A Functional Approach to Syntax In Generative Description of Language

130 Pages·1969·4.36 MB·

by  Petr Sgall, Ladislav Nebeský, Alla Goralčíková, Eva Hajičová

AFunctionalApproach
tSoy ntax
InG enerDaetsicvriep tion
ofLanguage
1
DAVGI.HDA YS( ED.)
ReadinignsA utomatic
LanguagPer ocess1in9g6,6
2
DAVID o.H AYS
IntroducttoiC oonm putationalM athematical
Linguist1i9c6s7,
3 Linguistics
FERENKICE FER
AND
MathematiLcianlg uistics
inE asteErunr ope1,9 68 Automatic
4
Language
HENRYK UCERaA nd
OEORKG.M EON ROE
Procegs sin
A ComparatQiuvaen titative
PhonoloogfyR ussiaCnz,e ch,
andG erman1,9 68 •
5 A GROUP OF
ROBERRT. F REEMAN,
ALFREDP IETRZYK, MONOGRAPHS
anAd.H OODR OBERT(SE DS.)
and
Informatiinto hn eL anguage
SciencPerso:c eedionfgt hse TEXTBOOKS
Conferenhceela dt A irlie
HouseW,a rrentoVni,r ginia,
March4 -61,9 66u,nd etrh e •
Sponsorsohfit ph eC enter
GENERALE DITOR:
forA pplieLdi nguist1i9c6s8,
DaviGd.H ays
6
StatUen iversity
LUBOMIDRO LEZI!aLn d
RICHARD W. BAILE(YE DS.) ofN ewY ork
StatisatnidcS st yl1e9,6 9 atB uffalo
7
PETRS OALL,L ADISLNAEVB ESKY,
ALLAG ORALCfKOaVnAd,
EVAH A.JICOVA
A FunctionAaplp roactho
SyntaixnG eneratDievsec ription
ofL anguag1e9,6 9
PETRSG ALL
LADISLANVE BESKY
ALLA GORA LCIOKVA
EVAH AJICAO V
CharlUensiv erPsriatgyu,e
AfunctionalApproach
Syntax
to
InG enerDaetsicvrei ption
ofLanguage
AMERICAENL SEVIEPRUB LISHINCGO MPANY,I NC.
NEW YORK-1969
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ina nyf ormo rb ya nym eanse,l ectronic,
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Preface
Thep resbeonotsk u musp a c ertsatiang teh reie ns eoanra clhg eblriani­c
guisbteiicpnsug r sautCe hda rUlnievs erPsriatgyIu,tie sb. a smeadi nolny
P.S galblo'o(sk1 79a6i,n C zecwhh)i,cr he pretshefienr tsastt teamtpa t
systefmoartmiucl oaftt hiceoo nn cepotfgi eonne rdaetsicvreit phtahitao sn
gradubaeleelnly a bobryao tuerrde segarroc.uTh ph antkots h ceo lolara­b
tioonfL .N ebesaknyd GAo.r iaklocvtahp,er esEenngtl viesirhos anl so
contaam iantsh emaftroimcuallao tfit hofeno mralp orperotfit ehpser o­
posteydpo efd esciro.iTn phtEe ngltirsahn slaaswt eilaolsn ,m iamnpyr ove­
mentmsa dwei tahv ietwot hEen glriesahd iesmr a,ni ltyh weo rokf E .
HajciovTah.eb oohka bse erneo frmautleadn dr eviisnve adr iootuhse r
respteoc.oCt hsa,p -t,1ae nrtd h gee neoruatllo iftn hebe o owke,rp er epared
witthh e partoifDc riP.p.N a otaviko.n
Wed on octl aima ntpyha artt iqcuuelsahtrai so nba ensewne hreeridena
definiwtaiyv,e t bhcueot·n pcteioofan g enersaytsitbveaem s oenda na rti­
culaotfti hosene mantic( srSeeeelc at1ti3.io.)omn4 na yp erhbaeip nst eresting
inc onnecwtiittohhn pe r esdeenvte loopfma elngte blrianigcu iTshtiisc s.
conpcteioorni giinn1a 69t3e9-d61 m4a,i nalsayr eacttoti hoeenx isftoirnmg
oft raonrsmfatdieosncairlo.i In phtta nso yte bte epno isbstlote a kem otrhee
rectei nmpulisnetasoc cotuona tne xtentw otuhlbadea t d equtaott hee ir
scoapnetd h eorseitgicncaainlfiOc nel.sy o maes peocftt hse ismpeu lasrees
commenotnie ntd h ree lepvaarnottfts h per esbeonotWk e.d on optr esae nt
complcehtaer acteorfai zsaytstithoeacnmto ubled regaarc doneutde ra­s
parttot hnee wv ersoifo nt ransfgorrammamtWaieroh .na avslei mptlryi ed
tof ormualc anotcee ptthiaoctans n e ravsae s atrtpioinngft o trh dee velop­
menotfa n ewa lternative.
