A Cultural History of Sport in the Modern Age

289 Pages·2022·6.837 MB·English

by  Steven A. Riess

A CULTURAL HISTORY
OF SPORT
VOLUME 6
i
A Cultural History of Sport
General Editors: Wray Vamplew, John McClelland, and Mark Dyreson
Volume 1
A Cultural History of Sport in Antiquity
Edited by Paul Christesen and Charles Stocking
Volume 2
A Cultural History of Sport in the Medieval Age
Edited by Noel Fallows
Volume 3
A Cultural History of Sport in the Renaissance
Edited by Alessandro Arcangeli
Volume 4
A Cultural History of Sport in the Age of Enlightenment
Edited by Rebekka von Mallinckrodt
Volume 5
A Cultural History of Sport in the Age of Industry
Edited by Mike Huggins
Volume 6
A Cultural History of Sport in the Modern Age
Edited by Steven Riess
ii
A CULTURAL HISTORY
OF SPORT
IN THE
MODERN AGE
Edited by Steven A. Riess
iii
BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
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trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc

First published in Great Britain 2021

Copyright © Steven Riess, 2021

Steven Riess have asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act, 1988, to be identifi ed as Author of this work.

Series design by Raven Design
Cover image: Wilma Rudolph, Winning the Women’s 100-meter dash,
Stanford California, July 21, 1962 © Bridgeman Images

