearchAssociate
FloridaStateCollectionofArthropods overwhelmingly friendly to Insects ofGeorgia. English
DPI,FDACS,Gainesville,Florida32614, USA naturalist William Jones was perhaps the first to assess
Journalofthe Lepidopterists' Society
the book in a letter to Smith dated 9 September 1797 included a brief excerpt of poetry that conveyed a
(Smith correspondence, Linnean Society of London; sentiment about the subject matter. On the title page,
transcribed in Smith (1832)). After obtaining a gratis Smith quoted two lines from apoem credited to "Mrs.
copy that Smith arranged through a local bookseller, Barbauld." This poem was entitled "To a LADY, With
Jones wrote, "I took it under myarm, but soon found it some painted Flowers" and was published by Anna
sufficientlyweighty...so I laboured abundantlywith my Laetita Aikin (1773), who used her married name of
load, in expectation of high gratification from the Barbauldforlatereditions. Smith revealedhisbotanical
—
contents when I should get home and truly I was not inclinations by applying a poem about flowers to
disappointed." He added, "upon the whole, it has the Lepidoptera.
—
three great requisites to a modern publication, good Insects of Georgia was initially offered in 1797 in
letter, good paper, and showy plates." Adrian H. printer's boards for20 guineas, equivalent to £21 (Bent
Haworth, anotherofSmith's friends and laterauthorof 1799, Rich 1846, Allibone 1886). This price had the
Lepidoptera Britannica (Haworth 1803-1828), same "purchasing power" as £1,485 in 2002 (Officer
described Insects ofGeorgia as "a magnificent work in 2004). Bohn (1841) listedaslightlyhigheroriginalprice
folio" (Haworth 1807). English naturalist William of £25, 4s, but the £21 price is supported by a
Swainson, whowas seldom complimentary, praised the contemporary inscription in a copy of the book at
book as "unquestionablyone ofthe most beautiful and Tulane University that reads "published at 21£ bds
the most valuable that this or any countycan boast of." [boards]." A typesetting error is probably responsible
He thought it was one of the two "best illustrative lorthe ridiculouslyloworiginal saleprice of£2, 2sgiven
publications upon Insects that have ever been given to byAnonymous (1798). Areviewofauction catalogs and
the world" (Swainson 1834). Duncan (1841) wrote, "of book price indexes revealed over 40 published sales of
this magnificent publication it is not easv to speak in the book dating to as early as 1815. Eleven sets have
terms of too high commendation." Scudder (1888a) been auctioned over the last 25 years. Owing to the
considered Insects of Georgia as "an epoch in the recent popularity ofearly color plate books on natural
historyofentomologyin this country." Meiners (1948) history, the value ofInsects ofGeorgia has skyrocketed
called it "a sumptuous work characteristic offine book duringthisperiod. Afinelyboundcopysoldin 1988 for
printingofits day." Rarebook firm H. P. Kraus ([1964]) $55,000 US (McGrath 1988), then equivalent to
characterized it as a "splendid example of the English £30,900 (Officer 2004). A unique copy with vellum
color-plate book in its best period." Anthony H. Swann plates was sold in 1997 for £50,000 (Leab 1998, Heath
of the once renowned London bookseller Weldon & 1999). Since the 1990s, butterflies and moths have
Wesleycredited his taste for fine old books to a copyof become increasingly popular subjects of antiquarian
Insects ofGeorgia that the firm had in its showroom in artwork. Copies ofInsects ofGeorgia are often broken
1974. The bookseller described it as "the most in order to sell the plates individually while the
important illustrated work on American natural history letterpress is typically discarded or presented with the
ofthe 18th century" (Swann 1996). plates. Unfortunately, this practice is ensuringthe loss
The mostcomprehensive reviewofInsectsofGeorgia ofsurvivingintactvolumes.
was published in January 1798 by an anonymous critic Despite its great modern value, there was little
who eloquently declared, "In this state of fluctuation, market for this type ofelaborate publication in Europe
betweentheburstingofold, andthebubblingupofnew or America during the late eighteenth and early
theories, the greatest service that can possibly be nineteenth centuries. Swainson (1834) estimated that
rendered to the real progress of entomology, is the nine out of ten illustrated books were sure to "entail
collectionoftheproduceofjudicious researches; andin pecuniarylossupontheirprojectors." Indeed,publisher
this respect, the volumes before us are ofthe highest James Edwards complained that he had lost money in
value. What is given here are not fragments of the production ofInsects ofGeorgia and had no desire
knowledge, but the result of a series of finished to publish a continuation ofthe work (1806 letter from
observations. If the work allure and delight by John Francillon to John Philips, British Library,
splendour of appearance, and uniform elegance of London). There is evidence, however, that the book
execution, it still more surprises and instructs by the was reissued multiple times. Two plates exhibit
richness andnoveltyofit's contents, the lucidorderwith different states (versions) between issues, leading to
which they are digested, the precision and vivacity of misconceptions about the identity of two moth taxa
the designs, the modesty of method, and spirit of describedin the book. Captions on theplates alsovary.
philosophy, thatpervadethewhole" (Anonymous 1798). While researching the work ofJohn Abbot, I became
Like other contemporary works, Insects ofGeorgia intriguedbythese andotherdiscrepancies. Iembarked
Volume 60, Number 1
upon astudvtobetterunderstandthe enigmatichistory (1744—1816) and ordered aset ofdrawings forpossible
of this legendary publication and assess the scientific publication. Francillon was a Londonjewelerwho sold
accuracy ofits butterfly illustrations. I herein present Abbot's drawings and specimens to the naturalists of
the results of this investigation and offer an extended Britain and Europe. Smith was acquainted with
glimpseintotheproductionofInsectsofGeorgia (Smith Francillon and undoubtedly understood Francillon's
&Abbot 1797). unique relationship with Abbot. The purchase ofthe
drawings through a third party is supported by the
Methods
absence of letters from Abbot among the Smith
Surviving copies of Insects of Georgia were located correspondence at the Linnean Society ofLondon (see
via WorldCat of the Online Computer Library Center Dawson 1934). At first. Smith mayhavebeeninterested
(OCLC), web-based library catalogs, miscellaneous in the drawings solely for their botanical value. Upon
published references, and other lepidopterists. Each receiving them he no doubt realized their greater
repository was contacted and/or visited to obtain significance, stating in the preface, "Mr. Abbot's
relevant data. I personally examined the following accurate illustrations...renderhis farther remarks upon
materials: 1) 15copies ofthebookinthe US and UK, 2) insects extremelydesirable."
