A comparison of insular seaweed floras from Penobscot bay, Maine, and other northwest Atlantic islands

50 Pages·1997·21.4 MB·English

by  A C Mathieson

RHODORA,
Vol. 98, No. 896, pp. 369-418, 1996
FROM
A COMPARISON OF INSULAR SEAWEED FLORAS
PENOBSCOT AND OTHER NORTHWEST
MAINE,
BAY,
ATLANTIC ISLANDS
Arthur Mathieson, Edward Hehre, Hambrook,
Julie
C.
J.
Gerweck
AND James
Department of Plant Biology and Jackson Estuarine Laboratory,
NH
New
University of Hampshire, Durham, 03824
ABSTRACT. Ninety-seven taxa of seaweeds were collected from nine
is-
lands within the Penobscot Bay area of central Maine, including 25 Chloro-
phyceae, 34 Phaeophyceae, and 38 Rhodophyceae. The patterns of species
richness and longevity (#annuals/#perennials) per island are highly variable,
Wooden
with species richness ranging from only 4 taxa on Allen to 65 on
I.
=
Ball (mean 30,8 ± 23.0 taxa) and longevity ratios varying from 0.33-
I.
A
±
of 48 annuals and 49 perennials recorded
1.0 (0.64 28.1). total is
throughout the Bay, giving a longevity ratio of 0.98. This value lower than
is
An
many
that found at open coastal habitats within the Gulf of Maine. ex-
E
amination of historical collections by Hooper and S. Collins from the
J.
1800s revealed three unusual coastal records {Stilophora rhizoides, Gracilaria
tikvahiae, and Cladophora ruchingeri) and sixteen additional seaweeds that
were not encountered our study. Based upon these historical and present
in
well extensive sampling from more than 70 nearshore
collections, as as sites,
a total of 139 seaweed taxa is known from the Penobscot Bay area, including
40 Chlorophyceae, 47 Phaeophyceae and 52 Rhodophyceae. In a comparison
New
of seaweed floras from fourteen individual islands, from South Wolf
I.,
Brunswick, Penikese Massachusetts (including a "composite" of Pe-
to
I.,
nobscot Bay Islands), 216 seaweed taxa arc documented, including 52 Chlo-
The numbers
rophyceae, 63 Phaeophyceae, and 101 Rhodophyceae. highest
of taxa occur Smuttynose Maine and Penikese Massachusetts
at I., (136), I.,
Wooden Maine Monhegan Maine
(131), and the lowest on Ball (65),
I., I.,
New
and Kent Brunswick of individual
(64), (63). Floristic affinities is-
I.,
lands tend mimic patterns of species richness, with Smuttynose having the
to
= Wooden
±
highest number of shared taxa (mean 92.4 20.2) and Kent and
=
± ±
Ball Islands the lowest numbers (mean 50.8 5.2 and 53.9 6.2, re-
spectively). The seaweed diversity of Penikese Island and nearby environs
(187 taxa) comparable io the entire Gulf of Maine.
is
New
Key Words: seaweeds, Penobscot Bay, Maine, Bruns-
coastal islands,
New
wick, Hampshire, Massachusetts, Gulf of Maine
As noted by Hill (1923), and Pike and Hodgdon (1963), com-
parative investigations of islands have been grossly ne-
floristic
many
North America, even though have been
glected within there
fine studies of individual islands. Although their statement applies
369
370 Rhodora
[Vol. 98
Table Dates and
1. locations of insular collections within the Penobscot
X
Bay = ^
area of mid-coastal Maine, Symbols: X*
inteilidal; subtidal;
=
X** and
intertidal subtidal.
Islands 1985
6/2 6/6 6/9 6/11 6/12
Allen
I.
X X
Hurricane
I.
Long
I.
X
Marshall
I.
X
McGlathery **
I.
Monhegan
I.
Pond
I.
Two
X
Bush
I.
