A Cultural History of Education in the Medieval Age

273 Pages·2023·6.151 MB·English

by  Jo Ann H. Moran Cruz

A CULTURAL HISTORY
OF EDUCATION
VOLUME 2
A Cultural History of Education
General Editor: Gary McCulloch
Volume 1
A Cultural History of Education in Antiquity
Edited by Christian Laes
Volume 2
A Cultural History of Education in the Medieval Age
Edited by Jo Ann H. Moran Cruz
Volume 3
A Cultural History of Education in the Renaissance
Edited by Jeroen J.H. Dekker
Volume 4
A Cultural History of Education in the Age of Enlightenment
Edited by Daniel Tröhler
Volume 5
A Cultural History of Education in the Age of Empire
Edited by Heather Ellis
Volume 6
A Cultural History of Education in the Modern Age
Edited by Judith Harford and Tom O’Donoghue
A CULTURAL HISTORY
OF EDUCATION
IN THE
MEDIEVAL
AGE
VOLUME 2
Edited by Jo Ann H. Moran Cruz
BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC
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First published in Great Britain 2020
Copyright © Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020
Jo Ann H. Moran Cruz has asserted her right under the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work.
Cover design: Rebecca Heselton
Cover image: Pietro da Unzola lecturing from legal text © DEA / A.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Moran Cruz, Jo Ann Hoeppner, editor.
Title: A cultural history of education in the medieval age / edited by Jo
Ann Moran Cruz.
Description: London; New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. | Series: A
cultural history of education; volume 2 | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020030642 | ISBN 9781350035034 (hardback)
Subjects: LCSH: Education, Medieval. | Education–Europe–History–To 1500.
| Learning and scholarship–Europe–History–To 1500
Classification: LCC LA91 .C85 2020 | DDC 379.94/0902–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020030642
ISBN: HB: 978-1-3500-3503-4
Set: 978-1-3500-3556-0
Series: The Cultural History Series, Volume 2
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CONTENTS
List of figures vii
generaL editor’s Preface x
Introduction 1
Jo Ann H. Moran Cruz
1 Church, Religion, and Morality 9
W. Martin Bloomer and Andrew J.M. Irving
2 Knowledge, Media, and Communication 31
John J. Contreni
3 Children and Childhoods 57
Daniel T. Kline
4 Family, Community, and Sociability 83
Jeremy Goldberg and Rob Grout
5 Learners and Learning 105
Elizabeth P. Archibald
6 Teachers and Teaching 125
Sarah B. Lynch and Mark Lewis Tizzoni
7 Literacies 145
Jo Ann H. Moran Cruz and David Sheffler
vi CONTENTS
8 Life Histories 169
Joel T. Rosenthal
notes 195
BiBLiograPhy 214
gLossary 236
List of contriButors 239
Index 242
FIGURES
1.1 Opening of the Distichs of Cato (“Si deus est animus nobis ut
carmina dicunt …”) scribbled presumably from memory (by a
student?) in Visigothic minuscule in the foot margin of a
seventh-century copy of Augustine’s Sermones super psalmos 12
1.2 “Cantus.” Musical education depicted in a fourteenth-century copy
of the Tacuinum Sanitatis 20
1.3 Fragment of a Psalter with Old Alemanic interlinear glosses in red
ink, probably intended for schoolroom use, mid-ninth century 22
1.4 The “Hartker Antiphonary,” c. 990–1000, showing the lists of
neumed invitatory antiphons in the summer volume 24
2.1 Wooden wax writing tablet, c. 500 ce 48
2.2 Chirograph of Bishop Ealdred of Worcester, 1058 ce 49
2.3 A papyrus scroll from Theadelphia (Arsinoites; Batn el-Harit),
Faiyum, Egypt, written in the Greek language, 196–98 ce 50
2.4 Open view—Silver Book of the Land 51