JohnAbbot's originaldrawings andmanuscriptnotes for As asserted by Dow (1914), Abbot probably did not
thebookdepositedatTheJohnWorkGarrett Libraryof learn of Insects of Georgia until sometime after its
The Johns Hopkins University andthe Linnean Society publication. Smith is known to have presented gratis
of London, 3) Lepidoptera drawings by Abbot at The copies ofthebook, buthe didnoteven donate acopyto
Natural History Museum, London, as well as those at his own Linnean Societyuntil atleast 1805 (Anonymous
the University ofSouth Carolina and the University of 1807a). Abbot almost surelyobtained a copy ofInsects
Georgia, 4) the correspondence of E. Smith and ofGeorgia byabout 1813, ashewrote Latinnames from
J.
William Swainson atthe Linnean SocietyofLondonand thebookonanumberofdrawings hepreparedforJohn
5) the John E. Le Conte correspondence at the E. Le Conte (Calhoun 2004). In 1816, Abbot directly
American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. I referred to "Smith's Lepidoptera Insects ofGeorgia" in
identified the insects portrayed in the 24 original alettertoWilliam Swainson (Swainsoncorrespondence,
butterfly drawings for the book. Figures oflarvae and Linnean SocietyofLondon).
pupae were evaluated for accuracy using written The original drawings for Insects of Georgia were
descriptions, line drawings, and photographs of living completedca. 1783-1792. Thiswas establishedfrom 1)
specimens for comparison. Digital photographs ofthe Abbot's accompanying notes for Plate 18 that mention
butterfly plates were submitted to a qualified botanist finding Urbanus proteus (L.) "plenty in the Year 1782,
for accurate determinations of the depicted plants, but have not seen anysince," and2) 1793 is the earliest
which were then evaluated as valid hostplants. date etched on the printed plates. As far as I could
Specialists were contacted to verify the identities of determine, no lepidopterist had examined the original
several butterfly and moth species. Type materialwas drawings or notes for Insects of Georgia since the
examined to confirm the identity of one species of publication ofthe book.
butterfly. A digital scan of an old set of 73 individual Abbot's manuscript forthese drawings is entitled. "A
plates was analyzed and compared with plates bound Natural History of the North American Insects.
into copies ofthe book. Particularlythose ofthe State ofGeorgia. Includingthe
changes ofthe principal Insects ofthoseparts, together
Results
with the plant or flower each species feeds on, in their
Original drawings, notes, and a mutual friend. Natural Colours. Drawn from Nature by John Abbot
The nucleus of Insects of Georgia is a set of 104 many years Resident in those parts. With Notes
drawings and accompanying notes byJohn Abbot, who Scientific and Illustrative." The manuscript was
left London in 1773 and lived out the remainder ofhis purchased in 1829 by the Linnean Society ofLondon
fife in Virginiaand Georgia. Abbot mayhave prepared along with Smith's library and collections (Gage 6c
the drawings expressly for Smith, but it is still obscure Stearn 1988). It is comprised of 34 laid paper pages
how Smith acquired them. It is doubtful that Abbot measuringapproximately27 cm x 16.5 cm (10.6 inx6.5
would have personally sought Smith as a potential in). Pages 9 and 10 are missing and were probably
author of a book about Lepidoptera. Smith was discarded by Smith as irrelevant to the book.
primarily a botanist who was only 14 years old when Apparently aware that the drawings were going to
AbbotdepartedLondon forAmerica. Smith morelikely Smith, Abbot wrote, "As I intended the following, I
admired Abbot's work at the shop ofJohn Francillon thinkyou maystillpublish itas aseparateworkfromany
Journalofthe Lepidopterists' Society
otheryou are at present engaged in." Referring to the Insects ofGeorgia. Scudder (1888b) and Dow (1914)
species depicted in his drawings, Abbot continued, "I attributed these drawings to an "inferior copiest," but I
have not preferred to describe them in any scientific recently examined them and found that their style is
manner, leavingthat foryou[r] superiorAblities [sic]." consistent with Abbot's work and the title page is
It is generally believed that the biological notes in written in his hand. In 1852, French entomologist
Insects ofGeorgia were copied verbatim from Abbot's Achille Guenee mentioned Insects of Georgia and
manuscript (e.g. Anonymous 1798, Harris [1950], 1972). remarked, "I am happy to have in front of me the
In reality, Abbot's notes were extensively edited by original drawings of this beautiful work" (translation
Smith, who wrote in the introduction ofthe book that from French) (Guenee 1852). This setofdrawingswas
he "digested" them into "some sort ofstyle and order." loaned to Guenee by fellow French lepidopterist Jean
Smith inserted scientific names of plants and insects, B. A. D. de Boisduval, who had used them for some
which Abbot infrequently attempted because of his plates in Boisduval & Le Conte (1829-[1837]). The
limited access to scientific publications. Smith also whereabouts ofthese drawings is unknown, but Abbot's
changed some of Abbot's common names to be more accompanying notes are preserved at Harvard
consistent with European species. Although Smith University (see Calhoun 2004). In 1869, John Edward
wrote numerous changes directly on Abbot's Gray of the British Museum wrote that "Sir James
manuscript, the book shows manyinstances where the Edward Smith published a selection ofthe drawings of
prose was further refined. A direct comparison of Lepidoptera" that were acquired by the museum in
Abbot's entries with the published versions reveals 1818 (S. H. Scudder correspondence, Harvard
Smith's countless alterations (Table 1). Alsoincludedin University). This claim was repeated in 1883 byAlbert
the sections derived from Abbot are references to the Gunther of the British Museum (Gilbert 1998) and
occurrence of species outside Virginia and Georgia. again by Weiss (1936). Kirby (1897) was less certain,
These remarks could be used as proofthat Abbot was suggesting that "Sir James Edward Smith may have
aware of such records and even that he received taken his selection (though apparently not in every
specimens from those areas. For example. Anonymous case)" from the drawings at the BMNH. These
(1798) stated that "Mr. Abbot informs us" that several drawings in London, now deposited at the Entomology
species "have been sometimes bred from the pupa in Library of The Natural History Museum, were
England." Theoriginal manuscript revealsthatallthese completed byAbbot about 1792-1812 and later bound
commentswere derivedentirelyfrom Smith. into 17 volumes by John Francillon. Although these
AlthoughAbbotbrieflyworkedas aschoolteacher,his illustrations include manyduplicates ofadults and early
grammar and punctuation was notoriously uneven. stages in Insects ofGeorgia, none ofthe compositions
Walton (1921) ascribedthistooccasionallapses ofawell exactly match the plates in the book. Most recently,
educated person, possibly caused by a lack of contact bookseller H. P. Kraus ([1964]) advertised a set of
with educated people for long periods oftime or even drawings as the originals for Insects ofGeorgia. These
the approach of senility. However, Abbot's spelling drawings were purchased by the University of South
actuallyimprovedwithage; he repeatedlyemployedthe Carolina,whoreiteratedtheirassociationwithInsectsof
incorrect spelling "Catterpillers" in the notes acquired Georgia (Ridge 1966). Now preserved in the Thomas
by Smith, but thiswas latercorrectedin notes forother Library, a number ofthese drawings include penciled
sets of drawings. His grammar also became more annotations, probably written by an agent of H. R
refined over time, probably through his ongoing Kraus, that refer to plates in Insects ofGeorgia. An
correspondence with leading naturalists of his day. analysis of these drawings indicated that they were
Abbot considered his brief comments to be "rude actually reproduced in Boisduval & Le Conte
notes." He was obviously more concerned with (1829-[1837]) (Calhoun2003, 2004).
