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A Comprehensive Georgian-English Dictionary didi KarTul-inglisuri leKsikoni tomi I a — l Semdgenlebi: SuKia aPridonije • lorens brursi • Tina margalitaje • donald reiPildi (pasuHmgebeli redaKtori) • levan XHaije • ariane xanturia TanamSromlebi: rusudan amireJibi • ruven enukije • kevin tiuiti • zurab KiKnaje • david JaSi • JorJ hiuiti gamomCemloba «garneti» londoni — 2006 A Comprehensive Georgian-English Dictionary Volume I a — l editors: Shukia Apridonidze • Laurence Broers • Ariane Chanturia • Levan Chkhaidze • Tina Margalitadze • Donald Rayfield (editor-in-chief) contributors: Rusudan Amirejibi • Ruben Enoch • George Hewitt • Davit Jashi • Zurab Kiknadze • Kevin Tuite GARNETT PRESS LONDON 2006 first published in Great Britain in 2006 by The Garnett Press, Dpt of Russian (SML) Queen Mary (University of London), Mile End Road, London E1 4NS copyright @ Shukia Apridonidze, Laurence Broers, Ariane Chanturia, Levan Chkhaidze, Tina Margalitadze, Donald Rayfield, 2006 typeset in Times, Kartveli and Amirani (@Paul Meurer, University of Bergen) by Donald Rayfield 1000 copies printed and bound in Turkey by Mega Basım, Yeni Bosna, on Enzo 55gm All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owners and the publisher of this book ISBN - 10 0-9535878-3-5 (two-volume set) 0-9535878-4-3 (volume I) 0-9535878-5-1 (volume II) ISBN - 13 978-0-9535878-3-4 (two-volume set) 978-0-9535878-4-1 (volume I) 978-0-9535878-5-8 (volume II) Fox Hollow Cottage, Tinker Pot Lane, Otford, Kent UK TN15 6AA [email protected] 0044-1959-526894 30 November 2005 Dear Reader, I enclose: a) Introduction to the Georgian-English dictionary b) Semosavali (a free translation of the above) c) list of abbreviations d) the first of eight parts, words beginning in a- and b- Please look closely for the following: 1 omitted, duplicated or invented words and forms 2 wrongly or inadequately translated words and examples 3 inadequately chosen examples 4 wrong or inadequate grammatical/semantic information 5 breaches of alphabetical order 6 misprints in both English and Georgian, faults in fonts, spacing, layout 7 inconsistencies in presentation, in use of abbreviations, in cross-references (these will be fully clear only when you have had all 8 parts). Please scrutinize this first part with special attention, since faults noticed here can be put right in the next 7 parts before you receive them. If possible, return your fascicle by express post or courier with corrections, or, better still, e- mail me with a list of corrections, preferably as a PDF file attached to an e-mail, since that will avoid confusion between computers and programmes) THREE WEEKS AFTER RECEIPT Timetable for receipt of next fascicles: part 2: mid-December; part 3: early January 2006; part 4 end January part 5:late February; part 6 mid March; part 7 early April; part 8 late April I then have just three months to incorporate all your corrections and to format the whole work for printing from disc (in Istanbul end July). If I do not yet have your bank details for payment, please give them (including SWIFT or IBAN code), and state what currency (within reason) you wish to be paid in. Your fee is £2000 and eternal glory or infamy, i.e. a prominent mention on the obverse of the title page. Thank you Donald Rayfield 1 Introduction draft of December 16, 2005 Again and again psychological principles (where will the student look for the word, how does one guard him against confusions in the best possible manner) clash with grammatical ones (base word, derivative) and with the typographical utilization of space, with the well-organized appearance of the printed page etc. Thus it happens that the superficial critic will meet with seemingly arbitrary inconsequences everywhere, but those inconsequences are caused by compromises between essential viewpoints. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Wörterbuch für Volksschulen 1926 And if, enraged he cried, Heaven meant to shed Its keenest vengeance on the guilty head, The drudgery of words the damn’d would know, Doom’d to write Lexicons in endless woe. Samuel Johnson WHAT IS INCLUDED IN THIS DICTIONARY? This dictionary aims, as far as possible, to give an English equivalent for the entire lexical corpus of the Georgian language, ancient, classical and modern, as well as literary, colloquial and dialectal. We have therefore included virtually all the entries from the eight-volume Explanatory Dictionary of the Georgian Language (henceforth KEGL) published between 1950 and 1964; these entries have been cross-checked with, and in some instances expanded from, Kita Tschenkéli’s and Yolanda Marchev’s Georgisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch of 1965-1974. The second major source is a data base (listing about two million word forms and their frequency) of the Georgian daily and weekly press from 1999-2002 compiled by Irak’li Iak’obashvili and made searchable on the internet by Dr Levan Chkhaidze and Dato Jashi. Thirdly, we have used a searchable electronic version, and a list of all word forms, of twenty substantial texts by contemporary writers, predominantly