X
Wooden
Ball
I.
to terrestrial vegetation, equally true for marine (Bow-
is floras
it
Wood
Doty
ers 1942; Collins 1900; 1948; Koetzner and
1972;
Wil
M
two
thousand Simpson
islands (Piatt 1996; 1987), but atten-
little
been
tion has paid to their marine algal Johnson and
floras.
Skutch
(1928a, b) conducted an early ecological study of
inter-
Mount
Maine
ecology. one of most
It is still the significant studies of kind
its
Maine
sular within the Gulf of Maine was conducted
sites
at the Isles
New
of Shoals southern Maine and Hampshire
in (Mathieson and
We
Penniman
1986b). are aware of only one other comparative
study of insular marine North America, namely
floras in the
Channel
Islands in Southern California (Murray and Littler 1981;
Muiray
et 1980).
al.
we
In the present study, evaluate the composition and
floristic
seaweed
affinities of populations from nine islands within the
Penobscot Bay
area of mid-coastal Maine, including contiguous
Bay
nearshore Jericho and offshore habitats (Table Appendix).
1;
We
compare
these records with previous documentations
of spe-
cies composition from thirteen other islands, from the Bay of
Fundy
southern Massachusetts
to (Figures 1-3; Table Data
2, 3).
from 20 of 22
these islands represent our collections (Hehre
et
1970; Mathieson and Penniman 1986b; Stone
al. et 1970),
al.
—
Mathieson Seaweed Floras 371
Insular
1996] et al.
Table Extended.
1.
1994
1986
5/29 5/30 6/1 6/2 6/5 6/6 6/7 6/8 6/9 6/12 7/15 7/16 7/17 7/18
XXX
X
X
XX
*
X
XXX
^*+ ^**
^*D{C
J^**
X
X
X**
made and
accordance with a uniform protocol for collecting
in
identifying seaweeds, including the establishment of extensive
two
voucher collections (Druehl 1981). Information for the other
New
Mas-
(Kent Brunswick, and Penikese Island,
islands Island,
upon work (Bowers Doty
based of others 1942;
sachusetts) the
is
Wood
1948; Koetzner and 1972; Lewis 1924). In summary, the
were
objectives of our study four- fold as follows: to assess
(1)
the numbers and types of species from nine islands within the
Bay Maine
Penobscot area of mid-coastal (Appendix); to eval-
(2)
uate the longevity pattern of seaweed populations from the Pe-
nobscot Bay compare the patterns of species richness
area; to
(3)
Bay
among from Penobscot
22 individual islands, including nine
from Bay Fundy, Canada, Buz-
and thirteen other the of to
sites,
compare
zards Bay, Massachusetts; and to a ''composite" of
(4)
Penobscot Bay taxa from nine islands with thirteen other North-
west
Atlantic islands.
AND METHODS
MATERIALS
seaweeds were
Collections of intertidal and shallow subtidal
Bay
made nine islands within the Penobscot area (Figure
at 2,
The selection of islands was based upon a variety of fac-
3a,
b).
by degree of
including accessibility boat, variation in size,
tors,
wave exposure, and proximity other insular and nearshore en-
to
Penobscot
vironments. Four of the nine islands are located within
Two Wooden
Bay McGlathery, Bush, and
proper (Hurricane,
372
Rhodora
[Vol. 98
1^
71
46
MAINE
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
CAPE SABLE
\
\
44
\
PORTION
D
GULF OF MAINE
KITTERY
BOON
I.
OF
ISLES SHOALS
N.H
42
COD
CAPE km
MASSACHUSETTS 20
t
\
MARTHA'S VINEYARD
\
o£)
CONN.
PENIKESE
I.
The
Figure
northeastern coast of North America, from South Wolf
1.
New
Island, Biunswick, Canada, Buzzards Bay,
to Massachusetts, including
the mid-coastal Penobscot Bay area of Maine.