documentinghisobservations thanbeinggrammatically The drawings reproduced in Insects ofGeorgia are
correct. preserved at The John Work Garrett Library of The
The disposition ofthe original drawings forInsectsof Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. They
Georgiahasbeen misunderstoodformanyyears. Some are among Abbot's best, reflecting his strong desire to
thought they were the set ofdrawings once owned by prove himself through their publication. Consistent
Thaddeus W. Harris. Harris obtained these drawings with his early work in America, Abbot figured the
from Englishlepidopterist Edward Doubledaywhohad ventral surfaces of butterflies by portraying adults in
purchasedthem from aLondon booksellerinJune 1839 flight with fully outstretchedwings. Sometime around
(Scudder 1869). This set of84 drawings ofColeoptera 1800 he settled into his more mature style ofdepicting
—
and Lepidoptera is dated 1830 far too late for use in adults in more natural closed-wing postures resting on
Volume 60, Number 1
plants, often casting shadows across their perches. rendered in watercolor and graphite, mostly on laid
Though generally considered masterful, the quality of paper, though ten were completed on cream colored
die drawings that Abbot later produced was irregular. wove paper. Many sheets of laid paper bear undated
Most were very meticulous, while others were watermarks of"Taylor," or"I Taylor. These sheetswere
downright clumsy (see Calhoun 2004, 2005). manufactured by I. Taylor who produced paper from
The original drawings for Insects of Georgia were 1746-1794 at the Basted Mill in West Kent, England
Table 1. Adultbutterflies,earlystages,andplantsdepictedinInsectsofGeorgia. AlsoacomparisonofJohnAbbot'soriginalmanuscripten-
triesagainstdieeditedletterpress(Abbot'sgrammarandspellingarepreserved). InsectnomenclaturefollowsOpler&Warren (2002). Adult
insectfigures: D=dorsal,V=ventral,m=male,f=female. Earlystages: L=larva,P=pupa,a=acceptable,u=unacceptable. B&L=Boisduval&Le
Conte (1829-[1837]). Status offigured hostplants (in brackets): C=confirmed. NC=needs confirmation, E=erroneous. Historical plant
determinations: JES=J. E. Smith (in Smith & Abbot 1797); AWC=A. W. Chapman (in Scudder 1872). Asterisks (°) denote ta\aoriginally
describedinthebook.
Figuredadults Plantspecies Manuscriptentry Editedbookentry
Plateno. andearlystages andhoststatus byJ.Abbot byJ. E. Smith
PapillapohjxenesFab. FoeniculumvulgareL.(Apiaceae) N°.2. Black6yellowSwallow PAPILIOTROILUS.BLACKAND
[C] tailedButterfly. TheCatterpiller YELLOWSWALLOW-TAIL
Dm.Df.La.Pa eatsfennelirRue- Changedinto BUTTERFLY. Thecaterpillarofthis
JES:AnthumfoeniculumL. Chrys.12thJuly. TheButterfly specieseatsfennelandrue. Itchanged
TAhbibsotisfaivgeurreydraarneiimnmsattanucreewlhaervrae. AWC:"GardenFennel" wBuatstebrrfeldyitshefr2e0qtuhenDto.inVTihrigsinia, tcoamaechfroyrstahliosnJutlhye1220tthh,.anItdisthmeobruetterfly
butthereisnoneinGeorgia[see frequentinVirginiathaninGeorgia.
"Rue"doubtlessreferstothe entryforPlate3].
cultivatedEuropeanRuta [Smith'stentativeidentificationofthis
graveolensL.(Rutaceae),whichis speciesasPapiliotroiluswasduetoa
aconfirmedhostplant. commonmisapplicationoftheoriginal
writtendescriptionofPapiliopohjxenes
Fabricius,aswellasthatofPapilio
asteriusFabricius,nowtreatedasa
subspeciesofP.pohjxenes.]
2 PapiliotrothsL. Sassafrasalbidum(Nutt.)Nees N".83 TheBlackSassafras PAPILIOILIONEUS,SASSAFRAS
(Lauraceae)[C] SwallowtailedButterfly. Feedson BLACKSWALLOW-TAIL
Dm,Df,Vm,La,Pa Sassafras,TheCatterpillerfoldsa BUTTERFLY. Itsfoodisthesassafras,
JES:LaurassassafrasL. Leaftogetherinwhichitlives, thecaterpillarfoldingaleaftogetherfor
AWC:SassafrasofficinaleT. changinghishabitationasitsfood anhabitation,andremoungtoanew
Nees&Ederm. failsroundit-Ithasaremarkable one,asitssustenancearoundis
Scent,fromwhichsomecallsthem exhausted. Thesecaterpillarsexhalea
mellowWorms. Changedthe remarkablescent,whencethevare
beginingofOct.bred10thMarch. sometimescalledMellow-worms.
OneinVirginiachanged13thOct. Havingchangedinthebeginningof
bred5thApril. Theyarefrequent October,theyremainedinthechrysalis
abouttheblossomsintheSpring, statetillthe10thofMarch. Oneof
AndastheWeathergrowshotter theminVirginiachangedOctober13th,
arefrequentaboutwetplacesin andtheflydidnotcomeouttillApril
Yards,fordsofbranchesbe. 5th. Thisbutterflyisfrequentabout
blossomsinthespring;andasthe
weathergrowshotter,resortstowet
placesincourt-yards,fordsofrhiilets,
&c.
