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A Companion to Aristotle A Companion to Aristotle Edited by Georgios Anagnostopoulos © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-405-12223-8 Blackwell Companions to Philosophy This outstanding student reference series offers a comprehensive and authoritative survey of philosophy as a whole. Written by today’s leading philosophers, each volume provides lucid and engaging coverage of the key fi gures, terms, topics, and problems of the fi eld. Taken together, the volumes provide the ideal basis for course use, representing an unparalleled work of reference for students and specialists alike. Already published in the series: 22. A Companion to Philosophical Logic Edited by Dale Jacquette 1. The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy, 23. A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy Second Edition Edited by Steven Nadler Edited by Nicholas Bunnin and Eric Tsui-James 24. A Companion to Philosophy in 2. A Companion to Ethics the Middle Ages Edited by Peter Singer Edited by Jorge J. E. Gracia and Timothy B. Noone 3. A Companion to Aesthetics Edited by David Cooper 25. A Companion to African-American Philosophy 4. A Companion to Epistemology Edited by Tommy L. Lott and John P. Pittman Edited by Jonathan Dancy and Ernest Sosa 26. A Companion to Applied Ethics 5. A Companion to Contemporary Political Edited by R. G. Frey and Christopher Heath Philosophy (two-volume set), Wellman Second Edition Edited by Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit 27. A Companion to the Philosophy of Education Edited by Randall Curren 6. A Companion to Philosophy of Mind Edited by Samuel Guttenplan 28. A Companion to African Philosophy Edited by Kwasi Wiredu 7. A Companion to Metaphysics Edited by Jaegwon Kim and Ernest Sosa 29. A Companion to Heidegger Edited by Hubert L. Dreyfus and 8. A Companion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Mark A. Wrathall Theory Edited by Dennis Patterson 30. A Companion to Rationalism Edited by Alan Nelson 9. A Companion to Philosophy of Religion Edited by Philip L. Quinn and Charles Taliaferro 31. A Companion to Ancient Philosophy Edited by Mary Louise Gill and Pierre Pellegrin 10. A Companion to the Philosophy of Language Edited by Bob Hale and Crispin Wright 32. A Companion to Pragmatism Edited by John R. Shook and Joseph Margolis 11. A Companion to World Philosophies Edited by Eliot Deutsch and Ron Bontekoe 33. A Companion to Nietzsche Edited by Keith Ansell Pearson 12. A Companion to Continental Philosophy Edited by Simon Critchley and William 34. A Companion to Socrates Schroeder Edited by Sara Ahbel-Rappe and Rachana Kamtekar 13. A Companion to Feminist Philosophy Edited by Alison M. Jaggar and Iris Marion 35. A Companion to Phenomenology and Young Existentialism Edited by Hubert L. Dreyfus and 14. A Companion to Cognitive Science Mark A. Wrathall Edited by William Bechtel and George Graham 36. A Companion to Kant 15. A Companion to Bioethics Edited by Graham Bird Edited by Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer 37. A Companion to Plato 16. A Companion to the Philosophers Edited by Hugh H. Benson Edited by Robert L. Arrington 38. A Companion to Descartes 17. A Companion to Business Ethics Edited by Janet Broughton and John Carriero Edited by Robert E. Frederick 39. A Companion to the Philosophy of Biology 18. A Companion to the Philosophy of Science Edited by Sahotra Sarkar and Anya Plutynski Edited by W. H. Newton-Smith 40. A Companion to Hume 19. A Companion to Environmental Philosophy Edited by Elizabeth S. Radcliffe Edited by Dale Jamieson 41. A Companion to the Philosophy of History 20. A Companion to Analytic Philosophy and Historiography Edited by A. P. Martinich and David Sosa Edited by Aviezer