Ball); three others (Long, Marshall, and Pond)
occur within
the
contiguous Bay
Jericho to the east (Figure 3b), and two (Allen
W
and Monhegan) He
just of Penobscot Bay proper
(Figure
2,
As Conkhng
noted by
3a). seaward boundary
(1996), the for Pe-
Bay
nobscot somewhat vague
is but approximated by 50
the
is
it
—
Mathieson Seaweed
1996] et Insular Floras 373
al.
PENCeSCOT
RIVER
44°10"N
PENOBSCOT
BAY
MATINICUS
I.
WOODEN
BALL
I.
RAGGED
(CRIEHAVEN)
AS^SO'N BANTAM LEDGE L
A
MATINICUS ROCK
MONHEGANI.
it
68'50'W
69°10'W
1
I
Figure 2. The mid-coastal Penobscot Bay area of Maine, showing the
Monhegan, Two Wooden
location of Hurricane, Bush, and Ball Islands.
374 Rhodora
98
[Vol.
a
43-57 -
:9G
d
MOSQUITO
HOOPER
I.
I.
TTHOMPSON
I,
^^
'^
GEORGES
ISLANDS
t o cP 43''54' -
4<?
-
0. /
V
km
BURNT 3.0
I
4 L J I
u
L
_I
I
DESERT
Ml,
X?
^<.
<?• O.
?^
\ 44''15' -
/'V
\
DEER \
ISLE
i-
^ POND
I,
BASS hlARBOR
Q
GREAT GOTT
i
km
5.0
.^
b!^°^<?:
^
- "*
^
. MARSHALL
\.
c::>
O
McGLATHERY
I,
c-
S MERCHAf^S ROW
o LONG
I
68''25'
1 1
I
Figure West
3.
Penobscot Bay, showing Allen Island that is located south of Port Clyde; b)
Bay
Eastern-most Penobscot showing McGlathery
area, the locations of
Is-
land near Deer Island Thorofare and three islands within contiguous Jericho
Bay
(Pond, Long, and
Marshall).
W
fathom As Monhegan
near Matinicus Rock.
line of
lies just
we
Matinicus Rock, have chosen
to include within our study.
it
Similarly, the other three islands (Long, Marshall, and Pond)
are
Bay
east of Penobscot proper (Figure
3a,
b).
—
Mathieson Seaweed
Floras 375
1996] et al. ^Insular
Most made
of our Penobscot were
insular collections during
summers when
the of 1985 and 1986, one of us (JH) was working
on The
Hurricane Island (Table notable exceptions are the
1).
made on Monhegan summer
collections Island during the of
1994. Intertidal samples were collected on foot during low
tides;
SCUBA
made
were by
subtidal collections diving approxi-
to
10-12m mean
mately below low water (M.L.W.). Although an
attempt was made sample conspicuous seaweeds on each
to
all
island, limitations of boat time and diving personnel did not allow
detailed subtidal sampling of nine Therefore,
islands.
all floristic
documentations for individual islands should be considered pre-
Bay
liminary; the ''composite" for the Penobscot area probably
more representative of the geography as a whole. The most
is
made
detailed collections were on Hurricane Island with six sam-
Wooden
pling dates (Table Appendix), followed by Ball
1;
(4),
Monhegan Long Pond
and
Islands single collections
(4), (3), (3);
made Two
were on Allen, Marshall, McGlathery, and Bush
Is-
lands.
Seaweed
samples either were pressed immediately or preserved
2%
in formalin in seawater and stored in the dark. Several ref-
erences were (Adey and Adey
utilized for these identifications
1973; Bird and McLachlan 1992; Blair 1983; Bhding 1963, 1968;
Burrows 1991; Dixon and Irvine 1977; Diiwel and Wegeberg
Hoek
Farlow
1996; 1881; Fletcher 1987; 1963, 1982; Irvine
Maggs
1983; Irvine and Chamberlain 1994; Kingsbury 1969; and
Hommersand
1993; Schneider and Searles 1991; Taylor 1957;
Webber
Villalard-Bohnsack 1995; and Wilce 1971; Woelkerling
Wynne
1973; and Heine 1992). Nomenclature primarily follows
South and Tittley (1986), except for several recent changes noted
above and Villalard-Bohnsack Approximately 600
in (1995).
