A Contrastive Grammar of English and Dutch: Contrastieve grammatica Engels / Nederlands

368 Pages·1987·7.22 MB·English

A Contrastive Grammar
of English and Dutch
Contrastieve grammatica
EngelslNe derlands
To Professor R. W. Zandvoort
E G.A.M. Aarts H.Chr. Wekker
A Contrastive Grafl101ar
of English and Dutch
Contrastieve gra0101atica
I
Engels Nederlands
1987 SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
CIP-GEGEVENS KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG
Aarts, F.G.A.M.
Contrastieve grammatica Engels/Nederiands I F.G .A.M.
Aarts, H. Chr. Wekker.
ISBN 978-90-6890-049-1 ISBN 978-94-017-4984-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-4984-8
SISO enge 837.1 UDC 802.0-5+803.931-5 NUGI 101
Trefw.: Engelse taal ; grammatica I Nederlandse taal ;
grammatica.
Eerste druk, derde oplage 1991
ISBN 978-90-6890-049-1
DI1986/2524/40
© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden/Antwerpen in 1987
AIle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvou
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Voor zover het maken van kopieen uit deze uitgave is toegestaan op grond van
t
artikel 16B Auteurswet 1912 het Besluit van 20 juni 1974, St.b. 351, zoals
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wet 1912, dient men de daarvoor wettelijk verschuldigde vergoedingen te vol
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Contents
Preface XIII
PART ONE: A CONCISE ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Chapter 1: Grammar and Contrastive Grammar
1.1 What is Grammar? 1
1.2 What is Contrastive Grammar? 5
Chapter 2: The Units of Grammatical Description
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 The Morpheme 13
2.3 The Word 15
2.3.1 Nouns 18
2.3.2 Verbs 24
2.3.3 Adjectives 38
2.3.4 Adverbs 39
2.3.5 Prepositions 40
2.3.6 Conjunctions 41
2.3.7 Articles 42
2.3.8 Numerals 43
2.3.9 Pronouns 44
2.3.10 Quantifiers 52
2.3.11 Interjections 54
2.4 The Phrase 54
2.4.1 Introduction 54
2.4.2 The Structure of Phrases 55
2.4.2.1 The Noun Phrase 55
2.4.2.2 The Verb Phrase 61
2.4.2.3 The Adjective Phrase 63
2.4.2.4 The Adverb Phrase 64
2.4.2.5 The Prepositional Phrase 65
2.4.3 The Functions of Phrases 66
VI Contents
2.4.3.1 The Noun Phrase 67
2.4.3.2 The Verb Phrase 68
2.4.3.3 The Adjective Phrase 68
2.4.3.4 The Adverb Phrase 69
2.4.3.5 The Prepositional Phrase 70
2.4.3.6 Summary 71
2.5 The Sentence 71
2.5.1 Introduction 71
2.5.2 Linear Structure and Hierarchical Structure 72
2.5.3 Functions and Categories 76
2.5.3.1 Introduction 76
2.5.3.2 Subject 82
2.5.3.3 Predicate and Predicator 83
2.5.3.4 Direct Object 84
2.5.3.5 Indirect Object 87
2.5.3.6 Benefactive Object 89
2.5.3.7 Subject Attribute 90
2.5.3.8 Object Attribute 91
2.5.3.9 Adverbial 93
2.5.4 The Classification of Sentences 94
2.5.4.1 Introduction 94
2.5.4.2 Syntactic Complexity: Simple, Complex and Compound
Sentences 95
2.5.4.3 Grammatical Form: Declarative, Interrogative,
Imperative and Exclamatory Sentences 96
2.5.4.4 Negative Sentences 99
2.5.5 Substitution and Ellipsis 100
2.5.5.1 Introduction 100
2.5.5.2 Substitution 100
2.5.5.3 Ellipsis 101
2.5.6 Some Special Sentence Types 102
2.5.6.1 Introduction 102
2.5.6.2 Existential Sentences 102
2.5.6.3 Passive Sentences 103
2.5.6.4 Cleft Sentences 105
2.5.6.5 Extraposed Sentences 107
Contents VII
PART TWO: THE STRUCTURES OF ENGLISH AND DUTCH
COMPARED
