A companion to Julius Caesar

524 Pages·2009·3.29 MB·English

by  ed. by Miriam Griffin.

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A COMPANION TO
JULIUS CAESAR
Edited by
Miriam Griffin
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2009
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
AcompaniontoJuliusCaesar/editedbyMiriamGriffin.
p.cm.–(Blackwellcompanionstotheancientworld)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-4051-4923-5(hardcover:alk.paper)1.Caesar,Julius.2.Generals–Rome–Biography.
3.Headsofstate–Rome–Biography.4.Rome–History–Republic,265–30B.C.I.Griffin,Miriam
T.(MiriamTamara)
DG261.C762009
937’.02092–dc22
[B]
2008046983
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Setin10/12.5ptGalliardbySPiPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India
PrintedintheUnitedKingdom
012009
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Contents
List of Figures viii
Notes on Contributors x
Preface xvi
Reference Works: Abbreviated Titles xviii
1 Introduction 1
Part I Biography: Narrative 9
2 From the Iulii to Caesar 11
ErnstBadian
3 Caesar as a Politician 23
Erich S. Gruen
4 The Proconsular Years:Politics at a Distance 37
JohnT.Ramsey
5 The Dictator 57
Jane F.Gardner
6 The Assassination 72
AndrewLintott
Part II Biography: Themes 83
7 General andImperialist 85
Nathan Rosenstein
8 Caesar and Religion 100
David Wardle
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vi Contents
9 Friends, Associates, and Wives 112
Catherine Steel
10 Caesar the Man 126
JeremyPaterson
11 Caesar as an Intellectual 141
Elaine Fantham
Part III Caesar’s Extant Writings 157
12 Bellum Gallicum 159
Christina S. Kraus
13 Bellum Civile 175
KurtRaaflaub
14 TheContinuators: Soldiering On 192
Ronald Cluett
Part IV Caesar’s Reputation at Rome 207
15 Caesar’s Political and MilitaryLegacy to the
Roman Emperors 209
Barbara Levick
16 Augustan and TiberianLiterature 224
Mark Toher
17 NeronianLiterature: Seneca and Lucan 239
Matthew Leigh
18 TheFirst Biographers:Plutarch and Suetonius 252
Christopher Pelling
19 TheRoman Historiansafter Livy 267
Luke Pitcher
20 TheFirst Emperor: TheView of LateAntiquity 277
TimothyBarnes
21 TheIrritating Statues andContradictoryPortraits
of Julius Caesar 288
Paul Zanker
Part V Caesar’s Place in History 315
22 TheMiddleAges 317
Almut Suerbaum
23 Empire,Eloquence,andMilitaryGenius:RenaissanceItaly 335
Martin McLaughlin
24 Some Renaissance Caesars 356
Carol Clark
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Contents vii
25 Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar and the Dramatic Tradition 371
Julia Griffin
26 The Enlightenment 399
ThomasBiskup
27 Caesar and the Two Napoleons 410
Claude Nicolet
28 Republicanism, Caesarism,and Political Change 418
NicholasCole
29 Caesar for Communists andFascists 431
Luciano Canfora
30 ATwenty-First-Century Caesar 441
Maria Wyke
Bibliography 456
Index 492
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List of Figures
2.1 Denarius of Sex. IuliusCaesar, 129BC, alluding to the descent
ofthe Iuliifrom Venus 12
6.1 Denarius of Brutus IMP.,43–42BC 73
