A Companion to Roman Italy

565 Pages·2016·13.15 MB·english

by  Alison E. Cooley (ed.)

A CompAnion
to RomAn itAly
BlACKWEll CompAnionS to tHE AnCiEnt WoRlD
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A CompAnion
to RomAn
itAly
Edited by
Alison E. Cooley
This edition first published 2016
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Cover image: Map of Roman Italy © Getty Images/DEA Picture Library
Set in 9.5/11.5pt Galliard by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India
1 2016
Contents
List of Illustrations vii
List of Tables xii
Notes on Contributors xiii
Acknowledgements xvi
Introduction: Setting the Scene 1
1 Italy Before the Romans 2
Elena Isayev
Part I The Impact of Rome – Unification and Integration 33
2 Rome’s Encroachment on Italy 35
Rafael Scopacasa
3 Italy and the Greek East, Second Century bc 57
Celia E. Schultz
4 The Social War 76
Edward Bispham
5 The Civil Wars and the Triumvirate 90
Edward Bispham
6 Coming to Terms with Dynastic Power, 30 bc–ad 69 103
Alison E. Cooley
7 Italy during the High Empire, from the Flavians to Diocletian 121
Alison E. Cooley
8 Late Roman and Late Antique Italy: from Constantine to Justinian 133
Neil Christie
Part II Local and Regional Diversity 155
2.1 Cultural Diversity 157
9 Funerary Practices 159
Emma‐Jayne Graham and Valerie M. Hope
vi Contents
10 Diversity in Architecture and Urbanism 181
Margaret L. Laird
11 Language and Literacy in Roman Italy 217
Kathryn Lomas
2.2 Greek Italy 235
12 Roman Naples 237
Kathryn Lomas
13 Magna Graecia, 270 bc–ad 200 253
Kathryn Lomas
2.3 Case-study: Becoming Roman in Cisalpina 269
14 The Changing Face of Cisalpine Identity 271
Clifford Ando
Part III Town and Country 289
3.1 Settlement Patterns 291
15 Urbanization 293
Joanne Berry
16 Urban Peripheries 308
Penelope J. Goodman
17 Villas 330
Nigel Pollard
3.2 Case-studies of Towns and their Territories 355
18 Republican and Early Imperial Towns in the Tiber Valley 357
Simon Keay and Martin Millett
19 Cosa and the Ager Cosanus 378
Elizabeth Fentress and Phil Perkins
20 Pompeii and the Ager Pompeianus 401
Ray Laurence
21 Ostia 417
Janet DeLaine
Part IV Economy and Society 439
22 Regional Interaction 441
Rebecca R. Benefiel
23 Agricultural Production in Roman Italy 459
Robert Witcher
24 Local Elites 483
John R. Patterson
25 Sub‐Elites 498
Jonathan S. Perry
Index 513
List of Illustrations
Fig. 1.1 Map of Italy with sites cited in the text (modern names in italics). Drawing:
Antonio Montesanti.
Fig. 1.2 Warrior returning home, from Andriulo Necropolis, Tomb 5340, Poseidonia
(Paestum). Fourth century bc. Photograph: Elena Isayev.
Fig. 1.3 Necropolis of Alfedena. Redrawn by Antonio Montesanti after L. Mariani,
1901. “Aufidena.” Monumenti Antichi dell’Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei
10: 225–638, tav.II.
Fig. 1.4 Necropolis of Alfedena – Campo Consolino. Redrawn by Antonio Montesanti
after F. Parise Badoni and M. Ruggeri Giove, 1981. Alfedena: la necropoli di
Campo Consolino. Chieti, fig. 17.
Fig. 1.5 Necropolis of Opi – Val Fondillo. Redrawn by Antonio Montesanti after
G. Tagliamonte, 1996. I Sanniti. Caudini, Irpini, Pentri, Carricini, Frentani.
Milan, fig. 4.
Fig. 1.6 Ivory Lion, sixth century bc from Sant’Omobono, side A. Inv. AC 27878,
Capitoline Museum, Rome. Photo copyright: Musei Capitolini, Rome.
Fig. 1.7 Ivory Lion, from Sant’Omobono, side B. Name inscribed in Etruscan: Araz
Silqetenas Spurianas. Inv. AC 27878, Capitoline Museum, Rome. Photo copy-
right: Musei Capitolini, Rome.
Fig. 1.8 Ivory Boar, sixth century bc from a necropolis near ancient Carthage, side
B. Drawing: Antonio Montesanti after E. Peruzzi, 1970. Origini di Roma:
La. Famiglia, vol. 1, Florence: Valmartina, tav. I.
Fig. 1.9 Ivory Boar, from a necropolis near ancient Carthage. Close up of inscription
on side B, inscribed in Etruscan: Mi puinel karthazie els q[‐‐‐]na (I (am) Puinel
from Carthage…). Drawing: Antonio Montesanti after E. Peruzzi, 1970. Origini
