A Companion to Harry S. Truman

619 Pages·2012·4.043 MB·English

by  Daniel S. Margolies

A Companion to Harry S. Truman
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A COMPANION TO
HARRY S. TRUMAN
Edited by
Daniel S. Margolies
Thiseditionfirstpublished2012
#2012BlackwellPublishingLtd.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
AcompaniontoHarryS.Truman/editedbyDanielS.Margolies.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-4443-3141-7(hardback:alk.paper) 1. Truman,HarryS.,1884-1972. 2. United
States–Foreignrelations–1945-1953. 3. UnitedStates–Politicsandgovernment–1945-1953.
I. Margolies,DanielS.,1969-
E813.C652012
973.918092–dc23 2012004863
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Jacketimage:HarryS.TrumanathisdeskintheWhiteHousec.1945.GrangerCollection/Topfoto.
JacketdesignbyRichardBoxhallDesignAssociates.
Setin10/12ptGalliardbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India
1 2012
Contents
ListofIllustrations ix
NotesonContributors xi
Acknowledgments xvii
Introduction 1
DanielS.Margolies
PartIConsideringTrumaninHistoricalPerspective 7
1 TrumaninHistorical,Popular,andPoliticalMemory 9
SeanJ.Savage
2 RhetoricandStyleofTruman’sLeadership 26
StevenCasey
PartIIEnduringQuestions 47
3 AnxietiesofEmpireandtheTrumanAdministration 49
JeremiSuri
4 HarryS.TrumanandtheDecisiontoUsetheAtomicBomb 67
SeanL.Malloy
5 TheOriginsoftheColdWarinInternationalPerspective 87
AmandaKayMcVety
PartIIITruman,theState,andtheWorldSystem 109
6 ExportingtheAmericanExperience:GlobalEconomicGovernance
andtheForeignEconomicPolicyoftheTrumanAdministration 111
FrancineMcKenzie
vi CONTENTS
7 NSC-68andtheNationalSecurityState 131
CurtCardwell
8 StrategistsandRhetoricians:Truman’sForeignPolicyAdvisers 159
BenjaminA.Coates
PartIVTheTrumanPresidencyandtheShapingof
PostwarAmericanSociety 189
9 Truman,Reconversion,andtheEmergenceofthePost-WorldWarII
ConsumerSociety 191
SusannahWalker
10 TheFairDeal 210
JasonScottSmith
11 TheElectionof1948 222
DeanJ.Kotlowski
12 TheTrumanAdministrationandthePublicPolicyofCivilianDefense:
MakingtheBestofaNightmare 246
AndrewD.Grossman
13 TheEnvironmentalHistoryoftheTrumanYears,1945–53 260
MarkHarvey
14 TrumanandCivilRights 287
JeffreyL.LittlejohnandCharlesH.Ford
PartVTruman’sForeignPolicy 303
15 GreatBritainandAmericanHegemony 305
KathleenBrittRasmussen
16 TheTrumanDoctrine 327
ElizabethEdwardsSpalding
17 HarryS.TrumanandtheMarshallPlan 347
RobertH.Landrum
18 TrumanandtheMiddleEast 362
KellyJ.Shannon
19 HarryS.Truman’sLatinAmericanPolicy 389
MichaelDonoghue
20 TrumanandNATO 410
StephanieTrombleyAverill
21 Truman,theUnitedNations,andtheOriginsofthePostwar
WorldOrder 428
RobertMcGreevey
22 TheTrumanAdministrationandColdWarNeutrals 436
T.MichaelRuddy
CONTENTS vii
23 TheLegaciesofNuremberginInternationalLawandAmericanPolicy 453
JineeLokaneeta
PartVIAmericaandthePostwarPacificRim 463
24 TheOccupationofJapan:AHistoryofItsHistories 465
HiroshiKitamura
25 TheBirthofaRivalry:Sino-AmericanRelationsDuringthe
TrumanAdministration 484
GreggBrazinsky
26 ConflictsinKorea 498
JamesI.Matray
27 SettingthePattern:TheTrumanAdministrationandSoutheastAsia 532
MarkAtwoodLawrence
References 553
FurtherReading 598
Index 605
List of Illustrations
Numbersrefertothechaptersandillustrationnumber.
1.1 HarryS.TrumanofMissouriin1937or1938.Photographfromthe
LibraryofCongressPrintsandPhotographsDivision,Washington,D.C.,
LC-H22-D-2618. 11
1.2 Thisphotograph,takenonFebruary17,1938inWashington,D.C.,
wastitled“Senatorialstickup”byphotographersHarris&Ewing.
Inthephotograph,VicePresidentJohnNanceGarner“playfullytries
his‘stickup’technique”onHarryTruman,thenaSenatorfrom
Missouri,withapairof45caliberpistolsformerlyownedbythebandit