Somfee atiunrt ehsde e veloopfmt ernaotnr smfatigornaamlmw aoru ld
seetmoi nditchaattthec e h osleinon fei v nestiigsna otutijn osunt eidfiO.n e
v
vi A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO SYNTAX
oft heisned icahtabisoe neCsnh omskcyr'ista ipcparlot aosc uhc ihs sues
connewcitthte hde behaviortiosl taincg uaaastpg hpeser e oaarfccoahhr
mechanpircoaclet dhuawrtoe u clodn starg ruacmtm saorl eltyhb ea osni s of
ac orputse x;dot sfist isnhgiupniegr foramnacdno cmep etCehnocmes,ik ny ,
as enasdev,a nnceewsd u ppfoorErtu ropteraenin ndss t rucltiunrgauli stics
agnasiAtm eridceasnc vriis.pm tTichhea nwgoer koendt hfer amewoofr k
traonrsmfantaiglor ammian1r 69 4-tihcneul sioofn s ae manctoimcp onent
antdh et esmteatnhtat tr ansfordmona otctih oannmsge ena inagn sdh ould
nobte c alolnet doa cocunfto trh ree curpsriovpeeo rflt ainegsu age-can
ber egaradsae ndo tshteeirpn t hidisr enc.Ft iinoailfsl uyg,tg ieoshnasv e
beemna dree cepnoitnltyti ona pg o ssgiebnleer faotrimv tefh soemer a ntic
comnpeonatn dt oa newt reatomfe nttr heel abteitownes eenm antic
interpraentdsa ytnitoadnce tesiptc r ucwteum rieg,th atk teh iassf ersh
confirmoaftt hieo-nu seoffau nal tnteestmsopg ti vaene xplfirocmiutl ation
tos omied ecaosn newcittethdh fenu cti·oanpaplr oofat chhPe r ague
School.
Wew isthot haPnrkeo sfsDo.rG .H ayfso hri vsa lucaobmlmee anntds
wisseu ggesfotrmiw ohniswc ehh avger eabtelnye fiitnte hdpe r epiaoronaf t
thmea nuispctr.
Contents
Preface
v
1T.h e Approach 1
1.A1l gebLrianigcu istics 1
1.T2h eO bjecotfti hvBieos o k 2
1.T3h eS emantRiecl atiaonndt heL evelosfL in guistiDce scriptio4n
13..T1h eS emanRteilca tion 4
13..F2o ramn Fdu nctiinto hnPe r agSuceh lo o 5
13..L3e vseo lft hLea nguSaygset em 7
13..T4h eH ieraorfLc ehvyea lsa snA ritculaotfti hSoeen m antic
Relation 9
2.T heF oromft hDee scription 13
21.I nforAmcaclo unt 13
21..T1h eL evealnTsdr aditLiionngauli stics 13
21.2.R emaroknMs o rphemics 16
21.3.T heL eveolfSs e nteSntcreu cture 21
21.4.R emaroknts h Sey stoefLm e vels 27
21..C5o nrfonitoawnti tLha mbS'tsr atifiLciantgiuoinsat1i2 c9s
21.6.C ritfeorri Date hceo mpiooosnfit thDees criptiinotno
Levels 32
2.F2o mraDle vices Used 34
2..21Pr elimCionndaserirya tions 34
2.2G.r2a pahnsAd u tomata 35
22..T3h eG enerCaotmivpeeon nt 38
2.2T.h4eT ransdCuoctmpioevnnet s 39
2.2R.e5m arokns tGheen eraPtoiwveer 42
3.Il lustrations 48
3.S1e ntTenycpee s 48
3.T2h eS trucotfSu ernet ences 52
vii
viii A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO SYNTAX
3.O3p tioSneanlt ePnacret s 55
3.T4r ansduction 59
4.S omOepe nQ uestions 64
4.Q1u estoifSo ynnst ax 64
41..C1o ordination 64
41.2.P hraSster ucCtluorsee,on fSe ysnst aRcetloiancta, in d
VVorOdrder 65
41.3.R ulSec hemCaotmap,lS eyxm boalnsLd,o sosfG eneral6i6t y
4.Q2u eosntosifS emantics 67
4.12F .unctSieonnatleP necres pective 67
4.2M.e2a nianngMd e aningfulness 68
4.C3o ncluCdoininsdge rations 71
4.13 .TAr aonrsmfatoiorTn aaxlo noDmeiscc ription?7 1
4.3L.i2n guDiesstcircia pntTdir oann slation 72
4.3N.e3c esosfEi mtpyi rRiecsaela rch 74