Battusphilenor(L.) AristolochiaserpentariaL. N°84. TheBlackSnakeroot PAPILIOPHILENOR. SNAKE-ROOT
SwallowtailedButterfly.Feedson BLACKSWALLOWTAIL
Dm.Df.Vf.La,Pa (Aristochiaceae)[C] BlackSnakeroot.Spunupbythe BUTTERFLY. Oneofthesecaterpillars
tail24thAprilchanged26ththe wasfoundfeedingontheblacksnake-
ThesynonymPapilioserpentariae Butterflywasbredthe4thMay, root,Aristolochiaserpentaria.and
Fabriciuswasderivedfromthe JES:AristolochiaserpentariaL. Anotherspunup20thJune, attacheditselftothebranchbvitstail,
figuredplantonthisplateas AWC:AristolochiaserpentariaL. changed21stbred5thJuly,Thisis the24thofApril. Twodavsafterwardsit
identifiedbySmith. oneofthecommonButterflies,is changedtoachrysalis,anddieflv
frequentonthepeachblossoms& appearedMav4tii. Anotherspunitself
othersintheSpring,6-islikewise upJune20th.changed21st,andtheflv
plentyinVirginia-These2species cameoutondie5diofJuly.
ofCatterpillershasretractilehorns Thisisoneofdiemostcommon
likeNo26-seemaspecific butterflies,frequencyseenonthe
characteroftheSwallowtailed blossomsofdiepeachandodiertreesin
tailedGenus-Ithink1mentioned thespring,andisnolessplentifulin
thatNo2isnotinGeorgia,but Virginia. Theretractilehornsofthis
thisisamistakehavingdiscovered caterpillarseemappropriatedtothe
themsince[seeentryforPlate1]. swallow-tailtribe.
Journalofthe Lepidopterists' Society
Table 1. continued
Figuredadults Plantspecies Manuscriptentry Editedbookentry
Plateno. andearlystages andhoststatus byJ.Abbot byJ. E. Smith
zj Eurytidesmarcellus(Cramer) Asiminaparvifiora(Michx.)Dunal N°4. BlackbarredSwallowTailed PAPILIOAJAX. BLACK-BARRED
orA.triloba(L.)Dunal Butterfly. TheCatterpillerfeeds SWALLOW-TAILBUTTERFLY. The
Dm.Vm,La,Pa (Annonaceae)[C] uponthePapaw,bothspecies caterpillarfeedsonthehighlandaswell
Highland,6-SwampPapaw. tied astheswamppapaw;andhavingtied
ThesynonymPapilioannonae JES:AnnonapalustrisL. itselfup22dMay.changedthe itselfupthe22dofMay,changedtoa
Fabriciuswasderivedfromthe AWC:Asiminatriloba(L.)Dulal 24thBredthe16thofJune. chrysalisthe24th. Theflycameout
figuredplantondiisplateas Continuesbreedingallthe June16th. Itcontinuesbreedingallthe
identifiedbySmith. "Highland"and"Swamp"pawpaws Summer. Onethatchangedin summer. Onethatunderwentits
couldrefertoasmanyasfour Autumncameoutthe10thof changeinautumn,cameoutthe10thof
species;Asiminapaniflora,A. Marchfollowing. Isnotvery Marchfollowing. Thisspeciesisnot
triloba,A.incarna(W.Bartram) Commonbutmuchmorefrequent verycommoninGeorgia,thoughmuch
Exell,andA.angustifoliaRaf.,all thaninVirginia. FliesverySwift, moresothaninVirginia. Itfliesvery
ofwhichareconfirmedhostplants. frequentsfruitblossoms,6-often swift,hoveringabouttheblossomsof
sucksdampplacesinYardsat fruit-trees,andoftensucksdampplaces
whichtimeitmaybeeasilyTaken inyards,whenitmaybeeasilytaken.
[Duetoextremeconfusionoverthe
identityofPapilioajaxL.,thisnamewas
suppressedbyICZNOpinion2S6in
1954.]
Phoebissennas(L.) Chamaecristafasciculata(Micx.) 87. AmericanBrimstone. Feedson PAPILIOEUBULE. AMERICAN
Greene(Fabaceae)[C] theFlowerfigured.Spunup30th. BRIMSTONEBUTTERFLY. The
Dm,Df,Vf,La,Pa Aug'changed31stbred10thSepr caterpillarfeedsonthisspeciesofcassia.
B&LPI.24figuredduplicatelai JAEWSC::CaCsassisaiachmaamraiel-acnrdiisctaaLL.. ACnhoatnhgeerdS2p4utnhuBpre2d3d6tSheOpcrt.. The OAungeusotf,tchheamngsepdunthietsnelefxtupdatyh,ea3n0dthdioef
andpupa. Catterpillerisnotcommon.Itis perfectinsectappearedSeptember
likewiseinVirginia. 10th. Anotherspunonthe23dof
September,changedthe24th,andcame
outthe6thofOctober. Thisisnota
commoncaterpillar,thoughfound
likewiseinVirginia.
Danausplexippus(L.) AsclepiastuberosaL N"1. LargeblackirOrange PAPILIOARCHIPPVS. LARGE
(Apocynaceae)[C] streakedButterfly. This BLACKANDORANGEBUTTERFLY
Dm.Vm,La,Pa CatterpillereatstheButterfly Thiscaterpillareatsthebutterflyweed,
JES:AsclepiascurassavicaL. weed, the24thAprilittieditself Asclepiascurassavica. Onthe24thof
ThesynonymEuploeacurassavicaeAWC:AsclepiastuberosaL. upbythetail,6-the25thchanged Aprilitsuspendeditselfbythetail;
Fabriciuswasderivedfromthe "(notcurassavica)" intoChrysalis. The11thofMay changedtoachrysalisnextday,andon
figuredplantonthisplateas theButteflycameout. This die11thofMaydiebutterflycameout.
identifiedbySmith(seetext). ButterflyiisnotveryCommon. Itisnotaverycommonspecies
7 Danausgilippus(Cramer) AsclepiasamplexicaulisSn N°85, TheChesnutButterfly. PAPILIOGILIPPUS. CHESNUT-
(Apocynaceae) [Cj FeedsonTheflowerfigured, COLOUREDBUTTERFLY After
Dm,Df,Vm,La,Pa Changed18thJune,Bred26thIs feedingondieplanthererepresented,
JES:Asclepiasamplexicaulis' notveryCommoni?Ibelieveis thecaterpillarchangedtoachrysalis
B&LPI.39figuredduplicatelarva Sm. notinVirginia June18th,andthebutterflycameforth
andpupa. AWC:Asclepiasobtusifolia the26th. Itisnotverycommonin
Michx. Georgia,andisIbelieve,notfoundin
Virginia.