di Roma: La Famiglia, vol. 1, Florence: Valmartina, tav. II.
Fig. 1.10 Sanctuary at Pietrabbondante, view from the theater to the valley. Photograph:
Elena Isayev.
Fig. 1.11 Pietrabbondante theater, cavea seating with carved griffin. Photograph: Elena
Isayev.
Fig. 1.12 Pietrabbondante theater, telamon supporting the parodos retaining wall. Photo-
graph: Elena Isayev.
Fig. 2.1 Roman and Latin colonies in central/southern Italy down to 263 bc. Drawing:
Rafael Scopacasa, adapted from Cornell, 1989.
Fig. 2.2 Roman expansion in central and southern Italy. Drawing: Rafael Scopacasa,
adapted from Cornell, 1989.
viii List of Illustrations
Fig. 2.3 Eastern sector of Beneventum, showing Roman wall surrounding pre‐colonial
arx, pre‐colonial find spots, and colonial find spots. Drawing: Rafael Scopacasa,
adapted from Giampaola, 2000.
Fig. 3.1 Map of Italy and the Greek East. Drawing: Christopher Ratté.
Fig. 3.2 Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Praeneste. Redrawn by Christopher Ratté
from F. Fasolo and G. Gullini, Il Santuario di Fortuna Primigenia a Palestrina
(Istituto di archeologia, Università di Roma: Rome, 1953): vol. 2, plate 3.
Fig. 5.1 Denarius of 70 bc with Roma and Italia shaking hands. Courtesy of Prof.
C. Howgego & the Trustees of the Ashmolean Museum.
Fig. 6.1 Schematic map of Italy’s regions under Augustus. Drawing: A.E. Cooley.
Fig. 7.1 100‐foot marker on the cliff‐face at Terracina. Photograph: A.E. Cooley.
Fig. 8.1 Rome, Arch of Constantine, south face, left side passage: view of the re‐used and
reworked Hadrianic‐period roundel sculptures set over a Constantinian frieze
depicting a siege by Constantine’s troops of a fortified city in Italy, either Susa
or Verona. A winged victory on the left flies in to help deliver the city’s capture.
Photograph: N. Christie.
Fig. 8.2 View of the exterior of the fifth‐century baptistery at Albenga in western Liguria,
north‐west Italy; the windows and interior identify notable later eighth‐century
restorations here. Photograph: N. Christie.
Fig. 8.3 Internal view of the main gate and circuit of the citadel or castrum of Susa, of
circa ad 300. Photograph: N. Christie.
Fig. 8.4 Colossal (5 m high) bronze imperial statue at Barletta in south‐eastern Italy,
argued to represent Valentinian I (ad 364–375). Photograph: N. Christie.
Fig. 9.1 Funerary relief from Amiternum showing a funerary procession. Drawing:
J.  Willmott. From M. Carroll, 2011b. “‘The mourning was very good.’
Liberation and liberality in Roman funerary commemoration.” In Memory and
Mourning. Studies on Roman Death, eds V.M. Hope and J. Huskinson, Oxford,
Oxbow, 126–49, fig. 8.1.
Fig. 9.2 Cappuccina burial F216, Vagnari. Reproduced with permission: Tracy Prowse
and Alastair Small.
Fig. 9.3 The Herculaneum Gate Necropolis, Pompeii. Photograph: Valerie Hope.
Fig. 9.4 The Via Annia Necropolis, Aquileia. Photograph: Valerie Hope.
Fig. 10.1 Map of ancient Italy labeling the towns, regions, and other features discussed in
this chapter. Adapted from a map generated with Antiquity À‐la‐carte, Ancient
World Mapping Center (awmc.unc.edu).
Fig. 10.2 Plan of the Greek colony of Poseidonia. (The agora is shaded grey) Adapted
from Gros and Torelli, 2010: Fig. 88, and Cerchiai, Jannelli, and Longo,
2004: 62.
Fig. 10.3 The heröon in the agora of Poseidonia (circa 520–510 bc) surrounded by the
Roman enclosure wall (circa 273 bc). Album/Art Resource.
Fig. 10.4 Poseidonia, the temple of Athena in the northern sanctuary, built late sixth
century bc. Photograph: M. Laird, with the kind permission of the Soprinten-
denza per i Beni Archeologici di Salerno.
Fig. 10.5 Plan of the Etruscan colony at Marzabotto. Adapted from Bentz and Reusser,
2008: abb. 12.
Fig. 10.6 An Etruscan temple and its decorative system. Adapted from Izzet, 2007:
fig. 4.3.
Fig. 10.7 A Villanovan miniature hut urn from the Iron Age cemetery at Osteria dell’Osa,
eighth century bc. Drawing: M. Laird after Bietti Sestieri, 1992: fig. 4.6.