A Depth Psychology Model of Immigration and Adaptation A Depth Psychology Study of Immigration and Adaptation: The Migrant’s Journey brings current academic research from a range of disciplines into a 12-stage model of human migration. Based on Joseph Campbell’s hero’s journey, this depth psychology model addresses pre-migration reasons for leaving, the ordeals of the journey and challenges of post-migration adap- tation. One-third of migrants return to homelands while those who remain in newlands face the triple challenges of building a new life, a new identity and sense of belonging. While arrivées carry homelands within, their chil- dren, the second generation, born and raised in the newland usually have access to both cultures which enables them to make unique contributions to society. Vital to successful newland adaptation is the acceptance and support of immigrants by host countries. A Depth Psychology Study of Immigration and Adaptation will be an important resource for academics and students in the social sciences, clinical psychologists, health care and social welfare workers, therapists of all backgrounds, policy makers and immigrants themselves seeking an understanding of the inner experiences of migration. Phyllis Marie Jensen, PhD, is a Jungian psychoanalyst (ISAPZürich) and sandplay therapist in Vancouver, Canada. Also a social and behavioural science evidence-based researcher, she is an associate clinical professor in Family Medicine, University of Alberta. A second-generation Canadian, Jensen has experienced migration first-hand in England and Switzerland and three Canadian provinces. She is the author of Artist Emily Carr and the Spirit of the Land: A Jungian Portrait (Routledge, 2016). A Depth Psychology Model of Immigration and Adaptation ’ The Migrant s Journey Phyllis Marie Jensen First published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, OxonOX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2020PhyllisMarieJensen The right of Phyllis Marie Jensen to be identified asauthorof thiswork has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78of the Copyright, Designsand PatentsAct 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may bereprinted or reproduced orutilised in any formor by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known orhereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permissionin writing from the publishers. Trademarknotice: Product or corporate names may be trademarksor registered trademarks, and are used only foridentification and explanationwithout intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-PublicationData A catalogue record for this book isavailablefrom the BritishLibrary Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationData A catalogrecord has beenrequested forthis book ISBN: 978-1-138-33242-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-33246-1 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-44662-7 (ebk) Typeset inTimesNewRoman by Swales & Willis, Exeter, Devon, UK Dedicated to my migrating parents Ella Katherine and Svend Aage Jensen Contents Preface viii Acknowledgements xiii Introduction 1 1 Phase1:pre-migration 9 2 Phase2:thejourney 54 3 Phase3:post-migrationarrival 66 4 Phase4:post-migration—homeagain 82 5 Identityandbelonging 110 6 Generationaldifferences 150 7 Hostcountry 187 8 Summaryandconclusions 229 Bibliography 235 Index 288 Preface Five factors inspired this book: 1) Awareness of artist Emily Carr’s migration complex. Often called “Canada’s Van Gogh” and the “Mother of Modern Art in Canada,” Emily Carr1 had a classical art education in San Francisco, London and France. She deemed Aboriginal (First Nation) art as important as the ancient arts of other lands, and because it was believed to be dis- appearing, she vowed to document it. She made six camping trips along the Pacific Northwest coast by ferry, canoe and horseback with only her dog as companion. A hundred years later, her “wilderness” trips are seen as an “apprenticeship” in First Nation art and culture, that opened her eyes to a “fresh-seeing” of the land and its spirit ener- gies and inspired her modernist paintings of the spirit of the land, forest, sea and sky. At the same time, in her writings is an underlying theme of the migration complex of self, family and community. 2) The art of the Canadian Group of Seven. Led by Lawren Harris (1885–1970) and J.E.H. Macdonald (1873–1932), these seven male artists known as the Group of Seven, asked: Who am I? Where am I? Where is here? Like Carr, they painted the outdoors fully determined to capture the spirit of the land. 3) American psychiatrist/psychoanalyst, Salman Akhtar, who migrated from India to New York and wrote extensively on migration. He noted “the reluctance of depth psychology to look at the social, historical and cultural factors of migration has forced us to fill the gaps with research from other disciplines.”2 Being a social and behavioural evi- dence-based researcher as well as a Jungian analyst, I took up the challenge. Thus, this book is an attempt to integrate the research lit- erature of sister disciplines—anthropology, clinical and social psych- ology, economics, history, human geography, jurisprudence, linguistics, political science and sociology—into a depth psychology model of migration. Preface ix 4) The heroic model appeared to me in a dream image. The research lit- erature is segmented by discipline and I was seeking an inclusive model for depth psychology’s clinical and research work. I had a dream of an ancient scroll on which was written: “Migration is a heroic act.” This led to my use of the hero archetype as the organiz- ing principle for this integrative work. 5) JosephCampbell(1904–1987),aprofessorofmythologyfoundarepeating theme in world literature, the Hero Archetype, the “will and capacity to undergo repeated transformations.”3 In The Hero with a Thousand Faces,4 hedescribestheheroasleavingaknownordertoenterajourneyofchaos beforeaneworderemerges.5Thetwelvestagesoftheheroicarchetypeare organized in thisdepth psychology model ofmigration:pre-migration,the journeyandpost-migrationarrivalandadaptation. Awareness of Emily Carr’s migration complex led me to explore my own migration experiences as a “2.5-generation” Canadian who has lived in sev- eral provinces, travelled extensively and been a sojourner student in two countries. This is not unusual in Canada. In fact, it’s actually rare to meet a “stayer,” born and living in the same place. One in five Canadians is a naturalized citizen (born outside the country), a figure predicted to rise to one in three persons in 20 years.6 Toronto, the most multicultural city in the world, reports over half of its population was born outside the country.7 Internal migrations within the country are a constant feature. “Modernity implies mobility,”8 says Duyvendak. “The motif of modern culture … is being rootless, displacement between worlds, living between a lost past and fluid present [and] a metaphor for the journeying modern consciousness.”9 Because worldwide, one in 30 people is a migrant,10 it’s important to have aworkable depth psychology model of migration. In C.G. Jung’s Collected Works, there are eleven references to migration. Transcribed below, the most relevant passages relating to human migration are italicized. Jung on European Migration Because we still can and will wander, we imagine that we can live more or less anywhere. Not yet convinced that we ought to be able to get along with one another in closely packed families, we feel that we can afford to quarrel, for there is still good open country “out West” if things come to the worst. At least it seems so. But it is no longer quite true. Even the Englishman is not settled in India; he is really con- demned to serve his term there and to make the best of it. Hence all these hopeful, jolly, eager, energetic, powered voices issue from people who are thinking and dreaming of spring in Sussex.11