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A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland, c.500-c.1100 PDF

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A Companion to the Early Middle Ages A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland, c.500–c.1100 Edited by Pauline Stafford © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-405-10628-3 BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO HISTORY This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of the scholarship that has shaped our current understanding of the past. Defi ned by theme, period, and/or region, each volume comprises between twenty-fi ve and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The aim of each contribution is to synthesize the current state of scholarship from a variety of historical perspectives and to provide a statement on where the fi eld is heading. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers. 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Tsutsui Edited by Abbott Gleason A COMPANION TO THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES Britain and Ireland, c.500–c.1100 Edited by Pauline Stafford A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition fi rst published 2009 © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientifi c, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Offi ce John Wiley & Sons Ltd., The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offi ces 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offi ces, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley. com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Pauline Stafford to be identifi ed as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to the early Middle Ages : Britain and Ireland c.500-c.1100 / edited by Pauline Stafford. p. cm. – (Blackwell companions to British history) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-0628-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Great Britain–History–To 1066. 2. Ireland–History–To 1172. 3. Great Britain–Civilization–To 1066. 4. Ireland–Civilization–To 1172. 5. Civilization, Medieval. 6. Middle Ages. I. Stafford, Pauline. DA152.C6975 2009 941.01–dc22 2008032202 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 10/12.5pt Galliard by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed in Singapore by Ho Printing Pte Ltd. 01 2009 Contents List of Maps viii Notes on Contributors ix List of Abbreviations xiii Maps xv PART I INTRODUCTORY MATTER 1 1 Introduction 3 Pauline Stafford 2 Historiography 9 Pauline Stafford 3 Sources 23 Pauline Stafford PART II BRITAIN AND IRELAND, C.500–C.750 39 4 Britain and Ireland, c.500 41 Barbara Yorke 5 Economy 57 Howard B. Clarke 6 Kings and Kingship 76 Barbara Yorke 7 Communities and Kinship 91 David E. Thornton 8 Social Structure 107 Thomas M. Charles-Edwards vi contents 9 Britain, Ireland, and Europe, c.500–c.750 126 Paul Fouracre 10 Conversions to Christianity 143 Huw Pryce 11 Church Organization and Pastoral Care 160 Thomas Pickles 12 Latin Learning and Christian Art 177 Martin J. Ryan PART III BRITAIN AND IRELAND IN THE LONG NINTH CENTURY, C.750–C.900 193 13 Viking Raids and Conquest 195 Dawn Hadley 14 Scandinavian Settlement 212 Dawn Hadley 15 Britain, Ireland, and Europe, c.750–c.900 231 Janet L. Nelson PART IV BRITAIN AND IRELAND, C.900–C.1100 249 16 Scotland 251 Alex Woolf 17 Ireland, c.900–c.1000 268 Edel Bhreathnach 18 Ireland, c.1000–c.1100 285 Seán Duffy 19 Northumbria 303 William M. Aird 20 Southumbria 322 Charles Insley 21 Wales and West Britain 341 John Reuben Davies 22 Britain, Ireland, and Europe, c.900–c.1100 358 Simon MacLean 23 The Institutional Church 376 Catherine Cubitt 24 Pastoral Care and Religious Belief 395 Catherine Cubitt 25 Nobility 414 Julia Crick contents vii 26 Settlement and Social Differentiation 432 Sally Crawford 27 Localities 446 David E. Thornton 28 Queens and Queenship 459 Pauline Stafford Bibliography 477 Index 524 List of Maps Map 1 Ireland in the Early Middle Ages xv Map 2 Southern Britain in the Early Middle Ages xvi Map 3 West Britain in the Early Middle Ages xvii Map 4 Northern Britain in the Early Middle Ages xviii Map 5 Continental European links to Britain and Ireland xix Map 6 Economically advantaged and disadvantaged areas in Britain and Ireland 60 Notes on Contributors William M. Aird lectures on medieval history at Cardiff University, Wales. He was awarded his PhD by Edinburgh University. With a particular interest in the history of the Normans in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, he is the author of a number of articles and monographs including, St. Cuthbert and the Normans: The Church of Durham, 1071–1153 (1998) and Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, c.1050–1134 (2008). His current research concerns the medieval Life of St. Margaret of Scotland and the career of Edward A. Freeman. Edel Bhreathnach is the Academic Project Manager at the Mícheál Ó Cléirigh Institute for the Study of Irish History and Civilisation, University College Dublin. She has published on many aspects of medieval Ireland, including the royal complex of Tara, Co. Meath, and edited the interdisciplinary volume The Kingship and Landscape of Tara (2005). Her current interests include royal sites in Ireland and the intellectual history of the Franciscan order in late medieval and early modern Ireland. Thomas M. Charles-Edwards is Jesus Professor of Celtic, University of Oxford. His main fi eld of research is early medieval Irish and Welsh history and literature. He was a Scholar of the School of Celtic Studies in the Dublin Institute of Advanced Studies and has held posts in Oxford since 1969. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 2001 and an Honorary Member of the Royal Irish Academy in 2006. His main publications are Bechbretha (1983, with Fergus Kelly), The Welsh Laws (1989), Early Irish and Welsh Kinship (1993), Early Christian Ireland (2000), and The Chronicle of Ireland (2006), and he edited After Rome (2003). He is currently writing volume 1 of the Oxford History of Wales. Howard B. Clarke is a graduate of the University of Birmingham and spent most of his working life teaching in the former Department of Medieval History at University College, Dublin. Having retired in 2005 as Associate Professor of Medieval Economic and Social History, he served for four years as secretary of the Royal Irish Academy. He has published widely on medieval urban history, especially that of Dublin but including also the Provençal town of Draguignan. He is currently editing x notes on contributors the two cartularies of Evesham Abbey, which will provide a basis for further publica- tions on a variety of twelfth-century surveys. Sally Crawford is an Honorary Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for the History of Medicine at the University of Birmingham, and an Honorary Research Associate at the Institute of Archaeology, Oxford. She has written extensively on Anglo-Saxon archaeology, burial ritual, childhood and medicine, and has directed excavations on medieval sites in the UK. Published books include Childhood in Anglo-Saxon England (1999) and Daily Life in Anglo-Saxon England (2008). She is a founder of the Society for the Study of Childhood in the Past; a founder and general editor of the Journal of Early Medicine; and co-editor of Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History. Current projects include The Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology and The Encyclopedia of Childhood, vol. 1: Ancient and Medieval. Julia Crick was educated at the University of Cambridge in the Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic and the Faculty of History. She is currently Associate Professor of History at the University of Exeter. Her research interests include prop- erty, power, and gender before 1100, aspects of paleography, and the transmission of texts, monastic culture, and the uses of the past. Her most recent book, Charters of St. Albans, appeared in 2007 in the Royal Historical Society/British Academy series “Anglo-Saxon Charters.” She has published a number of studies of landholding practices and family solidarity before the Norman Conquest. Catherine Cubitt is Senior Lecturer in Early Medieval History at the University of York. She is the author of Anglo-Saxon Church Councils, c.650–c.850 (1995) and has published articles on many aspects of Anglo-Saxon religious history. She has just completed a study of penance and confession, Sin and Society in Tenth- and Eleventh- century England, and is currently working on the introduction to a translation of the 649 Lateran Council. John Reuben Davies gained his PhD from the University of Cambridge, and is Research Assistant in the Department of History at the University of Glasgow. He is the author of The Book of Llandaf and the Norman Church in Wales (2003), co-author of the online Database of Dedications to Saints in Medieval Scotland, and co-editor of Saints’ Cults in the Celtic World (2009). He has also published on the Latin hagiography of Wales and Scotland, as well as on the broader ecclesiastical history of Wales, Scotland, and Ireland in the early and central Middle Ages. Seán Duffy is Senior Lecturer in Medieval History and a Fellow of Trinity College Dublin. His primary research interests are currently the history and archaeology of Dublin from the Viking Age to the early modern period; medieval Irish relations with Wales, Scotland, and the Isles; and Anglo-Irish relations, particularly the historiog- raphy of the English colony in medieval Ireland. He has published widely on Irish history generally, and medieval Ireland in particular. He is Chairman of the Friends of Medieval Dublin, and since 1999 has organized an annual interdisciplinary confer- ence on medieval Dublin, the proceedings of which are published. Paul Fouracre taught at Goldsmiths College, London from 1984 before becoming Professor of Medieval History at the University of Manchester in 2003. His research area is Francia under the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties, and he is presently

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