Junoniacoenia(Hiibner) Linariacanadensis(L.)Chaz. N°6. AmericanPeacockButterfly. PAPILIOORYTHIA. AMERICAN
(Veronicaceae)[C] FeedsupontheFlowerinthe PEACOCKBUTTERFLY Its
Df,Vm,La,Pa Drawingb. Tieditselfup16th caterpillareatstheplanthere
JES:AntirrhinumcanadenseL. Aprilchangedthe18thBred4th represented,whichgrowsplentifullyin
ThenameCynthiaantirrhini AWC:Linariacanadensis(L.) May. Continuesbreeding'tilllate cornfieldsindiespring. Oneofthem
Fabriciuswasderivedfromthe Chaz. ininAutumnc,Thissortis suspendeditselfApril16th,changedthe
figuredplantonthisplateas commonfrequentsdampplaces. 18th,andbecameabutterflyMay4th.
identifiedbySmith;itshouldbe bThisflowergrowsinCornfields Thisspeciescontinuesbreedingtilllate
consideredasynonymof/,coenia, intheSpring. Oughttobeofa intheautumn,andisverycommon,
notJunoniaorythia(L.). brighterpurple cltisacommon frequentingdampplaces.
sayinghereSpringirfall,never
Autumn. [Smithincorrecdyconsideredthis
speciestobesynonymouswiththeAsian
butterfly,/,orythia]
Volume 60, Number 1
Table 1. continued
Figuredadults Plantspecies Manuscriptentry Editedbookentry
Plate) andearlystages andhoststatus byJ.Abbot byJ- E. Smith
Vanessavirginiensis(Drurv) Pseudognaphaliumobtusifolium N°5. AmericanPaintedLady PAPILIOHUNTERA. AMERICAN
(L.)Hilliard&B.L.Burtt Butterfly. FeedsuponEverlasting. PAINTEDLADY-BUTTERFLY. Feeds
Df,Vf.La,Pa (Asteraceae)[C] Tieditselfup25thApril. Changed upontheeverlasting. Onecaterpillar
the26thBred8thMay. Continues tieditselfupthe25thofApril,changed
ThesynonymCynthiagnaphalii JES:Gnaphaliumobtusifolium L. breedingalltheSummer. Onethat the26th,cameforthaflythe8thofMay.
Fabriciuswasderivedfromthe AWC:Gnaphaliumpolycephalum changedthe7thMaywasbredthe Anotherthatdidnotchangetillthe7th
figuredplantonthisplateas Michx. 16th. Caterpillersfolds6-spins ofMay,cameoutthe16th. This
identifiedbvSmith. theleavestogetherliketheEnglish caterpillarfoldsandspinstheleaves
sort. ThisButteiflyisfrequent, togetherlikethatoftheEnglishPainted-
oftensucksdampplacesabout Lady,P.Cardui. Itcontinuesbreeding
houses. duringthesummer,andisvery
commonlyseensuckingupmoisture
fromdampplacesnearhouses
20 Limenitisarthemis(Drury) Vacciniumsp.,probably N°53. BlackandBlueAdmirable PAPILIOURSULA. BLACKAND
(ssp.B.a.astyanax(Fab.)) stamineumL.(Ericaceae)[C] Butterfly.TheCatterpillerwas BLUEADMIRABLEBUTTERFLY.
takenthebeginingofJune,feeding ThiscaterpillarwastakenearlyinJune
Dm,Df,Yf,La,Pa JES:VacciniumstamineumL. ontheWildGooseberry,Italso feedingonthewildgooseberry. Italso
AWC:VacciniumstamineumL. eatsWildCherry,andWillow. eatsthewildcherryandwillow. Onthe
The8thJuneitSpunupbythetail, 8thofJuneitsuspendeditselfbvthetail,
Scudder(1888-1889)thought andthe9thchangedinto andchangedtoachrysalisonthe9th.
Abbot's"WildGooseberry"wasa Chrysalis,TheButterflywasbred ThebutterflyappearedontheISth.
speciesofKibesL. the18th ThisButterflylikewise Thisspeciesalsocomesoutofthe
(Grossulariaceae),butitwas breedsearlyintheSpring,having chrysalisearlyinthespring:Ihavetaken
probablyAbbot'snamefordie takenthem19thApril. Itisalsoin itonthe19thofApril. Itisnotvery
depictedVaccinium."Wild Virginia,butneithertheButterfly commoneitherindielarvaorperfect
Cherry"(Primussp.)(Rosaceae) orCatterpillerisveryCommon. state,thoughfoundinVirginiaaswellas
and"Willow"(Salixsp.) NotethefigureoftheCatterpiller inGeorgia. Thecaterpillarintheplate
(Salicaceae)areconfirmed mightbeasizelarger. issomewhatunderthefullsize.
hostplants.
Polygoniainterrogations(Fab.) TiliaamericanaL.(Malvaceae) 86. AmericanComma. Feedson PAPILIOC.AUKEUM. AMERICAN
[NC] theWarhew+figured,Elm,6- COMMABUTTERFLY Thisfeeds
Dm.Vm,La,Pa Sugarbernj,Spunup29thMay, upontheplantcalledWarhew,whichis
JES:Tiliaalba.Ait.Hort.Kew. changed30th Bred7thJune, veryliketheEuropeanlime-tree,except
B&LPi.51figuredduplicatelarva AWC:TiliapubescensAiton FrequentsSwamps6-OakWoods inbeingalwaysalowbushorshrub;it
andpupa. butisnotveryCommon,The eatsalsodiesugarberryanddieelm. It
Maybeavalidcaptiverearing,but ButterflylivesalltheWinter6- suspendeditselfbvdietailMay29th,
Thepronouncedfalcateforewing Abbotdidnotfigureormention comesforthveryearlyinthe changed30di,appealedonthewing
tipsoftheadultsaremore Tiliaasahostofthisspeciesinhis Spring,AndislikewiseinVirginia. June7th. Thisspeciesfrequentsswamps
consistentwiththeoverwintering laterdrawings. "Warhew"is +lfthiswasnotalwaysalowBush andoakwoods,butisnotverycommon.
formofthespecies,whilethe doubtlessamisspellingofWahoo, orShntb,1shouldtakeitforthe Thebutterflylivesallthewinterin
overallcoloringismoretypicalof acolloquialnameforTilia. "Lime Limetree. placesofshelter,comingforthveryearly
thesummerform'umbrosa'. tree"isalsoacommonnamefor inthespring. Itoccurslikewisein
Lintner(1869)alsonotedthis speciesoiTilia. "Elm"(Ulmussp.) Virginia.
disparityonthepublishedplate. (Ulmaceae)and"Sugarberry"
(Celtissp.)(Ulmaceae)are [Smithhesitandvassociateddiisspecies
ThesynonymCynthiatiliae confirmedhostplants. withtheOldWorldPolygoniac-aureum
Fabriciuswasderivedfromthe (L.),somediinghereconsideredin179S:
figuredplantonthisplateas seeTable4.1
identifiedbySmith(seetext).
Scudder(1870)describedGrapta
crameri,basedinpartonthe
adultsfiguredonthisplate.
