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A Circle of Friends Balkan Studies Library Editor-in-Chief Zoran Milutinović, University College London Editorial Board Gordon N. Bardos, Columbia University Alex Drace-Francis, University of Liverpool Jasna Dragović-Soso, Goldsmiths, University of London Christian Voss, Humboldt University, Berlin Advisory Board Marie-Janine Calic, University of Munich Lenard J. Cohen, Simon Fraser University Radmila Gorup, Columbia University Robert M. Hayden, University of Pittsburgh Robert Hodel, Hamburg University Anna Krasteva, New Bulgarian University Galin Tihanov, The University of Manchester Maria Todorova, University of Illinois Andrew Wachtel, Northwestern University VOLUME 3 A Circle of Friends Romanian Revolutionaries and Political Exile, 1840–1859 By Angela Jianu LEIDEN • BOSTON 2011 On the cover: The Constitution, Bucharest, 11 June 1848. Copy after a watercolor by Costake Petrescu, undated. Reproduced by kind permission of the Museum of National History, Bucharest, Romania. The text on the flag reads: “Justice, Brotherhood”, the slogan of the Romanian revolutionaries. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jianu, Angela. A circle of friends : Romanian revolutionaries and political exile, 1840–1859 / by Angela Jianu. p. cm. — (Balkan studies library, ISSN 1877-6272 ; v. 3) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-18779-5 (hbk. : acid-free paper) 1. Revolutionaries—Romania— History—19th century. 2. Revolutionaries—Romania—Biography. 3. Exiles— Romania—Biography. 4. Exiles—Europe—Biography. 5. Romania—History— 1821–1859—Biography. 6. Romania—History—Revolution, 1848. 7. Romania— Politics and government—1821–1866. 8. Europe—Politics and government— 1848–1871. 9. Transnationalism—Political aspects—Europe—History—19th century. 10. Nation-building—Europe—History—19th century. I. Title. DR244.J53 2011 949.8’016—dc22 2011000134 ISSN 1877-6272 ISBN 978 90 04 18779 5 Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. For my parents, Magdalena and Nicolae Jianu CONTENTS List of Figures ..................................................................................... ix List of Abbreviations ......................................................................... xi Acknowledgements ............................................................................ xiii Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 PART ONE STUDENTS AND REVOLUTIONARIES 1844–1848 Jules Michelet, “Madame Rosetti”, 1855 ......................................... 17 1837–1841: Early Diplomatic Ventures .......................................... 28 1844–1848: The Collège de France: Sociability and Protest ....... 33 Jules Michelet and ‘Les Franco-Roumains’: Dumitru Brătianu ... 51 1848 in Paris and Europe ................................................................. 62 1848–1849: Bucharest between St. Petersburg and Constantinople ............................................................................... 67 A Transylvanian Interlude ................................................................ 90 1848: Epilogue .................................................................................... 93 PART TWO EXILE 1849–1855 1849, Paris: Early Days in Exile ....................................................... 115 1849: Dumitru Brătianu and the English ‘philo-Romanians’ ..... 127 Hungarians and Romanians in 1849–1850 .................................... 136 April 1849: The Transylvanian Debacle ......................................... 164 July–August 1849 ............................................................................... 167 September 1849 .................................................................................. 172 December 1849 .................................................................................. 175 1850: ‘La Roumanie’ .......................................................................... 178 April–September 1850 ....................................................................... 183 viii contents 1851: London. Mazzini’s European Democratic Committee ...... 189 1851: London-Bucharest-Paris ......................................................... 196 1852: Nantes-Paris-Bucharest .......................................................... 214 1853: Nantes-Paris-London .............................................................. 223 1853: Paris: “Madame Rosetti” ........................................................ 234 1853–1854: Paris: Ion Brătianu and the ‘Hippodrome Affair’ ... 242 1853: Paris-Gallipoli-Constantinople: Rosetti’s War .................... 252 January–February 1854: London ..................................................... 258 January 1854: Serbia .......................................................................... 263 The Crimean War .............................................................................. 273 The Daily News and the Romanian Principalities ........................ 278 The End of the War and the Peace Conference ............................ 285 PART THREE THE RETURN OF THE EXILES 1856–1857 A Republican Funeral ....................................................................... 291 The Ad-hoc Assemblies and the European Commissioners ....... 293 July 1856 .............................................................................................. 301 6 October: The Brighton Meeting ................................................... 305 1857 ...................................................................................................... 313 The Elections ...................................................................................... 320 1858: The Congress of Paris and the Union of the Principalities ................................................................................... 326 EPILOGUE After Exile ........................................................................................... 333 The Uses of the Press ........................................................................ 345 The ‘People Question’ ........................................................................ 350 The Uses of Exile ................................................................................ 353 Liberalism in Romania ...................................................................... 357 Conclusions ......................................................................................... 359 Bibliography ........................................................................................ 363 Index .................................................................................................... 377 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Map of the Romanian Principalities, Transylvania and the Ottoman Empire showing the main locations of the Moldo-Wallachian revolutionaries in exile, c. 1848–1858 ...... xv Fig. 2: Marie Rosetti as Revolutionary Romania by Constantin D. Rosenthal, c. 1850. Reproduced by kind permission of the National Art Museum, Bucharest, Romania ...................... 16 Fig. 3: Constantin D. Rosenthal, Portrait of Marie Rosetti, undated (c. 1850) (Oil on synthetic slate) Reproduced by kind permission of the National Art Museum, Bucharest, Romania .......................................................................................... 114

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A Circle of Friends Balkan Studies Library Editor-in-Chief Zoran Milutinović, University College London Editorial Board Gordon N. Bardos, Columbia University Alex Drace-Francis, University of Liverpool Jasna Dragović-Soso, Goldsmiths, University of London Christian Voss, Humboldt University, Berlin Advisory Board Marie-Janine Calic, University of Munich Lenard J. Cohen, Simon Fraser University Radmila Gorup, Columbia University Robert M. Hayden, University of Pittsburgh Robert Hodel, Hamburg University Anna Krasteva, New Bulgarian University Galin Tihanov, The University of Manchester Maria Todorova, University of Illinois Andrew Wachtel, Northwestern University VOLUME 3 A Circle of Friends Romanian Revolutionaries and Political Exile, 1840–1859 By Angela Jianu LEIDEN • BOSTON 2011 On the cover: The Constitution, Bucharest, 11 June 1848. Copy after a watercolor by Costake Petrescu, undated. Reproduced by kind permission of the Museum of National History, Bucharest, Romania. The text on the flag reads: “Justice, Brotherhood”, the slogan of the Romanian revolutionaries. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jianu, Angela. A circle of friends : Romanian revolutionaries and political exile, 1840–1859 / by Angela Jianu. p. cm. — (Balkan studies library, ISSN 1877-6272 ; v. 3) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-18779-5 (hbk. : acid-free paper) 1. Revolutionaries—Romania— History—19th century. 2. Revolutionaries—Romania—Biography. 3. Exiles— Romania—Biography. 4. Exiles—Europe—Biography. 5. Romania—History— 1821–1859—Biography. 6. Romania—History—Revolution, 1848. 7. Romania— Politics and government—1821–1866. 8. Europe—Politics and government— 1848–1871. 9. Transnationalism—Political aspects—Europe—History—19th century. 10. Nation-building—Europe—History—19th century. I. Title. DR244.J53 2011 949.8’016—dc22 2011000134 ISSN 1877-6272 ISBN 978 90 04 18779 5 Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. For my parents, Magdalena and Nicolae Jianu CONTENTS List of Figures ..................................................................................... ix List of Abbreviations ......................................................................... xi Acknowledgements ............................................................................ xiii Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 PART ONE STUDENTS AND REVOLUTIONARIES 1844–1848 Jules Michelet, “Madame Rosetti”, 1855 ......................................... 17 1837–1841: Early Diplomatic Ventures .......................................... 28 1844–1848: The Collège de France: Sociability and Protest ....... 33 Jules Michelet and ‘Les Franco-Roumains’: Dumitru Brătianu ... 51 1848 in Paris and Europe ................................................................. 62 1848–1849: Bucharest between St. Petersburg and Constantinople ............................................................................... 67 A Transylvanian Interlude ................................................................ 90 1848: Epilogue .................................................................................... 93 PART TWO EXILE 1849–1855 1849, Paris: Early Days in Exile ....................................................... 115 1849: Dumitru Brătianu and the English ‘philo-Romanians’ ..... 127 Hungarians and Romanians in 1849–1850 .................................... 136 April 1849: The Transylvanian Debacle ......................................... 164 July–August 1849 ............................................................................... 167 September 1849 .................................................................................. 172 December 1849 .................................................................................. 175 1850: ‘La Roumanie’ .......................................................................... 178 April–September 1850 ....................................................................... 183 viii contents 1851: London. Mazzini’s European Democratic Committee ...... 189 1851: London-Bucharest-Paris ......................................................... 196 1852: Nantes-Paris-Bucharest .......................................................... 214 1853: Nantes-Paris-London .............................................................. 223 1853: Paris: “Madame Rosetti” ........................................................ 234 1853–1854: Paris: Ion Brătianu and the ‘Hippodrome Affair’ ... 242 1853: Paris-Gallipoli-Constantinople: Rosetti’s War .................... 252 January–February 1854: London ..................................................... 258 January 1854: Serbia .......................................................................... 263 The Crimean War .............................................................................. 273 The Daily News and the Romanian Principalities ........................ 278 The End of the War and the Peace Conference ............................ 285 PART THREE THE RETURN OF THE EXILES 1856–1857 A Republican Funeral ....................................................................... 291 The Ad-hoc Assemblies and the European Commissioners ....... 293 July 1856 .............................................................................................. 301 6 October: The Brighton Meeting ................................................... 305 1857 ...................................................................................................... 313 The Elections ...................................................................................... 320 1858: The Congress of Paris and the Union of the Principalities ................................................................................... 326 EPILOGUE After Exile ........................................................................................... 333 The Uses of the Press ........................................................................ 345 The ‘People Question’ ........................................................................ 350 The Uses of Exile ................................................................................ 353 Liberalism in Romania ...................................................................... 357 Conclusions ......................................................................................... 359 Bibliography ........................................................................................ 363 Index .................................................................................................... 377 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Map of the Romanian Principalities, Transylvania and the Ottoman Empire showing the main locations of the Moldo-Wallachian revolutionaries in exile, c. 1848–1858 ...... xv Fig. 2: Marie Rosetti as Revolutionary Romania by Constantin D. Rosenthal, c. 1850. Reproduced by kind permission of the National Art Museum, Bucharest, Romania ...................... 16 Fig. 3: Constantin D. Rosenthal, Portrait of Marie Rosetti, undated (c. 1850) (Oil on synthetic slate) Reproduced by kind permission of the National Art Museum, Bucharest, Romania .......................................................................................... 114

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