Tucker 21. A Companion to Genethics 42. A Companion to Aristotle Edited by Justine Burley and John Harris Edited by Georgios Anagnostopoulos A Companion to Aristotle Edited by Georgios Anagnostopoulos A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition fi rst published 2009 © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientifi c, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Offi ce John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offi ces 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offi ces, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/ wiley-blackwell. The right of Georgios Anagnostopoulos to be identifi ed as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to Aristotle / edited by Georgios Anagnostopoulos. p. cm. – (Blackwell companions to philosophy) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-2223-8 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Aristotle. I. Anagnostopoulos, Georgios. B485.C59 2009 185–dc22 2008036223 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 10 on 12.5 pt Photina by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed in Singapore by Fabulous Printers Pte Ltd 1 2009 Μνη´μη(cid:26) μητρο`ς Δη´μητρας (1904–2006) Contents Notes on Contributors xi Preface xvi Abbreviations of Aristotle’s Works xviii Part I ARISTOTLE’S LIFE AND WORKS 1 1 Aristotle’s Life 3 GEORGIOS ANAGNOSTOPOULOS 2 Aristotle’s Works and the Development of His Thought 14 GEORGIOS ANAGNOSTOPOULOS Part II THE TOOLS OF INQUIRY 29 3 Deductive Logic 31 DAVID KEYT 4 Aristotle’s Theory of Demonstration 51 ROBIN SMITH 5 Empiricism and the First Principles of Aristotelian Science 66 MICHAEL FEREJOHN 6 Aristotle on Signifi cation and Truth 81 PAOLO CRIVELLI 7 Aristotle’s Methods 101 GEORGIOS ANAGNOSTOPOULOS Part III THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE 123 A. Metaphysics 8 The Science and Axioms of Being 125 MICHAEL V. WEDIN vii contents 9 Aristotelian Categories 144 GARETH B. MATTHEWS 10 Form and Matter 162 FRANK A. LEWIS 11 Aristotle on Universals 186 MICHAEL J. LOUX 12 Substances 197 S. MARC COHEN 13 Causes 213 R. J. HANKINSON 14 Heavenly Bodies and First Causes 230 SARAH BROADIE B. Physics 15 Mixing the Elements 242 THEODORE SCALTSAS 16 Aristotle on the Infi nite, Space, and Time 260 MICHAEL J. WHITE 17 Change and Its Relation to Actuality and Potentiality 277 URSULA COOPE C. Psychology 18 The Aristotelian Psuchê 292 CHRISTOPHER SHIELDS 19 Sensation and Desire 310 DEBORAH KAREN WARD MODRAK 20 Phantasia and Thought 322 VICTOR CASTON D. Biology 21 Teleology in Living Things 335 MOHAN MATTHEN 22 Form, Essence, and Explanation in Aristotle’s Biology 348 JAMES G. LENNOX 23 Generation of Animals 368 DEVIN M. HENRY viii contents Part IV PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE 385 A. Ethics 24 Happiness and the Structure of Ends 387 GABRIEL RICHARDSON LEAR 25 Pleasure 404 GEORGE RUDEBUSCH 26 Human Excellence in Character and Intellect 419 GAVIN LAWRENCE 27 Courage 442 CHARLES M. YOUNG 28 Justice 457 CHARLES M. YOUNG 29 Friendship 471 MICHAEL PAKALUK 30 Voluntary, Involuntary, and Choice 483 ROBERT HEINAMAN 31 Aristotle on Action, Practical Reason, and Weakness of the Will 498 NORMAN O. DAHL B. Politics 32 The Naturalness of the Polis in Aristotle 512 C. D. C. REEVE 33 Rulers and Ruled 526 ROBERT MAYHEW 34 Aristotle on the Ideal Constitution 540 FRED D. MILLER, JR. 35 Excellences of the Citizen and of the Individual 555 JEAN ROBERTS 36 Education and the State 566 RICHARD STALLEY Part V PRODUCTIVE KNOWLEDGE 577 A. Rhetoric 37 The Nature and Goals of Rhetoric 579 CHRISTOF RAPP 38 Passions and Persuasion 597 STEPHEN LEIGHTON ix contents B. Art 39 Aristotle’s Poetics: The Aim of Tragedy 612 PAUL WOODRUFF 40 The Elements of Tragedy 628 ELIZABETH BELFIORE Index 643 x