Table Of Content

A B H rief istory s A of Audi rABiA second edition A B H rief istory s A of Audi rABiA second edition JAmes WynBrAndt Foreword by Fawaz A. Gerges A Brief History of Saudi Arabia, Second Edition Text copyright © 2010, 2004 by James Wynbrandt; foreword by Fawaz A. Gerges All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wynbrandt, James. A brief history of Saudi Arabia / James Wynbrandt; foreword by Fawaz A. Gerges. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8160-7876-9 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Saudi Arabia—History. I. Title. DS204.25.W96 2010 953.8—dc22 2010005466 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quan- tities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Excerpts included herewith have been reprinted by permission of the copyright holders; the author has made every effort to contact copyright holders. The publishers will be glad to rectify, in future editions, any errors or omissions brought to their notice. Text design by Joan M. McEvoy Composition by Mary Susan Ryan-Flynn Maps and charts by Dale Williams Cover printed by Art Print, Taylor, Pa. Book printed and bound by Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group, York, Pa. Date printed: June 2010 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents List of Illustrations vii List of Maps viii List of Charts ix Foreword x Acknowledgments xv Note on Photos xvi Note on Arabic Transliteration and Spelling xvii Introduction xviii 1 Arabia: The Land and Its Pre-Islamic History 1 2 The Birth of Islam (571–632) 24 3 The Islamic Empire and Arabia (632–1258) 47 4 The Golden Age of Islam (ca. 750–1258) 73 5 The Mamluks, the Ottomans, and the Wahhabi–Al Saud Alliance (1258–1745) 93 6 The First Saudi State (1745–1818) 117 7 Roots of Modern Arabia (1818–1891) 143 8 Unity and Independence (1891–1932) 164 9 Birth of a Kingdom (1932–1953) 187 10 A Path to World Power (1953–1973) 208 11 Oil and Arms (1973–1990) 233 12 The Gulf Crisis and Its Aftermath (1990–2001) 254 13 The Challenges Ahead 273 Appendixes 1 Glossary 317 2 Basic Facts about Saudi Arabia 321 3 Chronology 325 4 Bibliography 335 5 Suggested Reading 342 Index 347 List of illustrations Mountains of Asir 3 Tuwayq Escarpment 4 Desert 6 Petroglyphs 8 Bedouin with camels 17 The Kaaba 27 Medina 40 Illuminated manuscript page: The Battle of Badr 43 Tomb of the Prophet, Medina 48 Prophet’s Mosque, Medina 51 Dome of the Rock 55 Umayyad Mosque 56 Astrolabe 81 Illuminated manuscript page: Men producing lead 83 Calligraphy in the shape of a hawk 85 Historical map: The Red Sea 95 Old quay at port of Jeddah 96 Gates of Mecca at Jeddah 97 Remnants of Portuguese fortress 99 Springs at oasis in Hufuf 111 Illuminated manuscript page: Religious procession 118 Walled oasis town (Qasim) 124 Diriya skyline 126 Walls and turrets of Hufuf 130 Historical map: Arabia in 18th century 133 Ruins of Diriya 146 Riyadh, inside city walls 148 Mecca in the late 19th century 155 Ibn Saud, 1910 165 Masmak fortress 168 The Ikhwan 171 Hijaz Railway, abandoned station 173 Ibn Saud with Sir Percy Cox 176 Oil well 191 Ibn Saud with Casoc official at Ras Tanura 192 vii Tanker with first shipment of Saudi oil 193 Ibn Saud with President Franklin D. Roosevelt 197 Camel and bulldozer 201 Pilgrims with car in 1931 202 Riyadh and city walls from outside 205 Ibn Saud with young sons 207 King Saud 210 Nasser and Prince Faisal in Mecca 215 President Kennedy and Prince Faisal 223 Refinery at Jubail 234 Generating plant on the coast 235 King Khalid with Prince Abdullah 237 King Fahd 250 President George H. W. Bush and King Fahd in Riyadh 258 Afghan mujahideen consult with U.S. Marines in eastern Saudi Arabia 259 The Consultative Council 261 Crown Prince Abdullah 276 Leaders at the Arab League Summit 285 Men in traditional dress with swords at heritage festival 295 Hajj crowd 303 Saudi woman browsing for lingerie in Riyadh 306 Saudi man casting ballot during municipal elections 313 List of Maps Arabian Peninsula 2 Ancient Civilizations of Arabia 9 Trade Routes in Arabia 21 Islam’s Reach at the Time of Muhammad’s Death 45 Expansion of the Islamic Empire 61 Ottoman Control in Arabia 102 Central Arabia 104 Arabia’s Tribes and Their Territories 105 Ibn Saud’s Campaigns of Conquest, 1902–1932 181 Provinces of Saudi Arabia 263 Saudi Arabia and the Middle East 274 viii List of charts Genealogy of Muhammad 29 Genealogy of the Alid Line 63 Genealogy of the First Saudi State 107 Genealogy of the Uyaina Rulers 109 Genealogy of the House of Saud 149 ix