Hodgdon
voucher specimens are deposited in the Albion R. Her-
New
barium the University of Hampshire (nha) documenting
at
Penobscot Bay's
insular
flora.
Bay we
In addition to our insular Penobscot collections, have
made
extensive collections over 70 nearshore (Mathieson
at sites
and Hehre, The which were made
unpubl.
data). latter collections,
during 1993 to 1996, are utilized to characterize Penobscot Bay's
E
total flora, in concert with several historical collections by S.
W. and Hooper
Collins, G. Farlow, during the century.
last
J.
Many
of Collins' and Farlow's specimens are deposited either
at
New
the York Botanical Garden (ny) or the Farlow Herbarium
U)
^
Seaweed
Table 2. taxa from fourteen individual islands from the Bay of Fundy, Canada, to Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, plus
^
%
a ''composite" of nine islands from the Penobscot Bay area of mid-coastal Maine. Key to symbols; X = a taxon's presence; =
—
percent occurrence at 13 individual islands and the ^'composite" value for nine Penobscot Bay islands excluding Wooden
— i.e.,
Ball as an individual. The values in indicate the 14 individual islands including Wooden Ball and excluding Penobscot
I. ) i.e.,
( I.
=
"
Bay's "composite"
value; '' stage in the hfe history of another seaweed but recognizable as a distinct entity. Key to abbre-
SW
= Wolf New CA = New = New =
viations: South L, Brunswick; Campobello Brunswick; KI Kent Brunswick; PB
—I., I.,
"composite" of nine islands from the Penobscot Bay area of Maine Allen, Hurricane, Long, Marshall, McGlathery, Mon-
i.e.,
WB
began. Pond, Two Bush, and Wooden = Wooden ME; BO = Boon ME; AP =
Ball Islands; Ball L, Penobscot Bay, T,
ME
ME
CE - DU - ME LU
Appledore I., (Isles of Shoals); Cedar I., (Isles of Shoals); Duck (Isles of Shoals); = Lunging L,
I.,
MA
NH ME
= SM - ME = NH
(Isles of Shoals); Malaga I., (Isles of Shoals); Smuttynose L, (Isles of Shoals); ST Star (Isles
I.,
WH
NH
=
White
of Shoals); -= (Isles of Shoals); PI Penikese Buzzards Bay, Mass.
I.,
I.,
SW WB MA WH
CA PB BO AP CE DU LU SM %
KI ST
PI
Chlorophvta
O
X X X
Acrochaete
vindis (Reinke) R. Nielsen 21.4 O^
(14.3)
X
Acrochaete wittrockii (Wille) R. Nielsen XXXXXXXXXXX R
7.1
XXX
XX
minima
Blidin^ia (Nageli ex KUtzing)
X
X
Kylin
100
X
Bry apsis plwnosa (Hudsonj C. Agardh
28.6
XX
Capsosiphon fidvescens (C. Agardh)
X
Gardner
Setchell
et
14.3
Capsosiphon groenkmdician Agardh) XXXXXXXXX
(J.
X X XX
Vinogradova
14.3
X
Chaetotnorpha aerea (Dillwyn) Kutzing
78.6
Chae brachxgona Harvey X X
to/no f'pha XXXXXXXXX
14.3
Chaetomorpha
Union
(O. Miiller)
F.
X
Ktitzing XXXXXXXXXXX
71.4(64.3)
XX <
Chaetomorpha melagonium (Weber
el
o
X
Mohr) Kutzing X
100
Chaetomorpha minima X
Hervey
Collins
et
7.1 )0
00
Table Continued.
2.
