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THE RAFFLES BULLETINOFZOOLOGY2000 Supplement No. 8: 569-667 © National UniversityofSingapore A CHECKLIST OF THE FISHES OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA Editors: John E. Randall DepartmentofZoology, BishopMuseum, 1525Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA. Kelvin K. P. Lim RafflesMuseum ofBiodiversityResearch, DepartmentofBiologicalSciences, The National UniversityofSingapore, KentRidge, Singapore 119260, SiNGAPORE. Contributors: Alien, GeraldR. (Western Australian Museum, Perth, WA, Australia) Amaoka, Kunio (Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan) Anderson, Jr., William D. (GriceMarine BiologicalLaboratory,Charleston, SC, USA) Bellwood,DavidR. (James CookUniversity, Townsville, QLD, Australia) Bohlke, EugeniaB. (AcademyofNaturalSciences,PA, USA) Bradbury,MargaretG. (Moss LandingMarine Laboratories,CA, USA) Carpenter, KentE. (Old DominionUniversity, Norfolk, VA, USA) Caruso,John H. (New Orleans, LO, USA) Cohen, Anne C. (Los Angeles CountyMuseumofNaturalHistory, CA, USA) Cohen, DanielM. (Los Angeles CountyMuseum ofNatural History, CA, USA) Collette,BruceB. (NOAA, NationalMuseumofNatural History, Washington, D.C., USA) Compagno,LeonardJ. V. (South AfricanMuseum,CapeTown, SouthAfrica) Dooley,James K. (Adelphi University,GardenCity,NY, USA) Ferraris,Jr., CarlJ. (CaliforniaAcademyofSciences, SanFrancisco, CA, USA) Fricke, Ronald (StaatlichesMuseumflirNaturkunde Stuttgart,Germany) Fritzsche, Ronald A. (HumboldtStateUniversity, Areata, CA, USA) Gill, Anthony C. (TheNaturalHistory Museum, London, UK) Gon, Ofer(JLB SmithInstituteofIchthyology, Grahamstown, SouthAfrica) Greenfield, DavidW. (UniversityofHawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA) Heemstra, PhillipC. (JLB SmithInstituteofIchthyology, Grahamstown, SouthAfrica) Hulley, P. A. (South AfricanMuseum, CapeTown, SouthAfrica) Hutchins, J. Barry (WesternAustralian Museum, Perth, WA, Australia) Imai, Kensuke (Oshino Village, Yamanashi Prefecture,Japan) Ivantsoff, W. (MacquarieUniversity, NSW, Australia) Iwamoto,Tomio (CaliforniaAcademyofSciences, SanFrancisco, CA, USA) Johnson, G. David (NationalMuseumofNatural History,Washington, D.C., USA) Johnson, Jeff(QueenslandMuseum, Brisbane, QLD, Australia) Kailola, PatriciaJ. (Newnharn, TAS, Australia) Kishimoto, Hirokazu(Tokai University, Shizuoka,Japan) Knapp, Leslie W. (National MuseumofNatural History,Washington,D.C., USA) Kottelat, Maurice (Cornol, Switzerland) Larson, Helen K. (Museum&Art GalleryoftheNorthernTerritory, Darwin, Australia) Last, PeterR. (CSIRO DivisionofFisheries,Hobart, TAS, Australia) Leis, Jeffrey M. (AustralianMuseum, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Markle, Douglas F. (OregonStateUniversity, Corvallis, OR, USA) Matsuura, Keiichi (NationalScienceMuseum, Tokyo, Japan) McCosker,JohnE. (CaliforniaAcademyofSciences, SanFrancisco, CA, USA) McGrouther, MarkA. (AustralianMuseum, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Mooi, Randall D. (MilwaukeePublicMuseum, Milwaukee, WI, USA) Moore, Jon A. (Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA) Munroe, Thomas A. (NOAA, NationalMuseumofNaturalHistory, Washington,D.e., USA) Nelson, Joseph S. (UniversityofAlberta, Edmonton, Canada) 569 Randall & Lim: A checklist ofthe fishes ofthe South China Sea Nielsen, Jl'lrgen G. (Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, Denmark) Nizinski, MarthaS. (c/o NOAA, NationalMuseumofNatural History, Washington, D.C., USA) Olney, John E. (VirginiaInstituteofMarine Science, GloucesterPoint, VA, USA) Parenti, Lynne