2.5 Merovingian minuscule. An early homiletic manuscript collection
from the monastery of St. Gall, overwritten in the first half
of the eighth century with the sermons of Caesarius of Arles
and the Synonyma of Isidore of Seville. Underlying script
(Merovingian): a significant copy of the Old Testament Books of
Wisdom, written in about 700 in southern France or Spain 53
viii FIGURES
2.6 Sulpicius Severus (c. 363–420), Vita of Saint Martin of Tours 54
3.1 “The Surgeon Guy de Chauliac Teaching with Galien [sic],
Avicenna and Hippocrates,” miniature 64
3.2 “Young cleric teaching,” stained glass window in the cathedral at
Strasbourg, c. 1320–30 70
3.3 “Jesus teaching in the temple,” miniature 72
3.4 A cross, an alphabet, “In the name of the father,” “Fadir oure that
art in hevenes hallowed be thi name,” “Hayle mari full of grace the
lord be with the.” The basics for learning to read and to pray for
a middle-class child in fifteenth-century England. Small medieval
“Dick-and-Jane” with only the rudiments of red decoration; in the
local vernacular 73
3.5 Detail of a miniature of a scribe demonstrating to his pupils 80
3.6 The Guidonian Hand 82
4.1 Lady Byron and daughter praying, The Neville of Hornby Hours,
second quarter of the fourteenth century 91
4.2 The seven ages of man from infancy to old age. Woodcut from
Bartholomeus Anglicus, De proprietatibus rerum 93
4.3 Two women, perhaps household servants, prepare offal from
animal intestines in a kitchen. Late fourteenth-century illumination
from the Tacuinum Sanitatis. 101
4.4 Master of the Codex Manesse, “The Schoolmaster of Esslingen,”
c. 1305–40 102
5.1 Coëtivy Master (Henri de Vulcop?) (active c. 1450–85),
Philosophy Presenting the Seven Liberal Arts to Boethius, c. 1460–70 113
5.2 Inflection of the Latin verb lego, legere, to read. Pen and ink on paper 115
5.3 “Self-portrait” of Onfim from Novgorod 118
5.4 Grammatica. Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS Lat. 7900a,
fol. 127v Paris 119
5.5 Master and student marginalia 121
5.6 St. Cassian illustration in Prudentius, Peristephanon 122
6.1 “Chariot Mount with Three Figures,” c. 300–500 ce 127
FIGURES ix
6.2 “Letters of the Anonymous Professor” 131
6.3 St. Felix killed by his pupils: Legenda Aurea, c. 1445–60 135
6.4 “Personification of Grammar,” Chartres Cathedral c. 1145–55 138
6.5 Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque in Fez, Morocco. The original madrasa,
founded in 859, is now the University of al-Qarawiyyin, the oldest,
continually operating higher education institution in the world 141
6.6 Jewish community. Teacher and student. Miniature 143
7.1 Matthew Paris, Chronica Maiora II 148
7.2 Tomb effigy of Eleanor of Aquitaine (d. 1204) in Fontevraud Abbey 150
7.3 The Hours of Jeanne D’Evreux—a gift from Charles IV to Jeanne
D’Evreux (1310–71) when he married her in 1325 156
7.4 Raoul le Petit, L’Histoire de Fauvain/Le Dit de Foveyne 159
7.5 The Yale “Girdle-Book” 161
8.1 In Saint Jerome’s famous dream, he was brought before a heavenly
tribunal, accused of being a Ciceronian rather than a Christian, and
severely flogged by angels. Detail from Sano Di Pietro, The Stories
of St. Jerome 171
8.2 “Henricus de Alemannia in Front of His Students.” Illustration
from Laurentius de Voltolina, Liber ethicorum des Henricus de
Alemannia, 1350s 177
8.3 Balliol College, Oxford University, founded c. 1263 178
8.4 Portrait of Bede writing, from a twelfth-century copy of his
Life of St Cuthbert 181
8.5 Master of Cardinal Bourbon (c. 1480–1500), Anna Teaching the Virgin
Reading, c. 1500 185
8.6 “Abelard and Heloise,” from the Bible moralisée, thirteenth century 186