A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY OF INTERNATIONAL SOYBEAN RESEARCH - GENETICS, PHYSIOLOGY, AGRONOMY AND NITROGEN RELATIONSHIPS Edited by James E. Board A Comprehensive Survey of International Soybean Research - Genetics, Physiology, Agronomy and Nitrogen Relationships http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/45867 Edited by James E. Board Contributors Minobu Kasai, Denis M. Sytnikov, Huynh Viet Khai, Zhanyuan Zhang, Gustavo Souza, Suzana Bertolli, Tiago Catuchi, Rogerio Soratto, Luciano Fietto, Murilo Alves, Cristiane Fortes Gris, Alexana Baldoni, Motoki Kubo, Pedro Reis, Elizabeth Fontes, Takeo Yamakawa, Celia R. Carlini, Rafael Real-Guerra, Fernanda Stanisçuaski, Brett Ferguson, Takuji Ohyama, Laura C. Hudson, Kevin C. Lambirth, Kenneth L. Bost, Kenneth J. Piller, Ana Maria Heuminski De Avila, Srinivasan Ramachandran, Tzi-Bun Ng, Jack Ho Wong, Arvind M. Kayastha, Alka Dwevedi, Marco Arruda, Herbert Barbosa, Lidiane Mataveli, Silvana Ruella Oliveira, Sandra Arruda, Ricardo Azevedo, Priscila Gratão, Eduardo Antonio Gavioli, Akira Kanazawa, Hilton Silveira Pinto, Lidia Skuza, Ewa Filip, Izabela Szućko, Donald Smith, Sowmya Subramanian, Isao Kubo, Kuniyoshi Shimizu, Man-Wah Li, Yee Shan Ku, Yuk Lin Yung, Chao Qing Wen, Hon-Ming Lam, Xueyi Liu, Wan-Kin Au-Yeung, Jeandson Silva Viana, Edilma Pereira Gonçalves, Abraão Cícero Da Silva, Valderez Matos Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. 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Publishing Process Manager Ana Pantar Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published December, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] A Comprehensive Survey of International Soybean Research - Genetics, Physiology, Agronomy and Nitrogen Relationships, Edited by James E. Board p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0876-4 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Soybean Nitrogen Relationships 1 Chapter 1 A Proteomics Approach to Study Soybean and Its Symbiont Bradyrhizobium japonicum –A Review 3 Sowmyalakshmi Subramanian and Donald L. Smith Chapter 2 The Development and Regulation of Soybean Nodules 31 Brett James Ferguson Chapter 3 Soybean as a Nitrogen Supplier 49 Matsumiya Yoshiki, Horii Sachie, Matsuno Toshihide and Kubo Motoki Chapter 4 How to Increase the Productivity of the Soybean-Rhizobial Symbiosis 61 Denis M. Sytnikov Chapter 5 Inoculation Methods of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on Soybean in South-West Area of Japan 83 Takeo Yamakawa and Yuichi Saeki Chapter 6 Soybean Seed Production and Nitrogen Nutrition 115 Takuji Ohyama, Ritsuko Minagawa, Shinji Ishikawa, Misaki Yamamoto, Nguyen Van Phi Hung, Norikuni Ohtake, Kuni Sueyoshi, Takashi Sato, Yoshifumi Nagumo and Yoshihiko Takahashi Section 2 Soybean Agricultural Economics 159 Chapter 7 The Comparative Advantage of Soybean Production in Vietnam: A Policy Analysis Matrix Approach 161 Huynh Viet Khai and Mitsuyasu Yabe VI Contents Section 3 Soybean Agronomy and Physiology 181 Chapter 8 Molecular Design of Soybean Lipoxygenase Inhibitors Based on Natural Products 183 Isao Kubo, Tae Joung Ha and Kuniyoshi Shimizu Chapter 9 Challenges to Increased Soybean Production in Brazil 199 Hilton S. Pinto, Ana Maria H. de Avila and Andrea O. Cardoso Chapter 10 Drought Stress and Tolerance in Soybean 209 Yee-Shan Ku, Wan-Kin Au-Yeung, Yuk-Lin Yung, Man-Wah Li, Chao-Qing Wen, Xueyi Liu and Hon-Ming Lam Chapter 11 Biologically Active Constituents of Soybean 239 Tzi Bun Ng, Randy Chi Fai Cheung and Jack Ho Wong Chapter 12 Cell Death Signaling From the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Soybean 261 Pedro A.B. Reis and Elizabeth P. B. Fontes Chapter 13 Soybean Under Water Deficit: Physiological and Yield Responses 273 Gustavo M. Souza, Tiago A. Catuchi, Suzana C. Bertolli and Rogerio P. Soratto Chapter 14 Interaction of Photosynthetic Source-Sink Balance and Activities of Membrane H+ Pumps in Soybean 299 Minobu Kasai and Wataru Takahashi Chapter 15 Soybean Urease: Over a Hundred Years of Knowledge 317 Rafael Real-Guerra, Fernanda Stanisçuaski and Célia Regina Carlini Chapter 16 Explanations for the Rise of Soybean in Brazil 341 Eduardo Antonio Gavioli Chapter 17 Climatic Restrictions for Maximizing Soybean Yields 367 Ana Maria Heuminski de Avila, José Renato Bouças Farias, Hilton Silveira Pinto and Felipe Gustavo Pilau Contents VII Chapter 18 Climatic Conditions and Production of Soybean in Northeastern Brazil 377 Jeandson Silva Viana, Edilma Pereira Gonçalves, Abraão Cicero Silva and Valderez Pontes Matos Section 4 Soybean Genetics 393 Chapter 19 Soybean Proteomics: Applications and Challenges 395 Alka Dwevedi and Arvind M Kayastha Chapter 20 In vitro Regeneration and Genetic Transformation of Soybean: Current Status