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A Companion to Harry S. Truman PDF

619 Pages·2012·4.043 MB·English
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A Companion to Harry S. Truman BLACKWELLCOMPANIONSTOAMERICANHISTORY Thisseriesprovidesessentialandauthoritativeoverviewsofthescholarshipthathasshapedourpresentunderstandingof theAmericanpast.Editedbyeminenthistorians,eachvolumetacklesoneofthemajorperiodsorthemesofAmerican history,withindividualtopicsauthoredbykeyscholarswhohavespentconsiderabletimeinresearchonthequestionsand controversiesthathavesparkeddebateintheirfieldofinterest.Thevolumesareaccessibleforthenon-specialist,whilealso engagingscholarsseekingareferencetothehistoriographyorfutureconcerns. Published ACompaniontotheAmericanRevolution ACompaniontotheAmericanWest EditedbyJackP.GreeneandJ.R.Pole EditedbyWilliamDeverell ACompanionto19th-CenturyAmerica ACompaniontotheCivilWarandReconstruction EditedbyWilliamL.Barney EditedbyLacyK.Ford ACompaniontotheAmericanSouth ACompaniontoAmericanTechnology EditedbyJohnB.Boles EditedbyCarrollPursell ACompaniontoAmericanIndianHistory ACompaniontoAfrican-AmericanHistory EditedbyPhilipJ.DeloriaandNealSalisbury EditedbyAltonHornsby ACompaniontoAmericanWomen’sHistory ACompaniontoAmericanImmigration EditedbyNancyHewitt EditedbyReedUeda ACompaniontoPost-1945America ACompaniontoAmericanCulturalHistory EditedbyJean-ChristopheAgnewandRoyRosenzweig EditedbyKarenHalttunen ACompaniontotheVietnamWar ACompaniontoCaliforniaHistory EditedbyMarilynYoungandRobertBuzzanco EditedbyWilliamDeverellandDavidIgler ACompaniontoColonialAmerica ACompaniontoAmericanMilitaryHistory EditedbyDanielVickers EditedbyJamesBradford ACompaniontoAmericanForeignRelations ACompaniontoLosAngeles EditedbyRobertSchulzinger EditedbyWilliamDeverellandGregHise ACompanionto20th-CenturyAmerica ACompaniontoAmericanEnvironmentalHistory EditedbyStephenJ.Whitfield EditedbyDouglasCazauxSackman PRESIDENTIALCOMPANIONS Published ACompaniontoThomasJefferson ACompaniontoFranklinD.Roosevelt EditedbyFrancisD.Cogliano EditedbyWilliamPederson ACompaniontoLyndonB.Johnson ACompaniontoRichardM.Nixon EditedbyMitchellLerner EditedbyMelvinSmall ACompaniontoGeorgeWashington ACompaniontoBenjaminFranklin EditedbyEdwardG.Lengel EditedbyDavidWaldstreicher ACompaniontoHarryS.Truman ACompaniontoTheodoreRoosevelt EditedbyDanielS.Margolies EditedbySergeRicard A COMPANION TO HARRY S. TRUMAN Edited by Daniel S. Margolies Thiseditionfirstpublished2012 #2012BlackwellPublishingLtd. BlackwellPublishingwasacquiredbyJohnWiley&SonsinFebruary2007.Blackwell’spublishing programhasbeenmergedwithWiley’sglobalScientific,Technical,andMedicalbusinesstoform Wiley-Blackwell. RegisteredOffice JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK EditorialOffices 350MainStreet,Malden,MA02148-5020,USA 9600GarsingtonRoad,Oxford,OX42DQ,UK TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservices,andforinformationabouthowtoapplyfor permissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsite atwww.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. TherightofDanielS.Margoliestobeidentifiedastheauthoroftheeditorialmaterialinthisworkhasbeen assertedinaccordancewiththeUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise, exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionof thepublisher. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynot beavailableinelectronicbooks. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrand namesandproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregistered trademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendor mentionedinthisbook.Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationin regardtothesubjectmattercovered.Itissoldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedin renderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofa competentprofessionalshouldbesought. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcompaniontoHarryS.Truman/editedbyDanielS.Margolies. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-4443-3141-7(hardback:alk.paper) 1. Truman,HarryS.,1884-1972. 2. United States–Foreignrelations–1945-1953. 3. UnitedStates–Politicsandgovernment–1945-1953. I. Margolies,DanielS.,1969- E813.C652012 973.918092–dc23 2012004863 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Jacketimage:HarryS.TrumanathisdeskintheWhiteHousec.1945.GrangerCollection/Topfoto. JacketdesignbyRichardBoxhallDesignAssociates. Setin10/12ptGalliardbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India 1 2012 Contents ListofIllustrations ix NotesonContributors xi Acknowledgments xvii Introduction 1 DanielS.Margolies PartIConsideringTrumaninHistoricalPerspective 7 1 TrumaninHistorical,Popular,andPoliticalMemory 9 SeanJ.Savage 2 RhetoricandStyleofTruman’sLeadership 26 StevenCasey PartIIEnduringQuestions 47 3 AnxietiesofEmpireandtheTrumanAdministration 49 JeremiSuri 4 HarryS.TrumanandtheDecisiontoUsetheAtomicBomb 67 SeanL.Malloy 5 TheOriginsoftheColdWarinInternationalPerspective 87 AmandaKayMcVety PartIIITruman,theState,andtheWorldSystem 109 6 ExportingtheAmericanExperience:GlobalEconomicGovernance andtheForeignEconomicPolicyoftheTrumanAdministration 111 FrancineMcKenzie vi CONTENTS 7 NSC-68andtheNationalSecurityState 131 CurtCardwell 8 StrategistsandRhetoricians:Truman’sForeignPolicyAdvisers 159 BenjaminA.Coates PartIVTheTrumanPresidencyandtheShapingof PostwarAmericanSociety 189 9 Truman,Reconversion,andtheEmergenceofthePost-WorldWarII ConsumerSociety 191 SusannahWalker 10 TheFairDeal 210 JasonScottSmith 11 TheElectionof1948 222 DeanJ.Kotlowski 12 TheTrumanAdministrationandthePublicPolicyofCivilianDefense: MakingtheBestofaNightmare 246 AndrewD.Grossman 13 TheEnvironmentalHistoryoftheTrumanYears,1945–53 260 MarkHarvey 14 TrumanandCivilRights 287 JeffreyL.LittlejohnandCharlesH.Ford PartVTruman’sForeignPolicy 303 15 GreatBritainandAmericanHegemony 305 KathleenBrittRasmussen 16 TheTrumanDoctrine 327 ElizabethEdwardsSpalding 17 HarryS.TrumanandtheMarshallPlan 347 RobertH.Landrum 18 TrumanandtheMiddleEast 362 KellyJ.Shannon 19 HarryS.Truman’sLatinAmericanPolicy 389 MichaelDonoghue 20 TrumanandNATO 410 StephanieTrombleyAverill 21 Truman,theUnitedNations,andtheOriginsofthePostwar WorldOrder 428 RobertMcGreevey 22 TheTrumanAdministrationandColdWarNeutrals 436 T.MichaelRuddy CONTENTS vii 23 TheLegaciesofNuremberginInternationalLawandAmericanPolicy 453 JineeLokaneeta PartVIAmericaandthePostwarPacificRim 463 24 TheOccupationofJapan:AHistoryofItsHistories 465 HiroshiKitamura 25 TheBirthofaRivalry:Sino-AmericanRelationsDuringthe TrumanAdministration 484 GreggBrazinsky 26 ConflictsinKorea 498 JamesI.Matray 27 SettingthePattern:TheTrumanAdministrationandSoutheastAsia 532 MarkAtwoodLawrence References 553 FurtherReading 598 Index 605 List of Illustrations Numbersrefertothechaptersandillustrationnumber. 1.1 HarryS.TrumanofMissouriin1937or1938.Photographfromthe LibraryofCongressPrintsandPhotographsDivision,Washington,D.C., LC-H22-D-2618. 11 1.2 Thisphotograph,takenonFebruary17,1938inWashington,D.C., wastitled“Senatorialstickup”byphotographersHarris&Ewing. Inthephotograph,VicePresidentJohnNanceGarner“playfullytries his‘stickup’technique”onHarryTruman,thenaSenatorfrom Missouri,withapairof45caliberpistolsformerlyownedbythebandit JesseJames.Trumanreceivedthegunsfromthewifeofadoctorwho hadreceivedthemaspaymentforhismedicalcareofFrankJames.Jesse Jameshadreputedly“garnerednearly$1,000,000inaseriesof holdupswiththeguns.”PhotographfromtheHarris&Ewing Collection,LibraryofCongressPrintsandPhotographsDivision Washington,D.C.,LC-DIG-hec-29118. 