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A DICTIONARY OF HIGH FREQUENCY FUNCTION WORDS IN LITERARY CHINESE A Dictionary of High Frequency Function Words in Literary Chinese is the first comprehensive work on the subject that constitutes a new approach to teaching and learning by providing both a reference tool and a reader. This dictionary can serve both as a reference book and as an anthology for teaching and learning literary Chinese (the premodern written language) and both ancient and contemporary Chinese culture. It differs from the traditional design of dictionaries in that it includes detailed explanations, with examples, for different uses of the graphs most often used to represent function words in literary Chinese. To facilitate teaching and learning through association, the early meaning, extended meanings, and borrowed meanings for each graph are provided, along with explanations supported by the various stages of the historical development of the graph and other relevant research. Each word is grouped into the primary word class to which it belongs, based on its lexical or grammatical meanings, its collocations, and its function in a sentence. Modern idioms derived from words and phrases in the sample passages are provided in order to promote cultural knowledge and show the important role literary Chinese continues to play in everyday life. All Chinese words are provided with Putonghua romanization to facilitate learning and recall through sound; special pronunciations are explained. T his book can be used as a textbook, as extended reading, or as a reference work for undergraduate or graduate classes on literary/classical Chinese, Chinese manuscript studies, Chinese language and culture, Putonghua, translation studies, or even linguistics. It can also be used as an anthology from which the teacher can select passages for students to study. M ei Ah Tan, PhD (2008), University of Wisconsin–Madison, is Associate Professor of Chinese at the Hang Seng University of Hong Kong. She has published on classical Chinese language and literature, as well as on multidisciplinary research at the crossroads of language, literature, and history. A DICTIONARY OF HIGH FREQUENCY FUNCTION WORDS IN LITERARY CHINESE Mei Ah Tan Designed cover image: Tequila Sy Ching Chin First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 Mei Ah Tan The right of TAN Mei Ah to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-032-38868-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-38867-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-34721-7 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003347217 Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC CONTENTS Acknowledgments x User’s Guide xii Design of the Dictionary xv Abbreviations xx E ntries 1 āānn 安安 3 āānnssuuǒǒ 安安所所 7 bbùù 不不 8 bbùùyyìì 不不亦亦 .. .. .. hhūū 乎乎 1133 ddàànn 但但 1144 éérr 而而 1188 éérrhhòòuu 而而后后（（而而後後）） 2277 éérryyǐǐ 而而已已 2288 éérryyǐǐyyǐǐ 而而已已矣矣 2299 ěěrr 耳耳 3300 ěěrryyǐǐ 耳耳矣矣 3366 vi Contents ěěrr 爾爾 3377 yyúúnn’’ěěrr 云云爾爾 4444 fēii 非非 4477 ffǒǒuu 否否 5522 ffúú 夫夫 5566 ffúú 弗弗 6644 ggààii 蓋蓋 6688 ggǎǎnn 敢敢 7766 ǧǧoouu 苟苟 7799 ggùù 固固 8833 hhéé 何何 8888 hhéé rrúú 何何如如 9955 hhééqqíí 何何其其 9977 hhéé wwèèii 何何為為 9999 hhéé yyǐǐ 何何以以 1100 00 hhééyyǒǒuu 何何有有 110022 hhéé 曷曷 110033 hhéé 盍盍 110088 hhūū 乎乎 111100 hhūū’’éérr 乎乎而而 111144 hhūūzzāāii 乎乎哉哉 111155 Contents vii hhuuòò 或或 111166 jjīī 幾幾 112200 jjiiàànn 見見 112244 kkuuàànngg 況況 112288 mmòò 莫莫 113322 mmòò 莫 .. .. .. yyúú 於 .. .. .. 113377 nnǎǎii 乃乃（（迺迺// 廼廼）） 113388 qqíí 其其 114422 qqǐǐ 豈豈 115533 qqiiěě 且且 115588 qqǐǐnngg 請請 116644 rráánn 然然 116666 rráánnhhòòuu 然然後後 116699 rruuòò 若若 117700 rruuòò 若 .. .. .. hhéé 何何 117788 sshhìì 是是 117799 sshhúú 孰孰 118844 sshhúú yyǔǔ 孰孰與與 118888 ssīī 斯斯 119900 ssīīxxūū 斯斯須須 119955 ssuuǒǒ 所所 119966 viii Contents ssuuǒǒ yyǐǐ 所所以以 2200 00 wwééii 為為 220011 wwééii 唯唯 221166 wwééii 唯 .. .. .. sshh ìì 是是 222211 wwééii 唯 .. .. .. zz hhīī 之之 222222 wwééii 惟惟 222233 wwūū 惡惡 222277 wwúú 亡亡 223322 wwúú 毋毋 223366 wwúú 無無 223388 wwúúnnǎǎii 無無乃乃 ((毋毋乃乃)) 224422 wwùù 勿勿 224433 xxīī 奚奚 224466 xxììnn 信信 225500 yyāānn 焉焉 225544 yyéé 邪// 耶耶 226677 yyěě 也也 227711 yyǐǐ 以以 227777 yyǐǐ wwééii 以以為為 228899 yyǐǐ 矣矣 229922 yyìì 亦亦 229977 Contents ix yyúú 于于 330000 yyúú 與與 330088 zzāāii 哉哉 331166 zzhhěě 者者 331199 zzhhīī 之之 332244 zzhhūū 諸諸 333300 Glossary of Technical Terms 334 Bibliography 339 I ndex of Idioms 348