12 Agraulisvanillae(L.) PassifloraincarnataL. N°3. SilverspottedFrittilary PAPILIOPASSIFLOK\E. GREAT
(Passifloraceae)[C] Butterfly. ThisCatterpillerfeeds AMERICANFRITILLARY. Oneof
Dm,Df,Vm,La,Pa upontheMaycock'"1 Tieditselfup diesecaterpillarstieditselfupbvthetail
JES:PassifloraincarnataL. bybythetail8thJuly,changed JulySdi,changedtoachrysalis9th,
AWC:PassifloraincarnataL. intoChrysalisthe9thBredthe cameforthinitsperfectstate17th. This
17th. Thisspeciesissometimes speciesissometimesplentiful,butin
frequent,6-someYearsraretobe someyearsveryrare. Itisnotin
metwith. ItisnotinVirginia. "Is Virginia. Itsfoodisthemaycock,
notthisthepassionflower,when Passifloraincarnata,diepodofwhich
ripethepodisfullofseeds, whenripeisfullotseedssurrounded
surroundedwithapaleyellowish withpaleyellowishpulp,tastinglikean
pulp. Tasteslikeanorange,but orange,butfainter,andiseatenbvmam-
fainteriseatenbymanypeople.Is people. Theplantisatroublesomeweed
atroublesomeweedwhereitonce whenitgetsanvfooting
getsanyfooting.
Journalofthe Lepidopterists' Society
Table 1. continued
Figuredadults Plantspecies Manuscriptentry Editedbookentry
Plateno. andearlystages andhoststatus byJ.Abbot byJ. E. Smith
13 Neonumphaareolatus(J-E. Sorghastrurnsecundum(Elliott) 88. BluespottedRinglet. Feedson PAPILIOAREOLATUS. BLUE-SPOT
Smith)" Nash(Poaceae)[NC] theGrassfiguredChanged22d RINGLETBUTTERFLY. Feedsonthe
Mai/,bred1stJune. ThisButterfly Andropogonnutans,buthasnotbeen
Dm.Df,Vf,La,Pa JES:AndropogonnutansL. frequentsthesidesofBranches(or observedinVirginia,thoughthisgrass
AWC:"Grass" Rivulets)hisnotinVirginia. growsthere. Thecaterpillarchanged
Thelarvaonsomepublishedplates May22d,theflyappearedJune 1st. It
istoobrown. B&LPi.63figured Probablyanaturalhostplantor frequentsthesidesofrivulets,or
duplicatelarvaandpupa. captiverearing. branches,astheyarecalledinAmerica.
Theadultsintheoriginaldrawing
(andduplicatefiguresinanother
AbbotdrawingatTheNatural
HistoryMuseum,London)appear
topossesssomecharacteristicsthat
definethephenotyperecognized
byGatrelle(1999)asthespeciesN.
helicta(Hubner).
14 Satyriumfavonius(J.E.Sn ith)° QtuNeCr]cuslaevisWalter(Fagaceae) NBu°t9t.erfAlmy.erFieceadnsburpoownntHhaeifrorSkterdeak PBARPOILWINOHFAAIVORN-ISUTSE.AKABMUETRTIECRAFNLY.
Dm,Df,Vf,La,Pa leafBlackJackOak. Changed28th Feedsontheforkedleavedblackjack,
JES:QuercusrubraL. April,bredthe13thMay. Thii andotheroaks. ChangedApril28,came
AWC:QuercusnigraL. speciesisnotveryCommon. outintheperfectstatethe13thofMay.
Itisnotaverycommonspecies.
Smithquestionedhisidentification
ofthedepictedoak,writingon
Abbot'soriginaldrawing,"rubra?"
Satyriumfavoniusisanoak-feeder,
thusp.laevisisprobablyanatural
hostplant.
1,5 Celastrinaneglecta ErythrinaherbaceaL.(Fabaceae) N°59. SmallBlueButterfly. The PAPILIOARGIOLUS. LITTLEBLUE
fW.H.Edwards) [C] CatterpillerwastakenontheWild ARGUSBUTTERFLY. Thecaterpillar
kindofkidneyBeanfigured.Italso wastakenfeedingondieplanthere
Dm,Df,Vf,La,Pa JES:EtifthrinaherbaceaL. feedsonRedRoot,orredshank, represented;italsoeatstheredrootor
AWC:ErythrinaherbaceaL. ThisCatterpillerisraretobemet redshank,butisrarelytobemetwith,
Thelarvainthebookofvellum with6-seemstobeofthesame thoughthebutterflyisoftenseenboth
platesismoredetailedthan "RedRoot,orredshank"surely GenuswiththehairStreaks,It inGeorgiaandVirginia. Itsfirstchange
Abbot'soriginal;JohnHarris referstotheconfirmedhostplant changed16thJune,Bred25th tookplaceonthe16thofJune,andthe
probablybasedthisrenditionon ofCeanothusamericanusL. June,TheButterflyisfrequentin flyappearedninedaysafterwards.
thelarvaoftheOldWorld (Rhamnaceae). Forother GeorgiaaswellasVirginia.
Celastrinaargiolus(L.)as drawings,Abbotidentified"Red [Smith'sidentificationofthisspeciesas
identifiedbySmith. Rootorredshank"asthehostof C.argiolusisreasonable,giventhat
Erynnismartialis(Scudder),which similarNewWorldspecieshadyettobe
alsofeedsonCeonothus. recognizedanddescribed]
]_g Wallengreniaotho(J.E.Smith) Sisyrinchiumsp.(Iridaceae)[E] NBu"tt5e8r.flBy.roTwhne6C-atYteelrlpoiwllSekriwpapser YPAEPLILLIOOWOSTKHIOP.PEBRRBOUWTTNEARFNLDY.
Dm,Df,Vm,Lu,Pa JES:SisyrinchiumbermudianaL. takeninAugust,uponthekindof Thiscaterpillarwastakenuponthe
AWC:SisyrinchiumancepsCav Grassfigured,butismostfrequent Sisyrinchium,butismostfrequenton
Thelarvaisnotconsistentwithtins onCrabGrass. ItspuntheGrass crabgrass(Panicumsanguinale). On
speciesorthecloselyrelatedW. "Crabgrass"mayrefertovarious togetherforahouseliketherest,It the19thofAugustitspuntheleaves
egeremet(Scudder). B&LPi.77 grasses,notonlytheconfirmed spunupintheGrass19thAugust, togetherforashelter,likedierestofthis
figuredduplicatelarvaandpupa hostplantofDigitariasanguinalis changedthe20th,Bred30thDo. tribe,changedthenextday,andonthe
(L.)Scop.(Poaceae). Smith ItisalsoinVirginiaAndthe 30ththebutterflycameforth. Itisalsoa
referredtoitssynonym,Panicum Butterflyisprettycommonon nativeofVirginia,andtheflyisnot
sanguinale. Blossoms. uncommononvariouskindsofblossoms
17 Atrytonearogos(Boisduval& Echinochloacrusgalli(L.) 89. BrownborderedYellow PAPILIOVITELLIUS. BROWN-
LeConte) (Poaceae)[NC] Skipper. FeedsontheGrass BORDEREDYELLOWSKIPPER
figured,<bBuffaloGrass,the BUTTERFLY. Feedsonthepanic-grass
Dm,Df,Vm,La,Pa JES:Panicumcrus-galliL. WormsliketherestoftheSkippers figured,andonthebuffalo-grass,at
AWC:Panicumcrus-galliL. foldsthegrasstogetherfor lengthfoldingtheleavestogetherfor
Security. Spunup25thJuly, protection. ItspunitselfupJuly25,
Probablyanaturalhostplantor changedthe27thBred4thAugust. changed27,cameforthinitswinged
captiverearing. 1metwiththisSpeciesinthePine stateAugust4. Thisspecieshasbeen
WoodsontheNorthsideofBriar foundonlyinthepinewoodsonthe
CreeknearMillTownplantation, northsideofBriarCreek,nearMill
Andhavenotyetseenitanywhere Townplantation.
