A Cultural History of Democracy in the Age of Enlightenment

297 Pages·2022·22.788 MB·English

by  Michael Mosher, Anna Plassart

A CULTURAL HISTORY
OF DEMOCRACY
VOLUME 4
A Cultural History of Democracy
General Editor: Eugenio F. Biagini
Volume 1
A Cultural History of Democracy in Antiquity
Edited by Paul Cartledge and Carol Atack
Volume 2
A Cultural History of Democracy in the Medieval Age
Edited by David Napolitano and Kenneth J. Pennington
Volume 3
A Cultural History of Democracy in the Renaissance
Edited by Virginia Cox and Joanne Paul
Volume 4
A Cultural History of Democracy in the Age of Enlightenment
Edited by Michael Mosher and Anna Plassart
Volume 5
A Cultural History of Democracy in the Age of Empire
Edited by Tom Brooking and Todd M. Thompson
Volume 6
A Cultural History of Democracy in the Modern Age
Edited by Eugenio F. Biagini and Gary Gerstle
A CULTURAL HISTORY
OF DEMOCRACY
IN THE AGE OF
ENLIGHTENMENT
VOLUME 4
Edited by
Michael Mosher and Anna Plassart
9781350042834_txt_print.indd 3 24-02-2021 23:06:42
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First published in Great Britain 2021
Copyright © Michael Mosher, Anna Plassart, and contributors, 2021
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Cover image: The Oath of the Tennis Court, 1789, Jacques-Louis David,
1791 © Niday Picture Library/Alamy Stock Photo
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CONTENTS
List of iLLustrations vii
GeneraL editor’s Preface xi
Introduction
Michael Mosher and Anna Plassart 1
1 S overeignty
Daniel Lee 17
2 L iberty and the Rule of Law
Yoshie Kawade 39
3 T he Common Good
Rebecca Kingston 65
4 E conomic and Social Democracy
Alexander Schmidt 87
5 R eligion and the Principles of Political Obligation
Niall O’Flaherty 109
6 C itizenship and Gender
Dorinda Outram 131
7 E thnicity, Race, and Nationalism
Inder S. Marwah 149
vi CONTENTS
8 Democratic Crises, Revolutions, and Civil Resistance
Michael Mosher 175
9 International Relations
James Stafford 201
10 B eyond the Polis
Joanna Innes 219
notes 240
references 241
notes on contributors 265
index 268
ILLUSTRATIONS
1.1 “Rousseau’s Contrat Social publicly burned at Geneva, Switzerland
in 1763,” from Hutchinson’s History of the Nations, 1915 20
1.2 Gerrit Adriaenszoon Berckheyde, Amsterdam Town Hall on Dam
Square, 1672 22
1.3 Cincinnatus (519–430 bce) leaves the plow for the Roman
dictatorship, from Held and Corvin’s Illustrierte Weltgeschichte,
1864 24
1.4 George II receives the Speaker and members of the House of
Commons, 1742 32
1.5 People raise their hands to vote during the annual Landsgemeinde
meeting at a square in the town of Appenzell, Switzerland, April 28,
2013 35
2.1 Satire on Robert Walpole, 1743 44
2.2 Satire on William Pulteney, 1736 45
2.3 “Libertà,” from Cesare Ripa, Iconologia, 1603 54
2.4 Jean Mateus’s frontispiece for Hobbes’s De Cive, 1642 55
2.5 Simon Fokke’s frontispiece for Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Discours sur
l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, 1755 57
viii ILLUSTRATIONS
2.6 Frontispiece for Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Principes du droit
politique, 1762 58
2.7 Jean-François Janinet, Liberté, 1792 59
2.8 Republican medal from the contrat-social section, 1792 61
2.9 Nanine Vallain, La Liberté, 1794 62
2.10 Thomas Rowlandson, The Contrast 1792. British Liberty. French
Liberty. Which is Best?, 1792 63
3.1 Theodore von Neuhoff, 1843 66
3.2 Title page for Giovanni Casti’s opera, Le roi Théodore à Venise, 1804 67
3.3 William Hogarth, An Election Entertainment, 1754–5 72
3.4 Nicolas Poussin, Landscape with the Ashes of Phocion, 1648 73
3.5 Isaac Cruikshank, Vox populi, vox dei, c. 1784 75
4.1 “Lucem post nubila reddit” (It brings back the light after the clouds),
frontispiece from Christian Wolff, Vernünfftige Gedancken von Gott,
Der Welt und der Seele des Menschen, Auch allen Dingen überhaupt,
1729 92
4.2 Daniel Chodowiecki, Bettelndes Soldatenweib (Begging
Soldier’s Wife), 1764 97
4.3 “Epinglier” (Pin maker), from Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire
raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, 1765 100
4.4 Allegorical depiction of the Declaration of the Rights of the
Man and of the Citizen, 1793 101
5.1 Alexander Roslin, Baron d’Holbach, 1785 115
5.2 Jean-Baptiste Pigalle, La justice divine (Divine Justice), 1773 120
5.3 Domenico Antonio Vaccaro’s frontispiece for Vico’s Principi
di scienza nuova, 1744 124
5.4 The Foundling Hospital, Holborn, London, 1753 127
ILLUSTRATIONS ix
6.1 Jacques-Louis David, The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of
His Sons, 1789 142
7.1 Map of English, French, and “Savage” territories in Canada, in
Nouveaux Voyages de Mr. Le Baron de Lahontan dans l’Amérique
Septentrionale, 1703 153
7.2 Map of English, French, and “Savage” troops in Quebec, in
Nouveaux Voyages de Mr. Le Baron de Lahontan dans l’Amérique
Septentrionale, 1703 154
7.3 “The Spanish conquer Montezuma in Mexico,” frontispiece for
Abbé Raynal, Histoire des deux Indes, 1780 159
7.4 “Slaves driven by merchants,” frontispiece for Abbé Raynal,
Histoire des deux Indes, 1780 160
7.5 Table of the Animal Kingdom (Regnum Animale) from Carl
Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, 1735 165
7.6 “Anthropomorpha,” in Carl Linnaeus, Amœnitates Academicae,
1763 166
8.1 Puritan soldiers in camp during the English Civil War, c. 1640 179
8.2 Oliver Cromwell dissolving the Long Parliament, 1653 182
8.3 George Caleb Bingham, The Verdict of the People, 1854–5 186
8.4 John Gast, American Progress, 1872 187
8.5 The Girondins Going to the Scaffold, undated 190
8.6 Thomas Jefferson (Daveed Diggs) and Alexander Hamilton
(Lin-Manuel Miranda) in Hamilton: An American Musical 191
8.7 Title page for Montesquieu’s Lettres Persanes, 1721 195
8.8 Frontispiece for Denis Diderot’s Neveu de Rameau, 1805 196
8.9 Jacques-Louis David, Le Serment du Jeu de Paume, 1791 197
9.1 James Gillray, Sans-culottes, feeding Europe with the bread of
liberty, 1793 202