18 2.1 HarryS.Trumanathisdesk,1945.PhotographfromtheLibraryof CongressPrintsandPhotographsDivision,Washington,D.C., LC-USZ62-70080. 27 4.1 OfficialU.S.Armyphotoofthe“Generalpanoramicviewof Hiroshimaafterthebomb”demonstratingthedevastationfrom “about0.4miles.”PhotographfromtheLibraryofCongress PrintsandPhotographsDivision,Washington,D.C., LC-USZ62-134192. 74 8.1 PortraitofGeorgeF.Kennan.PhotographfromtheHarris&Ewing Collection,LibraryofCongressPrintsandPhotographsDivision, Washington,D.C.,LC-H261-112729. 165 10.1 JohnL.Lewis.PhotographfromtheLibraryofCongressPrints andPhotographsDivision,Washington,D.C.,LC-DIG-hec-21637. 214 x LISTOFILLUSTRATIONS 11.1 Trumanin1948,likelyinaphotographfromhisupset presidentialcampaign.PhotographfromtheLibraryofCongress PrintsandPhotographsDivision,Washington,D.C., LC-USZ62-77801. 224 15.1 PresidentHarryS.TrumaninOctober1945,inaphotolabeled“Pres. Truman’sRealSmile.”PhotographfromtheLibraryofCongressPrints andPhotographsDivision,Washington,D.C.,LC-USZ62-56643. 313 26.1 DouglasMacArthuratthefrontlinesaboveSuwon,Korea, accompaniedbyCourtneyWhitney,MatthewB.Ridgway,WilliamB. Kean,andothers.PhotographfromtheLibraryofCongressPrintsand PhotographsDivision,Washington,D.C.,LC-USZ62-70920. 513 Notes on Contributors StephanieTrombleyAverillisanAssist- Economics and Political Science. He is antProfessorofHistoryatEmbry-Riddle the author of Cautious Crusade: Frank- AeronauticalUniversity.Herdissertation, lin Roosevelt, American Public Opinion “Forging the West in Words and Iron,” and the War against Nazi Germany examined the rhetoric of identity accom- (Oxford University Press, 2001), and panying and supplementing the decision Selling the Korean War: Propaganda, to rearm the Federal Republic of Ger- PoliticsandPublicOpinion(OxfordUni- many and its incorporation into NATO. versity Press, 2008), which won the She is currently researching the first Sta- 2010TrumanBookAward. tus of Forces Agreements and the prob- BenjaminA.CoatesisAssistantProfessor lem of sovereignty within “free world” of History at Wake Forest University, alliancesystems. where he teaches the history of the U.S. Gregg Brazinsky is an Associate Profes- andtheWorld.HeearnedhisPh.D.from sorofHistoryandInternationalAffairsat Columbia University in 2010 and has the George Washington University. His received fellowships from the U.S. Insti- first book, Nation Building in South tuteofPeaceandtheAmericanAcademy Korea:Koreans,AmericansandtheMak- ofArts&Sciences.Hiscurrentbookman- ing of a Democracy appeared in 2007 uscript,entitledLegalistEmpire,explores fromUniversityofNorthCarolinaPress. thecreationoftheAmericaninternational He is completing a new book on Sino- law profession and the role of lawyers in American competition in the Third buildinganAmericanempireintheearly WorldduringtheColdWar. twentiethcentury. Michael Donoghue received his B.A. Curt Cardwell is Associate Professor of and M.A. from the University of Rhode HistoryatDrakeUniversityinDesMoines, Island. In 2006 he received his Ph.D. Iowa.HeistheauthorofNSC68andthe from the University of Connecticut Political Economy of the Early Cold War where he studied under Thomas G. publishedbyCambridgeUniversityPress. PatersonandFrankCostigliola.Hewasa Steven Casey is Reader in International 2002–3recipientofaFulbrightOverseas History at the London School of Research Grant which he spent in the

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