novelists. The fourth major source are Ilia Abuladze and Zurab Sarjveladze’s compilations and dictionaries of Old Georgian. We have used only selectively about thirty dictionaries of the various dialects of modern Georgian and dictionaries form various branches of science and technology. A number of other sources have also contributed to our corpus, the 19 and 20th century Georgian-Russian dictionaries (notably by Nik’o and Davit Chubinashvili and Ketevan Datik’ashvili) We have exploited the nine volumes of Ivan Javakhishvili’s Materials of Georgia’s Cottage Industries and Crafts, as well as notes to major editions of literary texts and of folklore. Finally, we have incorporated a substantial body of modern vulgar, colloquial and specialist expressions from field work carried out by Dr Laurence Broers between 2001 and 2004. We incorporate into the main body of the dictionary elements usually put on separate sections. Thus proper nouns (names of places and persons) and abbreviations intermingle with common nouns and unabbreviated forms. The rationale for this is that modern Georgian lacks capital letters and does not usually mark abbreviations with full stops, so that such forms often resemble, and can even be identical with, ordinary words. We also include, as does the Explanatory Dictionary, for the sake of users who do not have a perfect command of Georgian, individual bound morphemes, with a short explanation of their semantic functions and grammatical properties. Morphemes are included where they are productive, i.e. where by combining them new words can still be formed. Non-productive suffixes such as -Jeradi are not listed separately on the grounds that every word that has this suffix already has an entry and new words are unlikely to be created with this suffix. On the other hand suffixes such as -Tan are productive, almost infinitely so, and therefore have an entry 2 Introduction draft of December 16, 2005 We have tried to err on the side of inclusiveness; thus a number of words invented by poets, or mistaken, even invented, by earlier lexicographers, and never used again, have filtered through: better to include an unknown than exclude a known. The meaning of some rare words used between 1200 and 1800 in ambiguous contexts is still a matter of guesswork, even when they occur in translation from Greek etc, and the marker † (‘obsolete’) can also be taken as a warning that the translation may possibly be inaccurate. We do not assume a knowledge of Russian among users: Russian words frequently used in Georgian (e.g. parts of a car) will thus be listed. Exclusions We exclude a very few words, such as hyphenated forms where the total meaning of the hyphenated form is identical with the sum of the meaning of each separate component. In a number of cases where a verbal noun ending -eba and the corresponding verb ending in -ebs have a very rarely attested alternative form in -oba/obs, or vice versa, we sometimes omit the non-standard form. Similarly where a past participle passive in -uli has a very rarely attested alternative form in -ili (or vice versa), this too may not be listed. (If the alternative forms are frequently attested, then of course they are listed. We exclude a number of Russian words often used in colloquial Georgian which are nevertheless consciously (and ironically) used as alien expressions. We exclude a very few Soviet, especially political, terms which can be instantly recognized when transliterated into English and which never had a real substance for those who uttered or heard them. Some Germanisms such as Landsturm, and some Soviet compounds that do not reflect any reality but are self-explanatory (e.g. electric rainmaker) are also excluded. International words are given in all variants when the meaning in English differs, or their international origin is not immediately obvious. If they are equivalent in meaning for Georgian and English, then one example, e.g. absenteeism, is given, while related words that would follow it, e.g. absenteeist, will be omitted. We omit certain non-standard forms that can be boldly called ‘incorrect’, for instance forms where Greek ch is transliterated as H not K, forms where Greek h is, under Russian influence, transliterated as g-, or Russian -g- is transliterated -G - instead of -g- Many Russian words can be considered to be assimilated (with Georgian prefixes and suffixes, and like the influx of Anglicisms over the last fifteen years, we have had to make rough decisions, based on the frequency of their use, on whether they have been assimilated in the Georgian language (just as seven hundred years ago a Georgian lexicographer would have had to discriminate between Persian words used in Georgian discourse). Many new words transliterated from foreign languages have several renderings, e.g. ‘killer’ can be kileri or Kileri, and this leads to multiple entries. Mistaken transliterations from western languages (e.g. pakti instead of paKti, ‘pact’) are not usually listed. In transliteration from Russian words may or may not have the soft consonant transliterated (e.g. pliaZi/plaZi ‘beach’), and usually Russian vowels are sometimes phonetically