R. (National Museum ofNaturalHistory, Washington, D.C., USA) Parin, N. V. (P. P. ShirshofInstituteofOceanology, Russian Academy ofSciences,Moscow, Russia) Paxton, John R. (AustralianMuseum, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Pietsch,Theodore W. (University ofWashington, Seatlle,WA, USA) Poss, StuartG. (GulfCoastResearch Laboratory, Ocean Springs, MS, USA) Pyle, RichardL. (Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, USA) Richards, William J. (NationalMarine Fisheries Service,Miami, FL, USA) Russell, BarryC. (Museum& ArtGallery oftheNorthernTerritory, Darwin, NT, Australia) Sasaki, Kunio (Kochi University, Kochi, Japan) Senou, Hiroshi (KanagawaPrefecturalMuseumofNatural History, Japan) ShaoKwang-Tsao (AcademiaSinica,Taipei) Smith, David(NationalMuseumofNatural History, Washington, D.C., USA) Smith-Vaniz, WilliamF. (U.S. FishandWildlife Service,Gainesville, FL, USA) Springer, VictorG. (NationalMuseum ofNatural History, Washington, D.C.,USA) Starnes,WayneC. (North CarolinaStateMuseumofNatural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA) Tighe, KennethA. (National Museum ofNaturalHistory,Washington, D.e., USA) Vari, RichardT. (National Museum ofNaturalHistory,Washington, D.C., USA) Westneat, MarkW. (FieldMuseumofNaturalHistory, Chicago, IL, USA) Williams, Jeffrey T. (National MuseumofNaturalHistory,Washington, D.C., USA) Woodland, DavidJ. (The University ofNew England, Armidale, NSW, Australia) ABSTRACT. -The SouthChinaSealies in the tropical zone ofthe western Pacific OceanoffthesoutheastcorneroftheAsiancontinentandcoversatotalareaofabout 3,400,000squarekilometers. Some3,365 speciesofmarinefishes arerecordedfrom the area. The inshore fishes may have been relatively well-studied, but the pelagic anddeepseafaunaisnot, asaresmallfisheswhichinhabitreefsatdepthsbeyondthe reachofSCUBAdivers. Thesedeepseahabitats areidentifiedasimportantareasfor future exploration. INTRODUCTION The SouthChina Sea(Fig. I) lies inthe tropical zone ofthe western Pacific Oceanoffthe southeastcorneroftheAsiancontinent,borderedontheeastbyanarcofislandscomprising Taiwan, the Philippines, and Borneo. It covers a total area of about 3,400,000 square kilometers. Tothe southitcontainsthenorthernpartoftheSundaShelfwithdepths ofless than 200 meters and numerous small islands and coral reefs. By contrast, to the south of Taiwan and west ofthe Philippines and Sabah, there are deep basins to depths of nearly 5,000 meters. Within the central and northern part of the Sea are shallow banks, two of which contain the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands. The South China Sea is known for both its high productivity and the rich diversity ofits plants and animals. At least 3,365 species offish are recorded from the area. Because of concern ofthe overexploitationofthe biological resources ofthe South China Sea, andin view ofthe many nations utilizing theseresources, a workshop was initiated as afirst step tobetterunderstandthe diversity ofmajorgroups oforganismsinthe area. The workshop 570 THE RAFFLES BULLETINOFZOOLOGY2000 Supplement No. 8 was heldattheDepartmentofBiologicalSciences oftheNational UniversityofSingapore from the 7th to the 10th ofMay, 1997. Thelists offishes providedby the workshopparticipants from nations borderingthe South ChinaSeaweremadeavailable,familybyfamily,tosystematicichthyologistswhospecialize inthesefamilies. Thosewhorespondedhaveintegratedandupdatedtheirrespectivefamily lists for this publication. Theselists arepresentedhere with the names ofthe authors who prepared or verified them. Following the lists are selected references suggested by the participantsandthechecklistauthorsasthemostusefulfortheidentificationofSouthChina Sea fishes. ":Paracel SOUTH CHINA SEA Thilu .;Nanshan .' ~.ConSon •Spratly 9' SuluSea ..!.o,Banggi'. .:'JJ.