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A Companion to Roman Imperialism History of Warfare Editors Kelly DeVries Loyola University Maryland John France University of Wales, Swansea Michael S. Neiberg United States Army War College, Pennsylvania Frederick Schneid High Point University, North Carolina VOLUME 81 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/hw A Companion to Roman Imperialism Edited by Dexter Hoyos LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Cover illustration: Gemma Augustea (fragment) Inv. Nr. ANSA IX a79. A depiction of Emperor Augustus surrounded by goddesses and allegories. Collection of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Roman, 9-12 ce. Two- Layered onyx. Setting: gold frame, reverse side in ornamented open-work; German, 17th century. © (Photo) Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to Roman imperialism / [edited] by Dexter Hoyos. p. cm. -- (History of warfare ; v. 81) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-23593-9 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-23646-2 (e-book) 1. Rome--History--Empire, 30 B.C.-476 A.D. 2. Rome--Foreign relations--30 B.C.-476 A.D. 3. Imperialism. 4. Power (Social sciences)--Rome. I. Hoyos, B. D. (B. Dexter), 1944- DG270.C65 2013 937'.06--dc23 2012035190 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 char- acters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1385-7827 ISBN 978-90-04-23593-9 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-23646-2 (e-book) Brill has made all reasonable efforts to trace all rights holders to any copyrighted material used in this work. In cases where these efforts have not been successful the publisher welcomes communications from copyrights holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgements can be made in future editions, and to settle other permission matters. Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, pho- tocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. Brill has made all reasonable efforts to trace all rights holders to any copyrighted mate- rial used in this work. In cases where these efforts have not been successful the publisher welcomes communications from copyright holders, so that the appropriate acknowledge- ments can be made in future editions, and to settle other permission matters. This book is printed on acid-free paper. abbreviations v CONTENTS Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  vii Notes on Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   1 List of Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20 PART ONE THE IMPERIALISM OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC The Genesis of Roman Imperialism Martin Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23 Definitions of Roman Imperialism Peter M. Edwell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39 Sicily and Sardinia-Corsica: The First Provinces Jonathan Prag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53 The Spains, 205–72 BC José Luis López Castro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67 Hegemony and Annexation beyond the Adriatic, 230–146 BC Arthur Eckstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  79 Enter the Muse: Literary Responses to Roman Imperialism (240– 100 bc) Paul Burton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  99 Rivals for Empire: Carthage, Macedon, the Seleucids James Thorne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Choosing Friends, Foes and Fiefdoms in the Second Century BC Tom Hillard and Lea Beness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 vi contents Rei militaris virtus ... orbem terrarum parere huic imperio coegit: The Transformation of Roman Imperium, 146–50 BC Lea Beness and Tom Hillard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Imperialism and the Fall of the Republic: Post hoc ergo propter hoc? John Serrati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Imperialism and Its Failures, 60 BC–AD 14 Brian Campbell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Reverberations of Empire: Cicero, Caesar and the Post-Sullan Empire Tom Stevenson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 PART TWO THE IMPERIALISM OF THE CAESARS Augustan Imperialism Richard Alston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Barbarian Friends and Foes: Hegemony beyond Rhine and Danube, ad 14–98 Susan Mattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Pearls, Gold, Slaves? The Slow Annexation of Britain Steven Rutledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Eastern Hegemonies and Setbacks, AD 14–96 Benjamin Isaac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Trajan: Imperialism Victorious and Frustrated Peter Edwell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 PART THREE THE PROVINCES AND ROME Exploitation and Assimilation: The Western Roman Empire from Augustus to Trajan Richard Hingley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 contents vii Co-opting the Conqueror: The East from Augustus to Trajan Maurice Sartre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Speeches of Enemies and Criticism of Empire in Early Imperial Historiography Eric Adler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 The Provincialisation of Rome Jesper Majbom Madsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 The Limits of Power David Potter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Roman Imperialism: Critics and Aspirants Sophie Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 viii contents abbreviations ix ABBREVIATIONS AE L’Année Épigraphique Aen. Aeneid (Vergil) AJA American Journal of Archaeology AJPh American Journal of Philology ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt Amm., Amm. Marc. Ammianus Marcellinus App. BC Appian, Bella Civilia Celt. Celtica Ill. Illyrica Lib. Libyca Mac. Macedonica Mithr. Mithridatica Praef. Preface Syr. Syriaca Arist. Or. Aelius Aristides, Orations Arrian, Peripl. PE Periplus Ponti Euxeini Ascon. Asconius ASNP Annali della Scuola Normale di Pisa: Classe di Lettere e di Filo- logia Aug. RG Augustus, Res Gestae Divi Augusti BAR British Archaeological Reports BGall de Bello Gallico BICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies BMCR Bryn Mawr Classical Review Broughton see MRR ca. circa Caes.: Caesar BC de Bello Civili BG, BGall de Bello Gallico BAfr de Bello Africo CAH, CAH 1 Cambridge Ancient History, 1st edn. CAH 2 Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn. C&M Classica et Medievalia Cassiod. Chron. Cassiodorus, Chronica CB Classical Bulletin Cic. Cicero Arch. pro Archia Att. ad Atticum

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