5T.h eM athemaFtoircmauolln a ti 76
5.B1a sNioct ions 76
5.T2h Feo romft hDee scription 79
5.T3h eR elatioBnetswhiepteshnL ea nguagLeasi ,L akn 0d Lk 84
5.S4t rucDteusrcarli apntRdie ocno gnPirtoicoend ure 92
6. FAr agmoeftn htDe e sctriioopnfC zech 94
6.P1r elimRienmaarryk s 94
6.S2om eR uloefts h Ger ammar 95
6.M3o dificaotfti hoTenr sa nsducers 100
6.3T.h1eM odifiFeodro mfT ransdTu1c er 100
6.3A.d2d entdoTa r ansdTu2c er 101
6.3T.h3eM odifiFeodr omfT ransdT4u cer 102
6.M4a ppings 140
6.E5x ample 105
Bibliography 131
Inedx 119
1. THEA PPROACH
1.A1L GEBRALIICN GUISTICS
Algeblriauniigcs1 th iabcses ecnos ntitiuntt hewedr itoifNn ogasCm h omsky
andoh terasst habtr anocfmh o delrinun igstwihciacsih m asta ne xpcliit,
fromatlh eo(orrdy e scriopflt aiunoagng.2)A e theoorfapy a triclualnagru age
camne etth ree quireomfae lngtesbl riansigtcui iicfis ti sf ormulaasat ed
mathemastyisctaaenlmid tf h lea ngudaegsec rbiyib iteas dn i ntetraptrieon
oft hsiyss tTehmem. e htodolosgiigcnailfio cfta hnbicrsea nocflh ig nuistics
for theloirnetgtiuaicisacssw a hlo lefi rlosifte sia,inl t dlse, m afnodar" hteory
ofa l angutaogb eef" o rmulaasat t ehde oirnty h e tescehenno siftc hails
worSdu.c aht heocraybn e t esatse di ttcoso ntseinsacsyt ,oi tasd equacy
fotrh lea unaggdee sicbreedt;,ci .cta bne c ornofntweidts hoe mo thtehre ory
(otfh sea mlea nguoafag neo,t lhaegnru a,go efa amthemaotbijceoacflt
somoet hkeir)n T.dh icsa bne d oneh owuirtte lyointn hgie n tuiotfai no n
interopfrt ehgeti evrte hne owrhyi,ic nsho t p ossiwbihltoe utths ea icdo ndi­
tiobnesif nugl fi(lclCfeh.do ms1k69y2,.b )
Them aipnr incpieprlmeisat l tainnggut aobg ete r eaitne dwt ahyih sa ve
beefnro mulabtyCe hdo msiknry e tliatoont hter iatdioaniamoslfg rammar
ast wfonu damecnotnaodlin wtshi iacd he scriopfalt ainoagngum eu ssta tyi sf
(Chom1s9k6y;1, ) tahrerese ep rodhuecrieend s oam ewahlattew roerdd: i ng
( g
(at)h dee scornis ppteicfiofiremsat lhgleiy v seenot f g rammatsiecna­
tenocftehsle a naggudee scr;i bed
(bt)h dee sicpirtoans siaguntsao tmictaoel vleysr eyn taes necotefs truc­
turcahla racttehraaitrsn eto iitnc cso mpwaittithbhi letne u itoifso pne akers
oft hlea ngu(aipgnae r tiacnnu -laaimrgb uusos entieasns csei ngd niensdct ti
struccthuarraalc teristics).
Ofc ourtsheee,rx eio sttha eprp rosa,tco h(oe.e gt.hs eo a-lclaenda ilcyatl
modeolfKs u lagRienzvai,Mn a,r caunsod t ehr,sb )uCth omspkryi'nsc iples
quotaebdoe hv avper eodvt hemsteol vfberesu iatnftduh lec,ya b ner egarded
asa s ound bfaosrimsu lftaohtgreie nngef raramleo fa d escriopflt ainogn­
uagTeh.eq ueosntpsio sbeydo thaeprp roaacrnheoe ttsh ereelbiym i;n ated
ont hceo natrryt,o stthuedimynt hlei gohfpt r inc(iapa)ln ed(s b w)i ll
possbiebv leyru ys efjsuuatls, i t tu nreodu tto ubsee tfouc lo nntehcweti der
aimosfl intgiutcih seo(riyn cltuhdseit nugod fyl inguuinisvtelirscts, ha e
relatiboenteswehanic pq uisoiflt ainognua angldei nguistica ncdo mpetence
peorrfmantchece,h aractneo rfdi ezgartoeifgeo rsa mtmialcnaeescts.w,)i th
thepsrei nciples.