and Future Prospects 413 Thankaraj Salammal Mariashibu, Vasudevan Ramesh Anbazhagan, Shu-Ye Jiang, Andy Ganapathi and Srinivasan Ramachandran Chapter 21 Advancements in Transgenic Soy: From Field to Bedside 447 Laura C. Hudson, Kevin C. Lambirth, Kenneth L. Bost and Kenneth J. Piller Chapter 22 Functional Diversity of Early Responsive to Dehydration (ERD) Genes in Soybean 475 Murilo Siqueira Alves and Luciano Gomes Fietto Chapter 23 An Overview of Genetic Transformation of Soybean 489 Hyeyoung Lee, So-Yon Park and Zhanyuan J. Zhang Chapter 24 Gene Duplication and RNA Silencing in Soybean 507 Megumi Kasai, Mayumi Tsuchiya and Akira Kanazawa Chapter 25 Proteomics and Its Use in Obtaining Superior Soybean Genotypes 531 Cristiane Fortes Gris and Alexana Baldoni Chapter 26 Use of Organelle Markers to Study Genetic Diversity in Soybean 553 Lidia Skuza, Ewa Filip and Izabela Szućko Chapter 27 Comparative Studies Involving Transgenic and Non-Transgenic Soybean: What is Going On? 583 Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda, Ricardo Antunes Azevedo, Herbert de Sousa Barbosa, Lidiane Raquel Verola Mataveli, Silvana Ruella Oliveira, Sandra Cristina Capaldi Arruda and Priscila Lupino Gratão Preface Soybean is the most important oilseed and livestock feed crop in the world, accounting for 58% of total world oilseed production and 69% of protein meal consumption by livestock. These dual uses are attributed to the crop’s high protein content (nearly 40% of seed weight) and oil content (approximately 20%); characteristics that are not rivaled by any other agro‐ nomic crop. Besides its use as a high-protein livestock and poultry feed, and oilseed crop (used in margarines, cooking oils, and baked and fried food products), soybean has various other industrial uses such as biodiesel, fatty acids, plastics, coatings, lubricants, and hy‐ draulic fluids. In Asian countries such as China, Japan and Indonesia, the whole seed is di‐ rectly consumed as human food; or it is incorporated into human food items such as tofu, tempeh, soy milk, soy cheese, or other products. Soybean consumption as human food is in‐ creasing outside of Asia. Recently, health benefits for soybean have been recognized for heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis, and menopause. The American Heart Association rec‐ ommends daily human consumption of 25 mg of soybean to help prevent heart and circula‐ tory diseases. In 2010, 258.4 million metric tons of soybean were produced in the world, having a value of $111 billion. Over 80% of the world’s soybeans are produced in three countries: the USA, Brazil, and Argentina. These three countries are also the main exporters of soybean to the world market. Major importing countries are China, Japan, the European Union, and Mexi‐ co. A testimony to the increasing importance of soybean on the world agricultural stage is in the stunning growth of production shown by Argentina and Brazil over the last 25 years. Between 1986 and 2010, the production has risen from 17.3 to 70 million metric tons in Brazil (a four-fold increase) and from 7 to 49.5 million metric tons in Argentina (a seven-fold in‐ crease). Both countries have demonstrated to the world how an organized effort of research, education and extension can create an entire industry around production and use of an agri‐ cultural commodity. Against the backdrop of soybean’s striking ascendancy is the increased research interest in the crop throughout the world. The objective of this book is to provide readers with a view of the high quality of soybean research being conducted in so many different parts of the world. With all the dissension and rancor in the world (wars, terrorism, financial panic, etc.) it is truly heartening to see the efforts being made to create a greater understanding of soy‐ bean in so many diverse parts of the world. Such efforts will go a long way to meeting in‐ creased demand for soybeans; a demand driven by increased world population and rising living standards. Because expansion of agricultural land to meet this demand is limited, the only way to meet increased world demand for soybean is by greater production per area of currently available land. This is why research, such as that contained in this book, is so vital for future soybean production. X Preface It is in this light that I would like to acknowledge all the authors for their outstanding efforts in composing these chapters. The information presents a comprehensive view of research ef‐ forts in genetics, plant physiology, agronomy, agricultural economics, and nitrogen relation‐ ships that will benefit soybean stakeholders and scientists throughout the world. We hope you enjoy the book. James E. Board Professor of Agronomy School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA