A Checklist of the Naturalized Vascular Plants of Western Australia II: Changes 1994-2004

2012·7 MB·English

by  Greg Keighery

A CHECKLIST OF THE NATURALIZED VASCULAR
PLANTS OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA II:
CHANGES 1994-2004
By GREG KEIGHERY
Western Australian Conservation Science Centre,
Department of Environment and Conservation,
Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia, 6983.
ABSTRACT
Weed numbers continue to increase at a steady rate, but
explanations of the causes are often lacking. Checklists of
naturalised plants for Western Australia produced in 1994,
1999 and 2004 were used to collate the reasons for these
new records.
Between these checklists the number of recorded
naturalised taxa rose from 1,073 to 1,234. The major causes of
these differences were increased survey effort which added
105 previously unrecorded weeds. Literature survey /
taxonomic revisions added another 95, highlighting the
importance of timely taxonomic studies of collections of
weeds and the need to systematically incorporate this
information into databases. During this period 47 species
previously listed as naturalised were deleted, but 94 taxa on
the verge of becoming naturalised were also added as garden
escapes.
Despite many “new” records being the result of increased
taxonomic effort, the number of naturalised species
continues to increase at a steady rate (the number of
completely new records occurring at a rate of
approximately 10 per year over the survey period).
Approximately 70% of these new weeds were deliberately
introduced as ornamentals or for agriculture.
INTRODUCTION field guide (Hussey et al 1997). An
interim updated list was
In 1994 1 prepared a checklist of
prepared in 1999 (Keighery 1999)
the naturalized weeds of West¬
and a new checklist of weeds
ern Australia, with particular
distributed in natural regions of
reference to environmental
Western Australia was prepared
weeds (Keighery 1995). This list
in 2003 (Keighery and Longman
was used as the basic list for
2004).
“Western Weeds”, the State weed
120
The weed flora of any region is Table 1. Summary of Checklists of
highly dynamic, with species Naturalized Vascular Plants of
previously recorded being shown Western Australia
not to be naturalised, being
Keighery 1994
eradicated or failing to natu¬
6 Ferns; 7 Conifers; 318
ralise. However, the recorded
Monocotyledons; 701 Dicotyledons
weed flora of Australia con¬
Total: 1,032
tinues to increase rapidly despite 41 listed as doubtfully naturalized
these corrections and deletions. Garden Escapes not listed
This was also true for the decade
Keighery 1999
between the checklists in West¬
6 Ferns; 12 Conifers; 342
ern Australia, where the number
Monocotyledons; 795 Dicotyledons
of recorded naturalised taxa
Total: 1,155
recorded rose from 1,073 to 1,234, 41 still listed as doubtfully naturalized
a rate of nearly 20 new records 81 “Garden Escapes”
per year.
Keighery and Longman 2004
The reasons for these increases 12 Ferns; 15 Conifers; 345
are of considerable interest to Monocotyledons; 862 Dicotyledons
managers of weeds as they can Total: 1,234
indicate where to target educa¬ 47 deleted (13 no longer naturalized;
tion and prevention campaigns 34 no evidence)
94 “Garden Escapes”
to slow these increases.
One method of quantifying
checklists of the naturalised
changes to the weed flora of
vascular flora of Western
Western Australia is to examine
Australia. In 1994 there were
the causes of the differences
1,032 naturalised plant taxa
between these checklists. 1 was
recorded for Western Australia.
requested by the Weed Society to
This number rose to 1,073 if one
attempt to undertake such an
included the 41 species Keighery
analysis and this paper docu¬
(1995) listed as doubtfully
ments the changes in the decade
naturalised for which there was
between the 1994 list and the
an old herbarium specimen in
2004 list.
the Western Australian Herb¬
This is the second in a series of
arium (PERTH) with no ad¬
papers dealing with the natural¬
ditional information apart from
ised vascular plants of Western
an often general locality.
Australia. The first produced a
In order to increase accuracy a
new checklist of Weeds distribu¬
new category of garden escape
ted in natural regions for
(Keighery 1983, 1986) was also
Western Australia (Keighery and
introduced in the 1999 checklist.
Longman 2004).
This was to document those
species either:
RESULTS - recorded as present in
Table 1 summarizes the three management plans, reserve or
121
bushland checklists but added to the list of naturalized
lacking other information, or plants between 1994 and 2004,
with details as to the source of
- those which were known to be
either spreading slowly via the record (literature, field
survey or a new record and the
vegetative means or seed, or
reference or voucher collection
- present as a single population
of that record). In order to have a
or very localised.
complete checklist the 2004 list
Such species are either in the (Keighery and Longman 2004)
process of naturalizing but are should be read in conjunction
easily eradicated either by chance with Table 2 presented here.
or deliberate action. These species
From these listings it is
now numbering 94 in total have
immediately apparent that the
a large component of Australian
changes in the listings originated
natives (25 of 94 or 26.6%),
in two distinct categories, either
suggesting these may form a
1: from survey work, or
potential reservoir of future
weeds (Keighery 2002). Recent 2: from extensive review of
statements in significant horti¬ taxonomic literature (revis¬
cultural literature (Clayton 2006 ions, Flora of Australia
- “There is no such thing as a treatments, State and local
native weed in Australia; plants Floras) and weed workers per¬
that cause problems all come sonal communications that
from overseas”) suggest that there occurred after the 1994 list
is still a considerable need for was prepared.
public education in this area.
By 2004 the number of
naturalised plants (species, sub¬ NEW WEED RECORDS
species and varieties) had risen
There were 105 previously
from 1032 to 1234 (Table 1), an
unrecorded weeds added to the
apparent increase of 19.6%,
list between 1994 and 2004 (Table
despite 47 species (4.6%) being
2), 27 of these were recorded in
deleted as no longer naturalized
the tropical Kimberley, 5 in the
These were almost entirely the 41
deserts (ranging from the Tanami
species listed as doubtfully
to the Nullarbor) and 73 from the
naturalized in 1994.
Mediterranean southern Western
The greatest percentage changes Australia.
occurred in the ferns (6 to 12; up
This paper also lists five new
100%), the Gymnosperms (7 to 15;
weed records (Freesia laxa,
up 114%) and in the Dicotyledons
Lapeirousia anceps, Arabidopsis
(701 to 865; up 18.7%).
thaliana, Heliophila sp (Gunyidi)
Table 2 presents as an annotated and Euphorbia chamaesyce)
list those taxa in family recorded for Western Australia
alphabetical order (following the since the publication of the 2004
checklist order) which were checklist.
122
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