••.•9",., '·0 Bunguran .... 'bo"<": Anambas .~ ,':'Archipelago . '. ~..;~----,-EQUATOR------- Fig. la. The South ChinaSea, as defined in the present paper. 571 Randall & Lim: A checklist ofthe fishes ofthe South China Sea Forthepresentchecklist,wehavetakentheTropicofCancerfromthewestcoastofTaiwan across the Taiwan Strait as the northern boundary of the South China Sea. We have intentionally not included the part ofTaiwan north ofthe Tropic ofCancerbecause some warmtemperateJapanesespeciesoffishesrangesouthwardtothecoolerwatersofnorthern Taiwan,butclearlyshouldnotbegroupedwithtropicalspecies. Theequatorisheredefined for ourchecklistas the southern boundaryofthe Sea. The GulfofTonkinandthe Gulfof Thailand are included within the area ofthe checklist. Thechecklistispresentedintaxonomicorder:class,order,family, genusandspecies. Many ofthe fishes that are common and wide-ranging have numerousjuniorsynonyms, most of which have long been recognised as invalid. Mostofthese well-known synonyms are not listed,butthecontributorshadtheoptionoflistingjuniorsynonymsthathavebeeninrecent use. Thecontributorsalsohadtheoptionoflistingspeciesthathavenotbeenreportedfrom the South China Sea, butare expectedto occurdue to their wide distribution and presence inperipheralareas. Wherelisted,thesespeciesappearattheendofeachfamily listandare marked with a *. These names are not included in the total count ofthe fish diversity of the area. With some exceptions (e.g. Atherionidae, Scorpaenidae and Gobiidae) the presentation ofthe orders and families offishes largely follows Eschmeyer(1998: vol. 3). The fishes listed are those species that complete their life cycle in the sea; therefore, anadromousforms suchastheanguillideelsandcertaingobioidfishesareexcluded. Brackish water fishes such as those ofestuaries or mangrove shores are included. Our knowledge ofthe systematics ofSouthChina Seafishes has slowly accumulatedover theyears. Manyofthemarinefishes oftheIndo-Malayanregionwere describedbyCuvier & Valenciennes (1828-1849) intheir22-volume series HistoireNaturelle de Poissons, and byBleekerinnumerouspapersonIndonesianfishes, culminatinginhisclassicnine-volume .. Pacific Ocean 30"N TropicofC;.mccr IndianOcean 30"8 :..(lO" 1200 180"E Fig. lb. Positionofthe South China Seain the lndo-west Pacific region. 572 THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OFZOOLOGY 2000 Supplement No. 8 AtlasIchthyologique desIndes OrientalesNeerlandaises (1862-1877). Also ofimportance in the earlyliteraturefortheregion are Richardson's Reporton the Ichthyology ofthe Seas ofChina andJapan (1846), Cantor's Catalogue ofMalayan Fishes (1849) and Giinther's eight-volume Catalogue ofthe Fishes ofthe BritishMuseum (1859-1870). Forthe present century,theimportantregionalstudiesincludeFowler& Bean'sandFowler's (1928-1941) analysisofthehugecollectionsoffishesmadefromtheU.S.steamer'Albatross'inPhilippine seas and adjacent waters during the years 1907-1910; Fowler's synopsis of the fishes of China (1930-1962) and Chevey (1932) reported on the fishes ofIndo-China; Fowler's list ofthe fishes ofMalaya (1938); Smith (1945) on the freshwater fishes ofThailand (which includesbrackishandanadromousspecies);Herre's CheckListofPhilippineFishes(1953); Rofen's Handbook ofthe Food Fishes ofthe GulfofThailand (1963); Fourmanoir & Do Thi's listofthe fishes ofNha-Trang, Vietnam(1965); Chan's