represented (pabeda for ‘pobeda’, ‘victory’, or the Pobeda make of car). Bill Clinton appears as klintoni, KlinToni, Klintoni, klinToni. All we can do is list the most common forms; otherwise the user may have to substitute aspirate for non-aspirate plosive to find the listed form. The English renderings are British, not American. We have tried to choose as neutral a register as is consistent with translating from another language and culture. One exception is the occasional use of antiquated English, e.g. using hither to indicate the orientation of Georgian verbs with a prefix/infix (-)mo and thither for corresponding verbs beginning with mi- that indicate motion away from the speaker. We have aimed to give as explicit an interpretation of the meaning of a Georgian word and the phrases and idioms in which it is commonly met. But we have not had the space to give a full list of English synonyms, nor to expand on the meaning and usage of the English equivalents. The dictionary is aimed primarily at an English- speaker interpreting Georgian text or discourse. It is intended only secondarily to be useful to a Georgian seeking to compose an English sentence. We hope that the Georgian reader will nevertheless find this dictionary useful, in conjunction with such monolingual dictionaries as the Oxford English Dictionary or Hornby’s Dictionary of English for Advanced Learners. Georgians will also find a number of Georgian words more accurately defined than in previous dictionaries, or even defined for the first time. HOW ARE GEORGIAN WORDS ENTERED? 3 Introduction draft of December 16, 2005 Multiple forms Many Georgian verbs, particularly onomatopœic words imitating real sound, foreign words in transliteration, words of dialect origin, words found chiefly in older texts, have different spellings in which a voiced consonant may be substituted for an unvoiced, an aspirated for a non-aspirated. This has resulted in multiple entries, some only brief, but all cross-referenced to the form that can be considered standard. In other cases, particularly adjectives and participles, multiple forms arise because of the presence of optional stems between root and ending. We put these optional elements in round brackets; the marker lst indicates that the long form, including the bracketed material is standard; the marker sst indicates that the short form, omitting the bracketed letters, is standard. If there is no indication, then either form is acceptable. Homonyms Homonyms are NOT listed separately. Different words with the same spelling will be found under one heading: the future participle gasHvevi ‘to be wrapped’, and the noun gasaHevi ‘a turn off’ will be found numbered separately, with an indication in italics of the part of speech, but under the same entry Nouns, adjectives, pronouns Nouns, adjectives and pronouns are given in their nominative singular form. (In a few cases the singular is never used, so the plural is listed, and a very few nouns occur only in the genitive case.) If a noun is regular in its declension (i.e. nominative ends in -i, -a, -e and the genitive ends in -is, the dative in -s, or the nominative ends in -o/-u and the genitive in -os/-us), no further information is given. Otherwise the genitive ending is indicated in brackets. Nouns (especially proper nouns such as giorgi) that keep their final -i in the dative and ergative cases have their ergative ending given in brackets. Case forms are indicated in the ‘short’ form. (Long case endings have a final -a which occur in certain positions, i.e. when genitive comes after nominative or when the word is followed by a monosyllable, and these will be found in this dictionary only in quotations and examples.) Proper nouns (names of persons and places) are given and marked N, especially when they are not instantly recognizable as such. Thus Tbilisi ‘Tbilisi’ will not be included, but missouri ‘Missouri’ will. Pronouns, especially deictic, are highly irregular; the standard (and some non-standard) case forms are given in brackets after the nominative entry form Where a stem vowel is elided before cases other than the nominative, dative and ergative, then this vowel is placed within square brackets, thus Tvali has genitive Tvalis, but Tv[a]li Tvlis. Adverbs in -ad are not listed if their meaning cannot be automatically inferred from the adjective ending in -i from which they are derived. Where the adverb has wider or idiomatically different semantics than the adjective, it is listed separately. Likewise gerundives in -ad which are derived from the future participle ending in -i are listed separately only if their meaning (in order to do something) or usage differs from what the future participle means (something to be done). When the adjective exists only theoretically e.g. gamoumSvidobebeli ‘who does not take leave’, and the adverbial form is normal e.g. gamoumSvidobeblad ‘without saying good-bye’, the adverbial form is made the entry form. Verbs are listed more exhaustively than in any previous bilingual Georgian dictionary. As in KEGL we give not only the verbal noun (‘masdar’) but an entry for the third person singular form (or plural when the singular does not exist) of the present tense or future tense, both active (transitive) form and passive (intransitive) form, with markers for the indirect object in the third person. This rule is breached for a few verbs prefixed by mo-, where the indirect object cannot be third person. Here we substitute the first-person object marker -m for the third-person marker (Ø-, s-, h-) to indicate that the indirect object of such verbs can be only 1st or 2nd person, e.g. momkerjavs ‘will be prejudiced against me’, as opposed to mihkerjavs ‘will be prejudiced against him/her/it’. Some verbs are found only in 2nd person forms such as gagimarJos ‘Good luck!’, gagiHaria, ‘Believe me!’ Such expressions 4 Introduction draft of December 16, 2005 are no longer true verbs, and they are given a separate entry where they have an idiomatic meaning which makes them more interjections, adverbs etc If the verb has relative forms (with the root prefixed by a-, e-, i-, u-), these too will have separate entries arranged by alphabetical order. Where a transitive verb has an indirect object and where this is marked by h- or s- prefixed to the root, such forms are listed not in alphabetical order but straight after the entry without that prefix: to indicate this suspension of alphabetical order, the h-/s- is printed in superscript before the root. In certain fossilized cases, e.g. sdeK! ‘Stop!’ the prefix will be counted alphabetically Verbs which have apart from a direct and/or indirect object a beneficiary, which is indicated by a vowel before the root are classified as followed: vo indicates a transitive verb in the objective version, with the 3rd person version prefix u-. Transitive verbs which use the pre-root vowel i- to indicate that they are reflexive have the classification vs transitive verb in the subjective version; the very few verbs with the pre-root prefix a- indicating the surface on which something happens are marked as v sup a transitive verb in the superessive version. Intransitive verbs with the pre-root vowel e- indicating a beneficiary or participant in the action other than the subject are in this dictionary not considered versional verbs, but are simply marked vi2, an intransitive verb with two arguments. After a 3rd person present/future indicative form of the verb, as in KEGL, we give the 3rd person singular aorist and perfect forms. If the other forms of the aorist are not predictable from the 3rd person singular, we given the 2nd person singular and, occasionally the 3rd person plural. Other irregular forms of the present, imperfect tense etc follow the perfect form. Many irregular verbs (what Akaki Shanidze called ‘idiosyncratic’ verbs) also have a separate entry for the aorist, perfect or imperfect tense, wherever these forms are not immediately identifiable with the present or future indicative. After a verbal noun (‘masdar’, we give in brackets the 3rd person present or future from which it can be said to be ‘derived’: users should always consult the entry for the present/future fir the maximum information. Verb aspect We have treated the Georgian category of aspect from a liberal point of view; the ‘aspect’ of a verb is indicated by the English translation. If we translate a Georgian verb with an English present tense, that implies that the verb is imperfective; if we use a future tense, that implies that the verb is perfective. It often happens that a Georgian verb can be either imperfective or perfective; the English translation will give the present or future, depending on the most common usage, but he verb will be marked as I/P, both imperfective and perfective. When a verb has no prefix in the present tense and is imperfective, the most common meanings of the verb are arranged according to the prefix that verb takes (making it in theory perfective) in the aorist and perfect tenses. In theory if not in practice, the meaning of any prefixed perfective verb is to be found in the unprefixed imperfective. We therefore give at the end of an entry a list of all the other prefixes with which that verb form may be encountered, and to these prefixed forms we refer the user. Causatives Causative in Georgian also have two basic meanings: ‘has sth done by somebody’, or ‘makes sb do something’. Both meanings use the same construction - the somebody who is made to do sth is an indirect object, the something that somebody is made to do is a direct object, but the translation given may be one or the other meaning, whichever is the most likely. Thus in translating negative and future participles and causatives, the user may have to consider the alternative meaning. Causatives are marked vc; exceptionally, where there are four arguments they will be marked vc4 e.g. aHlebinebs ‘let’s sb touch sth with sth’: Heli araPrisTvis gvaHlebina ‘She didn’t let us touch (lit put our hand on) anything’ Participles Participles are translated without any indication of the present or future form, since the masdar or finite forms from which they are derived are usually easily identified. Certain participles have dual meanings: for instance, the negative participle with the prefix u- and typically with the suffix -eli may mean either sth ‘not done’ or sth ‘not do-able’. The translation may account only for the more likely meaning. Likewise the future participle prefixed sa- and typically ending in -eli has two meanings: sth ‘to be done’ and sth ‘for doing sth’, and here too the translation may not always account for both potential meanings. 