A Concise Introduction to Logic, 12th Edition PDF
Preview A Concise Introduction to Logic, 12th Edition
A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO Logic T W E L F T H E D i T i o N PATRICK J. HURLEY University of San Diego Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. A Concise Introduction to Logic, © 2015, 2012, 2008, Cengage Learning Twelfth Edition WCN: 02-200-203 Patrick J. Hurley ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Instructors: Please visit login.cengage.com and log in to access instructor- specific resources. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17 16 15 14 13 To: All of the students past and present, who have learned logic from this book. It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence. –W. K. Clifford Nothing can be more important than the art of formal reasoning according to true logic. –Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz BBrriieeff CCoonntteennttss Part I INFORMAL LOGIC 1 Basic Concepts 1 2 Language: Meaning and Definition 80 3 Informal Fallacies 122 Part II FORMAL LOGIC 4 Categorical Propositions 200 5 Categorical Syllogisms 264 6 Propositional Logic 316 7 Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic 388 8 Predicate Logic 454 Part I1I INDUCTIVE LOGIC 9 Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning 524 10 Causality and Mill’s Methods 544 11 Probability 569 12 Statistical Reasoning 587 13 Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning 609 14 Science and Superstition 632 Answers to Selected Exercises 661 Glossary/Index 705 iv CCoonntteennttss Preface xi Part I INFORMAL LOGIC 1 Basic Concepts 1 1.1 Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions 1 Exercise 1.1 7 1.2 Recognizing Arguments 14 Exercise 1.2 25 1.3 Deduction and Induction 33 Exercise 1.3 40 1.4 Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency 44 Exercise 1.4 55 1.5 Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity 59 Exercise 1.5 64 1.6 Extended Arguments 66 Exercise 1.6 71 2 Language: Meaning and Definition 80 2.1 Varieties of Meaning 80 Exercise 2.1 85 2.2 The Intension and Extension of Terms 91 Exercise 2.2 94 2.3 Definitions and Their Purposes 96 Exercise 2.3 102 v 2.4 Definitional Techniques 104 Exercise 2.4 111 2.5 Criteria for Lexical Definitions 114 Exercise 2.5 118 3 Informal Fallacies 122 3.1 Fallacies in General 122 Exercise 3.1 124 3.2 Fallacies of Relevance 125 Exercise 3.2 138 3.3 Fallacies of Weak Induction 143 Exercise 3.3 154 3.4 Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity, and Illicit Transference 160 Exercise 3.4 174 3.5 Fallacies in Ordinary Language 182 Exercise 3.5 188 Part II FORMAL LOGIC 4 Categorical Propositions 200 4.1 The Components of Categorical Propositions 200 Exercise 4.1 203 4.2 Quality, Quantity, and Distribution 203 Exercise 4.2 208 4.3 Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square of Opposition 209 Exercise 4.3 219 4.4 Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition 221 Exercise 4.4 229 4.5 The Traditional Square of Opposition 231 Exercise 4.5 238 4.6 Venn Diagrams and the Traditional Standpoint 243 Exercise 4.6 249 vi CONtENtS 4.7 Translating Ordinary Language Statements into Categorical Form 251 Exercise 4.7 258 5 Categorical Syllogisms 264 5.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure 264 Exercise 5.1 269 5.2 Venn Diagrams 272 Exercise 5.2 282 5.3 Rules and Fallacies 285 Exercise 5.3 292 5.4 Reducing the Number of Terms 294 Exercise 5.4 296 5.5 Ordinary Language Arguments 297 Exercise 5.5 300 5.6 Enthymemes 301 Exercise 5.6 303 5.7 Sorites 307 Exercise 5.7 310 6 Propositional Logic 316 6.1 Symbols and Translation 316 Exercise 6.1 326 6.2 Truth Functions 330 Exercise 6.2 339 6.3 Truth Tables for Propositions 342 Exercise 6.3 348 6.4 Truth Tables for Arguments 351 Exercise 6.4 354 6.5 Indirect Truth Tables 358 Exercise 6.5 365 6.6 Argument Forms and Fallacies 367 Exercise 6.6 379 CONtENtS vii 7 Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic 388 7.1 Rules of Implication I 388 Exercise 7.1 396 7.2 Rules of Implication II 401 Exercise 7.2 406 7.3 Rules of Replacement I 411 Exercise 7.3 417 7.4 Rules of Replacement II 424 Exercise 7.4 429 7.5 Conditional Proof 437 Exercise 7.5 441 7.6 Indirect Proof 443 Exercise 7.6 447 7.7 Proving Logical Truths 449 Exercise 7.7 451 8 Predicate Logic 454 8.1 Symbols and Translation 454 Exercise 8.1 461 8.2 Using the Rules of Inference 464 Exercise 8.2 473 8.3 Quantifier Negation Rule 477 Exercise 8.3 480 8.4 Conditional and Indirect Proof 482 Exercise 8.4 486 8.5 Proving Invalidity 489 Exercise 8.5 494 8.6 Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers 496 Exercise 8.6 504 8.7 Identity 507 Exercise 8.7 516 viii CONtENtS
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