JesseJames.Trumanreceivedthegunsfromthewifeofadoctorwho
hadreceivedthemaspaymentforhismedicalcareofFrankJames.Jesse
Jameshadreputedly“garnerednearly$1,000,000inaseriesof
holdupswiththeguns.”PhotographfromtheHarris&Ewing
Collection,LibraryofCongressPrintsandPhotographsDivision
Washington,D.C.,LC-DIG-hec-29118. 18
2.1 HarryS.Trumanathisdesk,1945.PhotographfromtheLibraryof
CongressPrintsandPhotographsDivision,Washington,D.C.,
LC-USZ62-70080. 27
4.1 OfficialU.S.Armyphotoofthe“Generalpanoramicviewof
Hiroshimaafterthebomb”demonstratingthedevastationfrom
“about0.4miles.”PhotographfromtheLibraryofCongress
PrintsandPhotographsDivision,Washington,D.C.,
LC-USZ62-134192. 74
8.1 PortraitofGeorgeF.Kennan.PhotographfromtheHarris&Ewing
Collection,LibraryofCongressPrintsandPhotographsDivision,
Washington,D.C.,LC-H261-112729. 165
10.1 JohnL.Lewis.PhotographfromtheLibraryofCongressPrints
andPhotographsDivision,Washington,D.C.,LC-DIG-hec-21637. 214
x LISTOFILLUSTRATIONS
11.1 Trumanin1948,likelyinaphotographfromhisupset
presidentialcampaign.PhotographfromtheLibraryofCongress
PrintsandPhotographsDivision,Washington,D.C.,
LC-USZ62-77801. 224
15.1 PresidentHarryS.TrumaninOctober1945,inaphotolabeled“Pres.
Truman’sRealSmile.”PhotographfromtheLibraryofCongressPrints
andPhotographsDivision,Washington,D.C.,LC-USZ62-56643. 313
26.1 DouglasMacArthuratthefrontlinesaboveSuwon,Korea,
accompaniedbyCourtneyWhitney,MatthewB.Ridgway,WilliamB.
Kean,andothers.PhotographfromtheLibraryofCongressPrintsand
PhotographsDivision,Washington,D.C.,LC-USZ62-70920. 513
Notes on Contributors
StephanieTrombleyAverillisanAssist- Economics and Political Science. He is
antProfessorofHistoryatEmbry-Riddle the author of Cautious Crusade: Frank-
AeronauticalUniversity.Herdissertation, lin Roosevelt, American Public Opinion
“Forging the West in Words and Iron,” and the War against Nazi Germany
examined the rhetoric of identity accom- (Oxford University Press, 2001), and
panying and supplementing the decision Selling the Korean War: Propaganda,
to rearm the Federal Republic of Ger- PoliticsandPublicOpinion(OxfordUni-
many and its incorporation into NATO. versity Press, 2008), which won the
She is currently researching the first Sta- 2010TrumanBookAward.
tus of Forces Agreements and the prob-
BenjaminA.CoatesisAssistantProfessor
lem of sovereignty within “free world”
of History at Wake Forest University,
alliancesystems.
where he teaches the history of the U.S.
Gregg Brazinsky is an Associate Profes- andtheWorld.HeearnedhisPh.D.from
sorofHistoryandInternationalAffairsat Columbia University in 2010 and has
the George Washington University. His received fellowships from the U.S. Insti-
first book, Nation Building in South tuteofPeaceandtheAmericanAcademy
Korea:Koreans,AmericansandtheMak- ofArts&Sciences.Hiscurrentbookman-
ing of a Democracy appeared in 2007 uscript,entitledLegalistEmpire,explores
fromUniversityofNorthCarolinaPress. thecreationoftheAmericaninternational
He is completing a new book on Sino- law profession and the role of lawyers in
American competition in the Third buildinganAmericanempireintheearly
WorldduringtheColdWar. twentiethcentury.
Michael Donoghue received his B.A.
Curt Cardwell is Associate Professor of
and M.A. from the University of Rhode
HistoryatDrakeUniversityinDesMoines,
Island. In 2006 he received his Ph.D.
Iowa.HeistheauthorofNSC68andthe
from the University of Connecticut
Political Economy of the Early Cold War
where he studied under Thomas G.
publishedbyCambridgeUniversityPress.
PatersonandFrankCostigliola.Hewasa
Steven Casey is Reader in International 2002–3recipientofaFulbrightOverseas
History at the London School of Research Grant which he spent in the