SW CA PB WB BO AP CE DU LU MA SM ST WH %
KI
PI
c
Chaetomorpha picquotlana Montagne ex
X X X X X X X X X
Kutzing 57.1
X
X
Chlorochytrium cohnii Wright 7.1
X X X X X X X
Cladophora albida (Nees) Kutzing 50.0
Cladophora Agardh)
ruchingeri
(J.
X
Kutzing
7.1
O
X X X X X X X X
Cladophora rupcsths Kutzing 57.1
(L,)
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Cladophora sericea (Hudson) Kutzing 92.9
X X X X X X X X X X
''Codiolum grcgarium A. Braun" 71.4
X X X X X X X X X X X CO
Kuckuck"
''Codiolum pctrocelidis 78.6 (71.4)
X X X X X X X X X
"Codiolum pus ilium (Lyngbye) Kjellman' 64.3
Codium
fragile (Suringar) Har. ssp.
3
X X X X X X
tomentosoides (Goor) C. Silva 42.9
P.
X X X X X
Derbesia marina (Lyngbye) Solier 35.7
X X X X X X X X X
Enteromorpha clathrata (Roth) Greville 64.3
X X X X X X X X X X
Enteromorpha compressa Nees 71.4
(L.)
CD
Enteromorpha JiexHosa (Wulfen ex Roth)
Agardh paradoxa (Dillwyn)
ssp.
J.
X X X X X X
Eliding 42.9 (35.7)
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Enteromorpha Nees 100
intestinalis (L.)
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Enteromorpha Agardh 100
linza (L.)
J.
Enteromorpha
prolifera (O.
F.
X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Agardh
85.7
Miiller)
J.
X X X
Epicladia Reinke 21.4
flustrae
''Gomontia polyrhiza (Lagerheim) Bornet
X X
Flahault" 14.3
et
Kornmannia leptoderma (Kjellman)
X X
Bhding
14.3
Table Continued.
2.
-J
oc
SW CA WB MA WH
PB AP CE DU LU SM %
KI
PI
Monostroma grevlllei (Thuret) Wittrock X X X X X X X X X X X X
78.6
Monostroma
oxyspei-mufu Kiitzing X
7.1
Ochlochaete hystrix Thwaites ex Harvey X
7.1
X
Percursaria percursa Agardh) Bory X X X
(C.
28.6
Prasiola stipitata Suhr in lessen X X X X X X X X X X X
78.6
Pringshcimiella scutata (Reinke) Hoehnel
ex Marchewianka X
7.1
Protomonostroma widulatum
(Wittrock)
Vinogr pulchrum (Farlow) M. Wynne X X X X X X X X X X X X X
f.
85.7
Pseiidendoclonium submarinum X X X X X
Wille X
35.7
Rhizoclouium
ripariuni (Roth) Kiitzing ex
X X
Harvey X X X X X X X X X X X X
92.9
Rhizoclouium tortuosuni fDillwyn) Kiitzing X X X X X X X X X X X X X X o
92.9
Spongomorpha
aeruginosa Hoek X o
(L.j
7.1
Spongomorplia arcta (Diilwyn) Kiitzing X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
92.9 &2
Spongomoj-pha X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
spinescefjs Kiitzing
92.9
Slichococciis marinus (Wille) Hazen X X
14.3
Tellamia contoria Batters X
7.1
Ulothrix fhicca (Diilwyn) Thuret
in
Le X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Jolis
85.7
Ulothrix speciosa (Carmichael ex Harvey
Hooker) X X X X X
in Kiitzing
35.7
Ulva lacluca L. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
100
Ulvaria obscura (Kiitzing) Gayral X X X X X X X X X X X X X
85.7
Urospora penicilliformis (Roth) Areschoug X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
92.9
Urospora
wormskjoldii (Mertens
in
<
Hornemann) Rosenxinee X X X X X X X X O
57.1
=
Chlorophyta
Total taxa 52 23 30 17 25 21 20 30 27 33 34 25 34 29 28 27
00