5 Introduction draft of December 16, 2005 For non-finite forms of the verb we give the masdar and all the participles (present, future, negative, past passive) separate entries. The boundaries between a participle and an adjective, or between a verbal noun (‘masdar’) and a noun are fuzzy, and we have tended to define participle forms as adjectives unless they do not correspond to finite forms of a verb. It has proved impossible to reach absolute consistency, but we have tended to classify words according to their semantics, rather than their form. Such a multiplicity of entries (sometimes twenty finite entries for a verb listed in conventional dictionaries by one entry) inflates the size of our dictionary, but will, we hope, economize the time employed by the user. All other procedures seemed to us to have more disadvantages than advantages. Listing forms under a masdar is arbitrary, since many verbs do not have a masdar, others have a masdar which cannot easily be ascertained, and the masdar itself has such a range of meanings that it does little to explain the meaning of a finite form. The method chosen by Tschenkéli to list verbs by root, then by prefixes, is satisfying for a professional linguist, but it can force a lay user to search for an hour to find a single specific finite form. Until an electronic system is perfected for unifying the prodigious numbers of forms of a Georgian verb into one entry, the path we have chosen remains the least of all the evils. Verb classification We have simplified considerably the classification of Georgian verbs accepted among linguists and used in KEGL.. Verbs are classified as transitive, by the criterion that in the second series of tenses (aorist and second subjunctive) the subject or agent is in the ergative case. If they have a subject and one object (usually direct) then there is no classification. The transitivity of a verb is indicated by the presence of sb/sth (somebody/something) in the English translation. If a verb has only a subject (such as tiris, weeps), then it is classified as vt1, i.e. a transitive verb with only one argument. If a transitive verb has subject, direct object and indirect object, then it is classified as vt3, a transitive verb with three arguments. (A few transitive verbs have four arguments: they may be marked vt4, e.g. mixmevs ‘You give the horse some food on my behalf’, or the causative aravis damiXagvrino Xems patara bixs ‘Don’t let anyone oppress my little lad.’, which will be marked as vc4) A transitive verb with two arguments is marked vt2 only where it is not apparent from the semantics of the English and the Georgian that there is a direct object as well as a subject/agent. Otherwise, if a verb has its subject in the nominative case in the aorist tense, then it is classified as intransitive, vi. Where it has an indirect object as well (e.g. gamoudis ‘comes out for sb’, ezrdeba ‘sb’s sb (child) grows up’) then it is classified as vi2. A few intransitive verbs have three arguments. These are marked vi3, e.g. daesesHeba vi3 will borrow sth from sb, daejaleba vi3 will force sth on sb, or moundeba ‘will require sth for sth’: PoTamde or dGes movundi siaruls It took me two days to walk to Poti An intransitive verb is usually followed by an indication of the transitive form from which it can be said to be derived), and more information on the semantics of the verb may be found under the transitive verb heading. Other types of verb Thus we have disposed of the category of ‘middle’ verbs. A limited number of verbs describe a state of affairs (sth lying about, for instance): these are listed as v stat, or v stat2 where there is a second argument (e.g. sb, the indirect object, has sth lying about). A very few basic verbs, where the person experiencing or possessing is regarded as the indirect object and the thing experienced or possessed is the subject, are listed as v inv, inverted verb. In such case a number of examples of usage are given to clarify how the verb behaves. Verbs with varying governance are noted, e.g. aicevs which is transitive in the first and second series but intransitive in the third series is marked vt in aor, vi in pf (aicia, aceula) will rise up Other parts of speech Georgian and English conjunctions and interjections do not differ in any major way in Georgian. Postpositions are another matter. We have separated out from adverbs of place and time those that also function as postpositions with meaning of English prepositions (e.g. beneath, on top, during, along) and we indicate with pag or pad that they are postpositions following a noun in the genitive or in the dative. Old Georgian Old Georgian (OG) is an all-embracing term for the language as recorded from the 5th to 11th centuries AD. Its full corpus is still not known, and any dictionary including Old Georgian must be considered provisional. We