6.2 Aureus of Octavian, 36BC ¼21.3 81
10.1 Denarius, 44BC 127
12.1 DeBello Gallico 1.1.1 163
15.1 Sestertius, c.36 BC¼ 21.4 211
21.1 Denarius with statue ofOctavian, 31BC or earlier 290
21.2 Denarius of M. Mettius, 44 BC 295
21.3 Aureus of Octavian, 36BC ¼6.2 298
21.4 Sestertius, c.36 BC¼ 15.1 299
21.5 Denarius of M. Sanguinius, Rome17 BC 300
21.6 Denarius of L. Lentulus, 12BC 300
21.7–8 Portrait of Caesar,Turin, Museo Archeologico 302
21.9 Portrait of Caesar,Woburn Abbey 302
21.10 Portrait of Caesar,Pantelleria 303
21.11 Portrait of Pompeius, Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek 304
21.12 Portrait of M. Crassus, Paris Louvre 305
21.13 Portrait of Calpurnius Piso Pontifex,Naples, Museo
Archeologico Nazionale 306
21.14 Portrait bust,Berlin, Staatliche MuseenAntikensammlung 307
21.15 Portrait of Caesar,Pisa,Museo del Primaziale 309
21.16 Portrait of Caesar,Musei Vaticani 310
21.17 Statue of Caesar,Rome Palazzo Senatorio 312
21.18 Portrait of Caesar,Naples, Museo ArcheologicoNazionale 313
23.1 Julius Caesar founding Florence (detail) 337
23.2 Caesar the military leader at the opening of De Bello Gallico 346
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List of Figures ix
23.3 TheSiegeof Thapsus 353
24.1 Franc¸oisI, Julius Caesar,Aurora,and Diana in the forest of
Fontainebleau. Bibliothe`que nationale de France MS Fr.13429 357
24.2 Title-pageof Antoinede Bandole, Les Parallelesde
Cesaretde Henry IIII, Paris, 1609.Bodleian Library,
University of Oxford. Mason II 35 359
27.1 Jean Auguste DominiqueIngres, Napoleonon
His Imperial Throne 413
28.1 Harper’s Weekly,November 7,1874 428
30.1 ‘‘Hail, Bush’’ 449
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Notes on Contributors
Ernst Badian, FBA, John Moors Cabot (2nd edition, with postscript, 1985).
ProfessorofHistory,Emeritus,Harvard, His major publications since then have
wasborninViennaandeducatedinNew been The Sources of the Historia Augusta
Zealand and at University College, (1978), Constantine and Eusebius
Oxford. He was a Professor at Leeds (1981), The New Empire of Diocletian
and at Buffalo, before his appointment and Constantine (1982), Athanasius
to Harvard (1971–98). His publications and Constantius: Theology and Politics
include Foreign Clientelae (264–70BC), in the Constantinian Empire (1993)
1958; Studies in Greek and Roman andAmmianusMarcellinusandtheRep-
History, 1964; Roman Imperialism in resentation of Historical Reality (1998).
the Late Republic, 1967 (revised and He now lives in Edinburgh and is at-
enlarged as Ro¨mischer Imperialismus in tached to the University of Edinburgh.
der Spa¨ten Republik, 1980); Publicans
andSinners,1972(translatedintoGerman ThomasBiskupisResearchCouncilsUK
and augmented as Zo¨llner und Su¨nder, Fellow and Lecturer in Enlightenment
1997); From Plataea to Potidaea, 1993; History at the University of Hull. He
and numerous contributions to the Ox- gained his PhD at the University
fordClassicalDictionaryandtojournals. of Cambridge in 2001, and was Mary
Somerville Research Fellow at the
Timothy Barnes was educated at Balliol UniversityofOxfordfrom2001to2004.
College, Oxford and held a Junior Hismainresearchinterestsarethecultural
ResearchFellowshipattheQueen’sCol- historyofEuropeanmonarchyandcourts
lege. He taught in the Department of intheearlymodernandmodernerasand
Classics at the University of Toronto natural history in eighteenth-century
from 1970 to 2007, and was elected a England and Germany. Recent publica-
FellowoftheRoyalSocietyofCanadain tions include: ‘German court and French
1985. He won the Conington Prize at Revolution:E´migre´sinBrunswickaround
Oxford for his first book, Tertullian: A 1800’, in Francia, 33 (2007); ‘A Uni-
Historical and Literary Study (1971) versity for Empire? The University of
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Notes on Contributors xi
Go¨ttingenandthePersonalUnion,1737– and at Glasgow University before being
1837’, in Brendan Simms and Torsten elected to Balliol College, Oxford, where
Riotte (eds.), The Hanoverian Dimension sheremainedformanyyearsasFellowand
inBritishHistory,1714–1837(Cambridge, Tutor in Modern Languages. She has
2007); ‘Napoleon’s second Sacre? Ie´na published books and articles on Rabelais
and the ceremonial translation of and Montaigne and translations from
Frederick the Great’s insignia in 1807’, Baudelaire,RostandandProust.
in Alan Forrest and Peter H. Wilson
Ronald Cluettholds a Ph.D. in Classics
(eds.), The Bee and the Eagle: Napoleonic
from Princeton University. From 1992
France and the End of the Holy Roman
until 2004 he held a joint position in
Empire (Basingstoke, 2008); and (co-
Classics and History at Pomona College
edited with Marc Schalenberg), Selling
in Claremont, California. He has pub-
Berlin: Imagebildung und Stadtmarket-
lished on ancient numismatics and
ing von der preußischen Residenz bis zur
Roman women as well as on the Con-
Bundeshauptstadt (Stuttgart, 2008).
tinuators. He is currently completing his
Luciano Canfora studiedattheUniver- J.D. at the Georgetown University Law
sityofBariandattheScuolaNormaleof Center, where he has been surprised to
Pisa.HeiscurrentlyProfessorofClassical discovernumerousstructuralandstylistic
PhilologyattheUniversityofBari.Heis similarities between the Iliad and the
chief editor of the journal Quaderni di United States Internal RevenueCode.
Storia(1975–)andoftheseries‘‘Lacitta`
antica’’(publishedbySellerio,Palermo). Nicholas Cole is currently a Junior
In2000hewasawardedtheGoldMedal Research Fellow in History at St. Peter’s
ofthePresidentoftheItalianRepublicfor College, Oxford. He read Ancient and
cultural merits, and in 2005 he received Modern History at University College,
theGoldenHonourCrossoftheHellenic Oxford, where he also completed his
Republic. Among his publications are: MPhil in Greek and Roman History and
Conservazione e perdita dei classici hisdoctorate.His particularinterests are
(Padua:Antenore1974);Culturaclassica theinfluenceofclassicalpoliticalthought
e crisi tedesca. Gli scritti politici di Wila- on America’s first politicians, and the
mowitz1914–31(Bari:DeDonato1977); search for a new ‘science of politics’ in
Ideologie del classicismo (Turin: Einaudi, post-Independence America. He has
1980); Studi di storia della storiografia been a Visiting Fellow at the Inter-
romana(Bari:Edipuglia,1993;Ilcopista national Center for Jefferson Studies at
comeautore(Palermo:Sellerio, 2002); Il Monticello. His book, The Ancient
papiro di Dongo (Milan: Adelphi,2005); WorldinJefferson’sAmerica,willbepub-
Democracy in Europe: A History of an lished byOxfordUniversityPress.
Ideology(Oxford:Blackwell2006);Julius
Elaine Fantham took her degrees at
Caesar:ThePeople’sDictator(Edinburgh:
Oxford and Liverpool and taught at
EdinburghUniversityPress,2007);Filo-
St. Andrews University before emigrat-
logiaelibert`a(Milan,Mondadori,2008);
ing in 1966. She has taught at the
and Exporter la libert´e. E´chec d’un mythe
University of Toronto (1968–86) and
(Paris:Desjonque`res,2008).
Princeton University (1986–2000) and
CarolClarkstudiedatSomervilleCollege, is now Giger Professor of Latin Emeri-
Oxford and Westfield College, London. tus. She has published commentaries on
ShethentaughtinLondon,inWestAfrica Seneca’s Troades, Lucan BC II and Ovid