partoneofMarine Fishes of HongKong(1968);Fischer& Whitehead(1974)aseditorsoftheFAOSpeciesIdentification Sheets, EasternIndianOceanandtheWesternCentralPacific. Morerecentandnoteworthy publications on South China Sea fish fauna include Alfred (1980), Kyushin et al. (1982), Tanetal. (1982),Changetal. (1982),Shaoetal. (1992), Shenetal. (1993),Kuiter& Debelius (1994),Chenetal. (1995,1997), Ni & Kwok(1999)andCarpenter& Niem(1998,inpress) as editors ofthe FAO species identification guide to The Living Marine Resources ofthe Western Central Pacific. Mesopelagic fishes are includedin the works ofYang & Huang (1983) and Yang et al. (1996). Many ofthe scientific names offishes used in the above publications have been updated by recent revisions ofgenera and families. Full citations for the publications on South China Seafishes are given atthe end ofthis checklist, along with references recommended by the contributors for their families. In this checklist, a total of3,365 species offishes are recorded from the South China Sea. The coverage of species diversity is, however, clearly not complete. Although we have included ahigh percentageofthe fishes from inshorehabitats, the coverage ofpelagic and deep seafamilies is deficient. Also, small fishes which occuron rock substrates at depths greater than those normally reached by divers using SCUBA have not been adequately sampled. Suchfishes are not aptto be takenby trawls orbycommercialhandlines (where onlythelargerfoodfishes aretargeted). Thisdeepreefhabitatremainsasanareaforfuture exploration, not only for the South China Sea, but for all the warm water regions of the world. Itis hopedthatsupportwill, inthenearfuture, befound toproduce andpublishadatabase ofSouthChinaSeafishes thatwill providecommon names, distribution, habitat, andwhat may be known of the biology of these fishes. As an ultimate objective, we envision a guidebook,well-illustratedincolour,tothecommerciallyimportantfishesoftheSouthChina Sea which would include fishes ofthe aquarium trade as well as the food fishes. Such a bookis needed to provide the bases for the compilation ofcatch statistics, the research of fishery biologists, and most important, the wise management offishery resources. SYSTEMATIC CONTENTS Myxini -J. R. Paxton Elasmobranchii -L. J. V. Compagno Holocephali -L. J. V. Compagno 573 Randall & Lirn: A checklist ofthe fishes ofthe South China Sea Actinopterygii (Osteichthyes) Elopiformes Editors Albuliformes J. E. Randall Notacanthiformes Editors Anguilliformes - Moringuidae - D. G. Smith Chlopsidae - K. A. Tighe Muraenidae - E. B. Bohlke & J. E. McCosker Synaphobranchidae - D. G. Smith Ophichthidae - J. E. McCosker Colocongridae - D. G. Smith Congridae - D. G. Smith Muraenesocidae - D. G. Smith Nemichthyidae - D. G. Smith Nettastomatidae - D. G. Smith Clupeiformes T. A. Munroe & M. S. Nizinski Gonorynchiformes C. J. Ferraris, Jf. Siluriformes - Bagridae - K. K. P. Urn Pangasiidae - K. K. P. Urn Ariidae - P. J. Kailola Plotosidae - C. J. Ferraris, Jr. Osmeriformes - Argentinidae -1. R. Paxton, D. M.Cohen & A. C. Cohen Microstomatidae - J. R. Paxton, D. M.Cohen &A. C. Cohen Opisthoproctidae - J. R. Paxton, D. M.Cohen & A. C. Cohen Alepocephalidae - Editors Salangidae - K. K. P. Urn Stomiiformes Editors Ateleopodiformes Editors Aulopiformes - Aulopidae -J. R. Paxton Chlorophthalmidae -1. R. Paxton Ipnopidae - J. R. Paxton Scopelarchidae - J. R. Paxton Notosudidae - J. R. Paxton Giganturidae - J. R. Paxton Synodontidae - B. C. Russell Paralepididae - J. R. Paxton Evermannellidae - J. R. Paxton Omosudidae - 1. R. Paxton Alepisauridae - J. R. Paxton Myctophiformes J. R. Paxton & P. A. Hulley Lampridiformes J. E. Olney Polymixiiformes J. R. Paxton Gadiformes T.lwamoto Ophidiiformes - Ophidiidae - J. G. Nielsen Carapidae - D. F. Markle Bythitidae - J. G. Nielsen Batrachoidiformes D. W. Greenfield Lophiiformes - Lophiidae - J. H. Caruso Antennariidae -T. W. Pietsch Chaunacidae - J. H. Caruso Ogcocephalidae - M. G. Bradbury Melanocetidae - J. H. Caruso Himantolophidae - Editors Ceratiidae - Editors Gobiesociformes J. Barry Hutchins Atheriniformes - Atherionidae - W. Ivantsoff Atherinidae - W. Ivantsoff Notocheiridae - W. Ivantsoff Phallostethidae - L. R. Parenti Cyprinodontiformes L. R. Parenti Beloniformes - Belonidae - B. B. Collette 574 THE RAFFLES BULLETINOFZOOLOGY2000 Supplement No. 8 Hemiramphidae - B. B. ColIette Exocoetidae - N. V. Parin Adrianichthyidae -L. R. Parenti Stephanoberyciformes - Hispidoberycidae -J. R. Paxton Melamphaidae -J. R. Paxton & J. A. Moore Gibberichthyidae - J. R. Paxton Beryciformes - Monocentridae -J. R. Paxton Trachichthyidae -J. R. Paxton & J. A. Moore Anomalopidae -J. R. Paxton & G. DavidJohnson Diretmidae - J. R. Paxton Anoplogastridae -J. R. Paxton Berycidae -J. R. Paxton Holocentridae -J. E. Randall Cetomimiformes J. R. Paxton Zeiforrnes P. C. Heemstra Gasterosteiformes Editors Syngnathiformes - Aulostomidae - R. Fritzsche Fistulariidae - R. Fritzsche Centriscidae - R. Fritzsche Solenostomidae - R. Fritzsche Syngnathidae -Editors Synbranchiformes K. K. P. Lim Scorpaeniformes - Scorpaenidae - S. G. Poss Caracanthidae - S. G. Poss Aploactinidae - S. G. Poss Dactylopteridae - S. G. Poss Plectrogenidae -Editors Bembridae -Editors Triglidae - W. J. Richards Peristediidae - W. J. Richards Platycephalidae -L. W. Knapp Hoplichthyidae -M. A. McGrouther Perciformes - Centropornidae - K. K. P. Um Ambassidae - G. R. AlIen Percichthyidae - Editors Serranidae -J. E. Randall Symphysanodontidae - W. D. Anderson, Jr. Centrogeniidae - A. C. Gill Pseudochromidae - A. C. Gill CalIanthiidae - W. D. Anderson, Jr. Plesiopidae -R. D. Mooi Opistognathidae - W. F. Smith-Vaniz Terapontidae - R. P. Vari Banjosidae -Editors Kuhliidae -Editors Priacanthidae - W. C. Starnes Apogonidae - G. R. Alien Epigonidae -O. Gon Sillaginidae - K. K. P. Lim Malacanthidae -J. K. Dooley Lactariidae - K. K. P. Lim Scombropidae - P. C. Heemstra Pomatomidae - B. B. ColIette Rachycentridae -B. B. Collette Echeneidae - B. B. ColIette Carangidae - W. F. Smith-Vaniz Coryphaenidae -B. B. ColIette Menidae -D. J. Woodland Leiognathidae - D. J. Woodland Bramidae - K. T. Shao 575 Randall & Lirn: A checklist ofthe fishes ofthe South China Sea Emmelichthyidae - Editors Lutjanidae - G. R. Allen Caesionidae - K. E. Carpenter Lobotidae - K. K. P. Lim Gerreidae - D. J. Woodland Haemulidae -J. Johnson Sparidae - K. E. Carpenter Lethrinidae - K. E. Carpenter Nemipteridae - B. C. Russell Sciaenidae - K. Sasaki Polynemidae - Editors Mullidae -J. E. Randall Pempheridae - R. D. Mooi Glaucosomatidae - K. K. P. Lim Bathyclupeidae - J. R. Paxton Toxotidae - G. R. Allen Kyphosidae -Editors Drepaneidae - P. C. Heemstra Monodactylidae - M. Kottelat Chaetodontidae - R. L. Pyle Pomacanthidae - R. L. Pyle Pentacerotidae - P. C. Heemstra Oplegnathidae -Editors Cirrhitidae -J. E. Randall Cheilodactylidae - J. E. Randall Cepolidae - K. Imai Mugilidae - H. Senou Cichlidae - K. K. P. Lim Pomacentridae - G. R. Allen Labridae - M. W. Westneat Scaridae - D. R. Bellwood Chiasmodontidae - J. R. Paxton Champsodontidae -Editors Ammodytidae - B. B. Collette Uranoscopidae - H. Kishimoto Trichonotidae -J. S. Nelson Creediidae -J. S. Nelson Percophidae -J. S. Nelson Pinguipedidae -J. E. Randall Tripterygiidae - R. Fricke & J. T. Williams Clinidae -Editors Blenniidae - V. G. Springer Callionymidae - R. Fricke Draconettidae - R. Fricke Schindleriidae - H. K. Larson Gobiidae - H. K. Larson Kraemeriidae - H. K. Larson Microdesmidae - H. K. Larson Xenisthmidae - A. C. Gill Kurtidae - G. R. Allen Ephippidae - P. C. Heemstra Scatophagidae - M. Kottelat Siganidae - D. J. Woodland Zanclidae - J. E. Randall Acanthuridae - J. E. Randall Scombrolabracidae -Editors Sphyraenidae - H. Senou Gempylidae -Editors Trichiuridae -Editors Xiphiidae -Editors 576 THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OFZOOLOGY2000 Supplement No. 8 Istiophoridae - Editors Scombridae - B. B. Collette Centrolophidae - Editors Nomeidae - P. R. Last Ariommatidae - P. R. Last Stromateidae - P. R. Last Pleuronectiformes - Psettodidae - K. Amaoka Citharidae - K. Amaoka Paralichthyidae - K. Amaoka Bothidae - K. Amaoka Pleuronectidae - K. Amaoka Samaridae - K. Amaoka Soleidae - T. A. Munroe Cynoglossidae - T. A. Munroe Tetraodontiformes - Triacanthodidae - K. Matsuura Triacanthidae - K. Matsuura Balistidae - K.oMatsuura Monacanthidae - J. Barry Hutchins Ostraciidae - K. Matsuura Triodontidae - K. Matsuura Tetraodontidae - K. Matsuura Diodontidae - J. M. Leis Molidae - J. Barry Hutchins A CHECKLIST OF THE FISHES OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA Class MYXINI MYXINIFORMES Family Myxinidae (hagfishes) Eptatretus burgeri (Girard, 1855) Eptatretus chinensis Kuo & Mok, 1994 Eptatretus okinoseanus (Dean, 1904) Paramyxine cheni Shen & Tao, 1975 Paramyxinejernholmi Kuo, Huang & Mok, 1994 Paramyxine nelsoni Kuo, Huang & Mok, 1994 Paramyxine sheni Kuo, Huang & Mok, 1994 Class ELASMOBRANCHII HEXANCHIFORMES Family Hexanchidae (cow sharks) Heptranchias perlo (Bonnaterre, 1788) Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre, 1788) Hexanchus nakamurai Teng, 1962 Notorhynchus cepedianus (Peron, 1807) Family Chlamydoselachidae (frill sharks) Chlamydoselachus anguineus Garman, 1884 577 Randall & Lim: A checklist ofthe fishes ofthe South China Sea HETERODONTIFORMES Family Heterodontidae (horned sharks) Heterodontusjaponicus (Macleay, 1884) Heterod(7fltus zebra (Gray, 1831) ORECTOLOBIFORMES Family Rhincodontidae (whale sharks) Rhincodon typus (Smith, 1828) Family Parascyllidae (collared carpet sharks) Cirrhoscyllium expolitum Smith & Radcliffe, 1913 Cirrhoscylliumformosanum Teng, 1959 Family Orectolobidae (wobbegongs) Orectolobusjaponicus Regan, 1906 Orectolobus maculatus (Bonnaterre, 1788) Family Hemiscylliidae (bamboo sharks) Chiloscyllium griseum Miiller & Henle, 1838 Chiloscyllium hasselti Bleeker, 1852 Chiloscyllium indicum (Gmelin, 1789) Chiloscylliumplagiosum (Bennett, 1830) Chiloscylliumpunctatum Miiller & Henle, 1838 Family Stegostomatidae (zebra sharks) Stegostoma varium (Seba, 1758) Family Ginglymostomatidae (nurse sharks) Nebriusferrugineus (Lesson, 1830) LAMNIFORMES Family Odontaspididae (sand tiger sharks) Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810 Family Pseudocarchariidae (crocodile sharks) Pseudocarcharias kamoharai (Matsubara, 1936) Family Lamnidae (mackerel sharks) Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) [surus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810 [surus paucus Guitart Manday, 1966 Family Cetorhinidae (basking sharks) Cetorhinus maximus (Gunnerus, 1765) Family Alopidae (thresher sharks) Alopiaspelagicus Nakamura, 1935 Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1839) Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788) 578