else.
(continuedonnextpage) (continuedonnextpage) (continuedonnextpage)
Volume 60, Number 1
Table 1. continued
Plate Figuredadults Plantspecies Manuscriptentry Editedbookentry
no. andearlystages andhoststatus byJ.Abbot byJ. E. Smith
17 3uffaIoGrass"mayrefertoany [MillTownPlantationwaslocated [Smith'simproperassociationofthis
numberofgrasses,notnecessarily inGeorgiaalongthenortheastside specieswithHesperiavitelliusFabricius
continued Buchloedactijloides(Nutt.) ofBriarCreekinScrevenCounty, ledtonomenclaturalconfusionthat
(Poaceae),whichisnotaknown justsouthoftheBurkeCounty lastedforoveracentury. Boisduval&
hostplant. line.ItisnowthesiteofMillhaven LeConte(1829-[1837])laterdescribed
Plantation,thelargestfamily- Hesperiaarogps,buttheydidnot
ownedplantationeastofthe includeletterpressfortheirfigures,
MississippiRiver.] whichcouldhavecorrectedSmith's
previouserror.]
Jg Urbanusproteus(L.) Centrosemavirginianum(L.) N"7. SwallowtailedSkipper PAPILIOPROTEUS. SWALLOW-
Benth.(Fabaceae)[C] Butterfly. TheCatterpillerofthis TAILEDSKIPPERBUTTERFLY. The
Dm,Vm.La,Pa rarespeciesIdiscoveredbyseeing caterpillarofthisrarespeciesI
JES:ClitoriamarianaL. theButterflylaysomeEggsupon discoveredbyseeingthebutterflylav
B&LPi.69figuredduplicatelarva AWC:ClitoriamarianaL. theWildPeaVine. The someeggsuponthewildpea-vine,for
andpupa. Catterpillersofallthespeciesof thecaterpillarsofallthespeciesof
"WildPeaVine"apparentlyrefers Skippersfoldstheleavestogether Skippersfoldtheleavestogetherfor
toC.virginianum. "Kidneybeans"forsafetyliketheEnglish safety(liketheEnglishAdmirable.P.
isanamethatAbbotusedfor Admirable,whichmakesthemnot Atalanta)whichmakesthemnoteasyto
variousspeciesofFabaceae easytobediscovered.The2dof bediscovered. Onthe2dofJulvitspun
Julyitspunupintheleaves,6- itselfupintheleaves,andonthe4th
changedintoaChrysalisthe4th changedtoachrysaliscoveredwitha
coveredwithabluishwhite bluishwhitepowder,asindieRed
powderliketheRedUndenting. Underwing. TheflyappearedAugustIS.
Bred18thAugf. Onlybreedsin Itbreedsinautumnonly. Iafterwards
Autumn. Iafterwardsdiscovered discoveredsomeofthesecaterpillarson
someoftheCatterpillersonthe anotherplantofthepeaorbeantribe.
speciesoftheKidneybeans. This Thisbutterflywasplentifulindieyear
ButterflywasplentyintheYear 17S2,butIhavenotsincemetwithit.
1782,buthavenotseenanysince.
[Thisistheonlyentryamongthese
notesthatreferstoaspecificyear.]
1Q Epargyreusclarus(Cramer) RobiniahispidaL.(Fabaceae)[C] N°54. GreatSilverspotted PAPILIOTITYRUS. GREATSILVER-
SkipperButterfly,TheCatterpiller SPOTTEDSKIPPERBUTTERFLY.
Df,Vm,La,Pa JES:Robiniapseudo-acaciaL. wastakenfeedingontheWild Thiscaterpillarwastakenfeedingonthe
AWC:Robiniapseudo-acaciaL. LocustthelatterendofAugust.It wildlocusttreethelatterendofAugust.
B&LPi.72figuredduplicatelarva spinstheleavestogetherfora Itspinstheleavestogethertosecure
andpupa. IdentifiedbyScudder(1888-1889) housetosecureitselffromBirds, itselffrombirds,&c.likedierestofdiis
asRobiniaviscosaVent. 6-c.liketherestoftheGenus,The tribe. Onthe5thofSeptemberitspun
5thofSepritspunupinthe upindieleaves,andbecameachrvsalis
Leaves,irchangedthe7thinto twodaysafter. Thebutterflywas
Chrysalis,theButterflywasbred producedthe10thofAprilfollowing. It
the10thofAprilfollowing. Itis isalsoanativeofVirginia,butnotvery
alsoinVirginiabutisnotvery common.
Common.
20 Achalaruslyciades(Geyer) Desmodiumsp.,possibly N°8. WhiteborderedSkipper PAPILIOLYCIDAS. WHITE-
laevigatum(Nutt.)DC.(Fabaceae) Butterfly. FeedsupontheBeggar. BORDEREDSKIPPERBUTTERFLY.
Df,Vf,La,Pa [C] lice(socalledfromtheseeds FeedsontheHedysarumcalledBeggar's
stickingtopeople'sClothes) lice,fromtheseedsstickingtopeople's
Thelarvadepictsarosyform,but JES:HedysarumpaniadatumL. changed10thJuly. Bred23d. This clothes. ItchangedtoachrysalisJulv10,
thecolorationistoovividonthe AWC:Desmodiumpaniculatum speciesiscommon6-Continues andtoabutterflv23d. Thisisacommon
publishedplates. B&LPI.71 (L.)DC breedingmostparioftheSummer. species,andcontinuesbreedingmost
figuredduplicatelarvaandpupa. partofthesummer.