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iv
CONTENTS
LI ST OF I LLUSTRATIONS vii
SERIES PREFACE xiii
Introduction: One Hundred Years of Sport in Modern Society, 1920–2020 1
Steven A. Riess
1 The Purpose of Sport 37
William J. Morgan
2 Sporting Time and Sporting Space 57
Brian M. Ingrassia
3 Products, Training, and Technology 81
Jean Williams and Wray Vamplew
4 Rules and Order 105
Sheldon Anderson
5 Confl ict and Accommodation 127
Matthew Taylor
6 Inclusion, Exclusion, and Segregation 149
Kevin B. Witherspoon
7 Minds, Bodies, and Identities 173
Mike Cronin
v
vi CONTENTS
8 Representation 191
Steven A. Riess
BI BLIOGRAPHY 221
NOTES ON C ONTRIBUTORS 251
I NDEX 255
ILLUSTRATIONS
INTRODUCTION
0.1 Czechoslovakia Bohemia Praha Prague: Workers’ Olympics,
calisthenics of 5,000 members of the Prague section, June 25,
1921. They were a left-wing alternative to the sokols, drew
athletes from thirteen nations, and considered an unoffi cial
Workers’ Olympics. A. & E. Frankl bild. Published by V ossische
Zeitung 23/1921 Vintage property of Ullstein bild. Getty Images. 4
0.2 International Workers’ Olympics, Frankfurt am Main, 1925. The
fi rst offi cial Workers’ Olympics drew eleven nations who competed
under a red fl ag. Photographed by Willibald Krain. Courtesy
Wikimedia Commons. 5
0.3 In 1907, Australian swimmer Annette Kellerman was arrested
in Boston for wearing an indecent one-piece suit that showed
her neck, legs, and arms. She redesigned the suit, which became
“the Annette Kellerman,” which was soon used in the Olympics.
Bain News Service. George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of
Congress. Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC.
LC-Dig-ggb-03569. 6
0.4 Three young women posing in swimsuits and wearing their
swimming competition medals (between 1910 and 1930). George
C. Bain Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs
Division Washington, DC. LC-DIG-ppmsca-19489. 7
0.5 World Championship Women’s Bowling in New York, May 8,
1929. The Chicago team poses before facing the New York team.
Photo by Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone. Getty Images. 8
vii
viii ILLUSTRATIONS
0.6 Bing Miller of Philadelphia A’s being tagged out at home by
Muddy Ruel of Washington Senators, 1925. Washington Nationals
Baseball Club Collection. Library of Congress Prints and
Photographs Division Washington, DC. LC-USZ62-135437. 10
0.7 India national cricket team 1932. First Test match – England vs
All India. England captain Douglas Jardine steers a ball from All
India bowler Amir Singh past second slip during the inaugural fi rst
Test match between England and All India, played at Lord’s cricket
ground in London, June 25, 1932. The non-striking batsman is
Eddie Paynter. England won the match by 158 runs. Photo by
Popperfoto. Getty Images. 14
0.8 Jesse Owens Winning Long Jump at Berlin Olympics, 1936. Jesse
Owens of the United States leaps to gold with a jump of 8.06
meters (26.44 feet), just 7.6 centimeters (3 inches) below his world
record. Photo by © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS/Corbis.
Getty Images. 17
0.9 Pel é (Edson Arantes do Nascimento). World’s greatest football
player. The Brazilian played for Santos (1956–74) in Brazil and the
New York Cosmos (1975–7). Photo by Schirner /Ullstein picture.
Getty Images. 21
CHAPTER 2
2.1 Largest college football crowd in American history. On October
13, 1928, an estimated 120,000 fans at Soldier Field, Chicago saw
the University of Notre Dame defeat the Navy, 7–0. In the fourth
period on fourth and three, Johnny Neimiec tossed a pass to
Johnny Colrick for the game’s only touchdown. Photo by George
Rinhart/Corbis. Getty Images. 59
2.2 Diagram of Proposed Dodger Stadium in Chavez Ravine, Los
Angeles, September 23, 1957. Photo by L os Angeles Examiner.
USC Libraries/Corbis. Getty Images. 64
2.3 Panoramic view of Eden Gardens Stadium in Kolkata, the oldest
cricket ground in India established in 1864. This is a 2008 match
in the Indian Premier League. Partha Bhaumik photographer.
Source: Flickr Garden of Eden. Courtesy Wikimedia Commons. 65
2.4 Nippon Budokan Hall in 2018, originally constructed for the 1964
Tokyo Olympics. It was later the site of a famous series of Beatles
concerts in 1966. Photo by Kakidai. Courtesy Wikimedia Commons. 66
2.5 The Houston Astrodome Scoreboard pictured during a June
7, 1969 game between the Astros and Cardinals. The Houston
Astrodome’s innovative scoreboard photographed on June 7, 1969
ILLUSTRATIONS ix
with 26,764 spectators. Photo by Bill Wilson. Courtesy Wikimedia
Commons. 67
2.6 Chicago Stadium prepared for a Chicago Blackhawks game
in 1930. The arena operated from 1929 to 1994, replaced by
the United Center in 1995, best remembered for its deafening
acoustics. Photo from The Sporting News Archives. Courtesy
Wikimedia Commons. 72
CHAPTER 3
3.1 Football Crowd circa 1925: Crowds pack the stands to watch the
football match. Photo by General Photographic Agency. Getty
Images. 82
3.2 Betty Cuthbert’s Running Spikes. Cuthbert was Australia’s “Golden
Girl,” who won three Olympic gold medals in the Melbourne Games
of 1956, and a fourth gold in 1964. Pool/Pool. Getty Images. 83
3.3 Riley, Buick, and Bugatti on the start line at a Surbiton Motor
Club race meeting, Brooklands, January 9, 1928. Brooklands was
a 2.75-mile (4.43-kilometer) motor-racing circuit built in 1907
near Weybridge, in Surrey, England. It was the fi rst facility built
specifi cally for motor racing. Heritage Archives. Getty Images. 85
3.4 Crowd scene on the opening day of the 1952 Olympics. Helsinki
Stadium, Finland. Photo by Nat Farbman/The LIFE Picture
Collection. Getty Images. 91
3.5 Marco Pantani of Italy, rider for the Mercatone UnoScanavino
team cycling on the Courchevel–Morzine Stage 16 of the Tour
de France on July 18, 2000 at Courcheval, France. Photo: Doug
Pensinger. Hulton Archive. Getty Images. 93
3.6 Kenilworth Cigarette Advertisement, March 20, 1920 in the
Illustrated London News issue. The ad features a pair of golfers. A
woman offers a wager of twenty cigarettes to the male player that
he cannot make his shot. Photo by Mansell/Time & Life Picture/
The LIFE Picture Collection. Getty Images. 101
CHAPTER 4
4.1 The dominance of some players such as Minneapolis Lakers’ George
Mikan prompted rule changes. The NBA widened the three-second
lane because of Mikan’s unstoppable low-post scoring. Courtesy of
the Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, MN. 108
4.2 Harold “Red” Grange of the Chicago Bears, December 8, 1925.
The University of Illinois halfback (1923–5) was the greatest