Themsaei pnrn icipslheosub ledd it singeudfi rsohtmh eaicrt aupapll ica­
tioinnt hfeo romfC homsktyrs'afsno artmiodneaslct ri,iow pnheirena d­
diotnsi omoet hbears ic asasruiemnl pcutdiaeosdfn o,sir n sntcea:
I
1 A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO SYNTAX
(ci)na ccordwaintcheA mtehrei lcianng utiardsoitntii,icm medcioant­e
stituenti spa rneafletyrosdr ieespd e ndencyw hischyhanb ste aexun,s ed
widelyt hnseii nnectece eennttu(h.re gyi. nc laspshiiclayol);l og
(dt)h ainsa liyscs oimsb iwniettdhh ues oef t raonrsmfoantlair uelse,s p.
for cwahesiretesas p plicwaantsoi fotuon n add equfaottrhe de e scriopft ion
natulraanlge u;sa g
(et)h dee sciroionpfs t yntaxo fg( raanmdm iasir n)t entdobe esd e parated
frotmh oafst e mantthiiacstts,h d, ee scorniospgf tr iammaanordfs me antairces
linwkietdh oetahocenhrl a ysw ho,la esds istcionmcpto noeftn htsesy st; em
(ft)h ree curpsriovpeeo rftt hideee srs icopnta irceo ncenitnri atstsye nd­
tacbtaiscwe h,e rtehasese manctoimcp onseenrtv est oio nntleyr pret the
underlPy-imnagr kers bgyte hnseey rnattacecodtm ipco ;ni ennt thbea se
rul,te hsien istmyibaollS itisrsee lcsfui .rv e
Asi sw elkln owsno,em o ft hepsoeti snw ere onromtu lfuantte1id69l 4 ,
when thfeo ronmfte rwa onrsmfatidoensactlri iwopanss e utp B.u tth mea in
princ(ia,p() lbe)s r heamvaeiw nietdh out chanugste oa. s sTuhtmihesa tl eads
thopsrei ncdiopn lonetes c essiamlrpyai u lnyi qfuoero mfg enerdaetsi­ve
criopntt,hi iattsh iaittps o ssbliteos eafrocarht ypoefd ersitcpiboans oend
thaeb ove-mepnrtiiinopcnl,be eudstu s ionhtge mre anosfc nocertization
thasnu cahs( ct)o( f.)
Thipsos sibiimsla idteeyv emno rdee sirbaytb hlfeae tc hta ste veproatilsn
oft hter ansforcmoanptctieioanoransel t u inldlde irs cu.Is nso iuoorpn inion,
thmeo sutr geonftt h eusnec ertiatsih nattthire ee sp reseonfats aetnitoenn ce
ont hlee voefsl e mainnttieectr tiapor(na csh aracbtyeK rait1zz6e9,4d 1, 69 6a,
anbdy K atz-P1o9s46t)ha alns,o s pecsiyfinct ascttriucco tfiu torswe n( see
Weinre1i69c6ah,n, dS ga1l69l7,b )T.h3u isti sn octl ewahre tChuerrr y's
(1691r)e quirtehmaaet nd ti stinbcemt aidobene tweteenc togrammatics
(� ntacrte!!1i,Qnsil_c pr.opera)n pdh enroagmma(ttimhceaness ofrfzieiigal
_!�itiQ[ls)
those ifsu lmleytI .fd eespt rucitsvui reewa eqd� �(ogrcasl)j,rifa ti
-
tnneitlse xiucnaislth so uhladv e-anfroomtnh",oe tinr c ludais negq ueonfc e
phoneesm.
Wea ssutmhee,r etfhoairitteas ,r easotnaastbkolf reom ulaanat let erna­
titvyepo efg enerdaetsicvreiw phtiaicbhoa nn ndsao tl eassotmo efp oin(tcs)
to( f) iasbn ads eidne,sa tdo,no hteermp iriacsasluo mnpsWt.eih avbee en
tryitnosg e utp s ucahna lternuastiiindvgee da,es v eliontp heEedu ropean
lingutirisattdiisocuhn ca ,sd ependseynncatyan axdg radruealla bteitowne en
foramn fdnu ctn(i eolabdow,rit ahtoaeunet x ipclfiotru mliaotbny,t hPer ague
Schloo ofs truacllt iunrgu;ic sfSt.ei ccts1i3.o.)n2.
12. HTE OBJECTIOVFET HIBSO OK
Ouarl tertnyapotefgi evnee rdaetsicvireoii nsps tt fialfrolr m b eicnogm pletely
forumla.tT ehdea iomf t hbioso ikst op resietbnsati s ca ssputmioanntsdo
shoiwng,e nertahila,ttw oirswt hhi tlose e arcath y fopofedr e scrtihpaittsi on
nottr aonmrsaftio(nalatel ai snt ctlhaes sseincosaftel h wiosr bdas,e odn a