JohnFrancillonusedthe
unpublishedname"Papilio
hedysarum"toidentifyanAbbot
drawingofthisspeciesatThe
NaturalHistoryMuseum,London;
itwasbasedonSmith'shostplant
nameonPlate20inInsectsof
Georgia.
10 Journalofthe Lepidopterists' Society
Table 1. continued
Plate Figuredadults Plantspeeies Manuscriptentry Editedbookentry
andearlystages andhost status byJ.Abbot byJ. E. Smith
21 Erynnisbrizo(Boisduval&Le Galactiavolubilis(L.)Britton N°57. DingySkipperButterfly, PAPILIOJOTENAL/S. DINGY
Conte)(seetext) (Fabaceae)[E] WastakenontheVinethatthe SKIPPERBUTTERFLY. Feedsnot
CatterpillarisfiguredUpon,It onlyontheplanthererepresented,but
Dm JES:Glycineelliptica" likewisefeedsontheWildIndigo alsoonothersofthesameclass,and
AWC:GalactiapilosaNutt. fac. fafoldsitselfintheleaves-it foldsitselfupintheleaves,inwhich
Erynnishoratius(Scudder& spunup26thJulyintheleaves- situationoneofthemspunitselfupJuly
Burgess)orE.juvenalis(Fabricius) "WildIndigo"(Baptisiasp.)isalso changed27thAndwasbredthe5 26,changed27,andcameoutAugust5.
anerroneoushostplantforthese August. SomethatspunupinSep. Somethatenclosedthemselvesin
Df Erynnisspecies{seetext). faOct.wasbred22dMarch SeptemberandOctoberdidnotcome
following;ThisisalsoinVirginia, outtillthe22dofMarchfollowing, The
Thelarvaeandpupaarebasically TheButterflyisveryCommonin sameinsectisanativeofVirginia,andin
acceptableforErynnis,butnot theSpringonPeachfaplum itswingedstateisverycommoninthe
necessarilythesespecies. B&LPL Blossoms,Itwilllikewisecomefa springonpeachandplumblossoms. It
66figuredduplicatelarvaand suckDampplacesaboutthehouses willalsocomeandsuckdampplacesin
pupa. intheYards-Andtheedgesof theyardsabouthouses,andthemargins
runninsstreamsintheRoadsire. ofrunningstreamsintheroads.
22 Thorybesbathyllus(J.E.Smith) B&hyAnmc.ho(sFiaabatcoemaeen)to[sCa](L.)Hook. NTh"i5s5.CatBtreropwinlleSrkfiepepdesroBnutttehreflWyi,ld PSAKPIIPLPIEORBBAUTTHTYELRLFULSY..BThRiOsWN
Dm Bean,Itfoldstheleavestogether caterpillarfeedsonthewildbeanhere
JES:GlycinereticulataSwartz foraretreat. TheSkipper represented,andfoldstheleaves
ThorybesconfusisBell(seetext) AWC:RJiynchosiatomentosa(L.) Catterpillers,oftentimestosecure togetherforaretreat. Theskipper
Hook.&Arn. themselvesthebetter,spinsthe caterpillars,toconcealthemselvesthe
Df,Vf leavestogether,tohideitselfin,of better,generallyattachtogetherwitha
Bhynchosiatomentosaisa someotherplantthatgrowsnextto webtheleavesofsomeotherplant
Thelarvaisnotconsistentwiththis confirmedhostplantofTbathyllus thattheyfeedin,Whichmakes growingnexttothattheyfeedon,which
species;itmostcloselyresembles and,althoughunrecorded, themthehardertofind. Ifspunup rendersthemdifficulttobemetwith.
thelarvaofA.lyciades. Infact, probablyalsoofTconfusis. intheleavesfachangedthe11thofThisspecieschangedthelltliofJune.
Abbotlaterappliedthissame June,TheButterflycameoutof Thebutterflyliberateditselfthe24th. It
figuretoadrawingofA.lyciades, Chrysalisthe24thItisalsoin occursalsoinVirginia,andisoneofthe
nowatTheNaturalHistory Virginia,andisoneofthe mostcommonofitstribe.
Museum,London. Thepupais CommonestsortsoftheSkippers.
acceptableforThorybes.
23 Leremaaccius(J.E.Smith)" W(iFsatbearcieaafer)ut[eEs]cens(L.)Poir. NBu"tt5e6r.flByr.owWnasCotraknenSkoinpptehreVine SPAKPIIPLPIEORABCUCTITUESR.FLBYR.OWBrNowCnOCRoNm
Dm,Df,Vf,La,Pa thattheCatterpillarisfigured SkipperButterfly. Thiswastakenin
JES:GlycinefrutescensL. UponinJune,butismost Juneonthebeautifulclimbingshrub
AWC:Wisteriafrutescens(L.) commonlytobemetwithonthe heredelineated,butismostcommonly
Poir. IndianCornbladeswhichitspins tobemetwithinthechrysalisstateon
fafoldsoveritselfforitssecurity, thebladesofIndiancorn,ZeaMays,in
"IndianCorn"(ZeamaysL.) inwhichitisoftenmetwith whichitenfoldsitself. Itchangedthe
(Poaceae)isaconfirmedhostplant changedintoChrysalis,Itchanged 21stofJune,andcameoutthe29th. Itis
(seetext). the21stJuneBred29thDo. Itis alsofoundinVirginia,butisnotnearso
alsoinVirginiabutisnotnearso commonasthelastdescribed.
commonasthelastdescribed.
24 Pholisoracatullus(Fab.) MonardapunctataL.(Lamiaceae) 90. BlackSkipper. Feedson PAPILIOCATULLUS. BLACK
[E] Rignum,Commonandred SKIPPERBUTTERFLY. BlackSkipper
Dm,Df,Vf,La,Pa Careless,faLambsQuarter,folds Butterfly. FeedsonMonardapunctata,
JES:MonardapunctataL. theleavestogether.Spunupinthe &c.spinningitselfupinthefolded
AWC:MonardapunctataL. Leaves,18thJuneBred26thDo. leaves,inwhichstateoneofthese
AnotherSpunup14Sepfa- caterpillarschangedthe18thofJune,
"Rignum"isanoldcolloquialname Changed29thJulybred5th andappearedonthewingthe26th;
forMonardapunctata. "Careless" August,Spunup14thSep,Bred anotherspunandchangedJuly29,and
{AmaranthusL.)and"Lambs middleMarch,ThisButterfly cameoutthe5thofAugust,andathird
Quarter"(ChenopodiumL.)are frequentsGardensfafieldsamong whichencloseditselfSeptember14,
confirmedhostplants(seetext). MelonBlossomsfac. faisalsoin appearedinthemiddleofMarch. The
Virginia. butterflyfrequentsgardensandfields
amongmelonblossoms,andisalsofound
inVirginia.