Chapter 3: Nouns, Noun Phrases and Pronouns
3.1 Introduction 111
3.2 Nouns 111
3.2) Number 111
3.2.2 Case 116
3.2.3 Gender 118
3.3 Noun Phrases 120
3.3.1 Introduction 120
3.3.2 Determiners 120
3.3.2.1 Predeterminers 120
3.3.2.2 Central Determiners 123
3.3.2.3 Post determiners 135
3.3.3 Premodificational Structures 137
3.3.3.1 Premodificational Structures in Dutch 137
3.3.3.2 Premodificational Structures in English 139
3.3.4 The Noun Phrase Head 142
3.3.5 Postmodificational Structures 143
3.3.5.1 Finite Clauses in Postmodification 143
3.3.5.2 Non-finite Clauses in Postmodification 145
3.3.5.3 Adjectives in Postmodification 147
3.4 Pronouns 147
3.4.1 Personal Pronouns 147
3.4.2 -self Pronouns 149
3.4.3 Demonstrative Pronouns 150
3.4.4 Possessive Pronouns 154
3.4.5 Relative Pronouns 155
3.4.6 Interrogative Pronouns 158
3.4.7 Reciprocal Pronouns 161
3.4.8 So and One 161
3.4.9 Dutch er and its English Equivalents 162
Chapter 4: Verbs and Verb Phrases
4.1 Introduction 165
VIn Contents
4.2 Verbs 165
4.2.1 English and Dutch Verbs 165
4.2.2 The Primary Auxiliaries 166
4.2.2.1 Have 166
4.2.2.2 Be 166
4.2.2.3 Do 167
4.2.3 The Modals 169
4.2.3.1 Can 171
4.2.3.2 Could 174
4.2.3.3 May 176
4.2.3.4 Might 178
4.2.3.5 Must 179
4.2.3.6 Shall 181
4.2.3.7 Should 182
4.2.3.8 Will 186
4.2.3.9 Would 188
4.2.3.10 Dare 190
4.2.3.11 Need 191
4.2.3.12 Ought to 192
4.2.3.13 Used to 194
4.2.4 The Semi-auxiliaries 195
4.3 Verb Phrases 195
4.3.1 Simple and Complex Verb Phrases 196
4.3.2 Finite and Non-finite Verb Phrases 196
4.4 The Tenses and their Uses 197
4.4.1 Present Tense 200
4.4.2 Past Tense 205
4.4.3 Present Perfect Tense 210
4.4.4 Past Perfect Tense 215
4.4.5 Present Future Tense 220
4.4.6 Past Future Tense 221
4.4.7 Present Future Perfect Tense 223
4.4.8 Past Future Perfect Tense 225
4.5 Aspect 227
4.5.1 Uses of the Progressive 230
4.5.2 Dynamic and Stative 230
4.6 Mood 235
Contents IX
4.6.1 The Subjunctive Mood 236
4.6.2 The Imperative Mood 238
Chapter 5: Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
Adverbs and Adverb Phrases
Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases
5.1 Introduction 239
5.2 Adjectives and Adjective Phrases 239
5.2.1 Adjectives 239
5.2.1.1 Attributive and Predicative Adjectives 239
5.2.1.2 Adjectives in Postmodification 242
5.2.1.3 Stative and Dynamic Adjectives 242
5.2.2 The Structure of the Adjective Phrase 243
5.2.2.1 Premodificational Structures 243
5.2.2.2 The Adjective Phrase Head 245
5.2.2.3 Postmodificational Structures 245
5.2.3 The Comparison of Adjectives 246
5.2.3.1 The Degrees of Comparison 246
5.2.3.2 Gradable and Non-gradable Adjectives 247
5.2.3.3 The Basis of Comparison 247
5.2.3.4 The Forms of the Comparative and the Superlative 248
5.2.3.5 The Use of the Comparative 250
5.2.3.6 The Use of the Superlative 251
5.2.3.7 Other Structures of Comparison 253
5.3 Adverbs and Adverb Phrases 254
5.3.1 Adverbs 254
5.3.1.1 The Morphology of Adverbs 254
5.3.1.2 The Syntactic Functions of Adverbs 256
5.3.2 The Structure of the Adverb Phrase 259
5.3.2.1 Premodificational Structures 259
5.3.2.2 The Adverb Phrase Head 260
5.3.2.3 Postmodificational Structures 260
5.3.3 The Comparison of Adverbs 260
5.4 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 261
5.4.1 Prepositions 261
5.4.2 The Structure of the Prepositional Phrase 261
5.4.3 Prepositional Usage in English and Dutch 263