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A Brief History of India PDF

369 Pages·2006·6.276 MB·English
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A B H RIEF ISTORY I OF NDIA A B H RIEF ISTORY I OF NDIA J E. W UDITH ALSH State University of New York Old Westbury A Brief History of India Copyright © 2006 by Judith E. Walsh All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the pub- lisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Walsh, Judith E. A brief history of India / Judith E. Walsh p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-5658-7 1. India—History. I. Title. DS436.W34 2005 954—dc22 2005001892 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quanti- ties for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Joan M. Toro Cover design by Semadar Megged Illustrations by Sholto Ainslie Printed in the United States of America MP Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. For Ainslie Embree Contents List of Illustrations viii List of Maps ix List of Tables x Acknowledgments xi Note on Photos xii Introduction xiii 1 Land, Climate, and Prehistory 1 2 Caste, Kings, and the Hindu World Order (1000 B.C.–A.D.700) 20 3 Turks, Afghans, and Mughals (600–1800) 59 4 The Jewel in the Crown (1757–1885) 89 5 Becoming Modern—the Colonial Way (1800–1900) 125 6 Toward Freedom (1885–1920) 153 7 Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement (1920–1948) 178 8 Constructing the Nation (1950–1991) 207 9 Bollywood and Beyond (1947–2004) 239 10 India at the Turn of the Century (1991–2004) 264 Appendixes 1 Basic Facts about India 285 2 Chronology 290 3 Bibliography 308 4 Suggested Reading 321 Index 331 List of Illustrations Zebu bull seal from Mohenjo-Daro 7 Front and Back of Unicorn seal from Mohenjo-Daro 10 “Priest-King” from Mohenjo-Daro 12 Mahabalipuram rock carving, c. seventh century A.D., Pallava dynasty 21 The Horse Sacrifice, 1780s 24 The deer park at Sarnath 32 Lion capital on Ashokan pillar at Lauriya-Nandangarh, Bihar 38 Ajanta cave paintings 42 Jagannatha temple at Puri, Orissa 49 Krishna instructs Arjuna, wall carving at the Birla Mandir, New Delhi 51 Portrait of Aged Akbar, 17th century 74 Jama Masjid, New Delhi 82 Taj Mahal, Agra 83 An 18th-century palki 93 Government House, Calcutta, c. 1824 99 Mahadaji Sindhia, c. 1820 101 Sir Henry Lawrence in 1857 110 Two rajas from the Central Provinces 114 Bullock cart in Rajasthan 117 Chalk Farm at Meerut, 1883 119 St. Mary’s Church, Madras 121 Writers’ Building, Calcutta 127 Belvedere House, Calcutta 128 Jorasanko Thakurbari, Calcutta 129 Sadharan Brahmo Samaj temple, Calcutta 136 The Dance of the Emancipated Bengalee Lady, Gaganendranath Tagore, c. 1921 140 Dadabhai Naoroji 156 The science of noses 158 viii Ganesh, Bhubaneshwar, Orissa 164 Mohandas Gandhi in South Africa, 1903 174 Salt march crowds, 1930 191 Birla Mandir, New Delhi 197 Jinnah and Gandhi, 1944 202 Nehru, 1947 204 Buddhist conversions, New Delhi, 2001 212 RSS daily rituals, 2000 230 Rajiv Gandhi reelection billboard, 1984 232 Campaign poster for Janata Dal candidate, 1989 236 Urban shack, c. 1978 242 Man on bicycle 246 Ice cream parlor, South Delhi 247 Film posters, Victoria Station, Mumbai 251 Durga Puja pandal, New Delhi 259 Sarasvati Puja pandal, Calcutta 260 Demolition of the Babri Masjid, 1992 269 BJP campaign poster, 1996 275 Modi’s “Pride Yatra” 2002 282 Congress election celebration, 2004 283 List of Maps South Asia 2 Ancient River Valley Civilizations 8 Harappan Civilization Sites 11 Mauryan Empire at Its Greatest Extent, c. 269–232 B.C. 40 Kingdoms and Dynasties, 300 B.C.–A.D. 550 45 Gupta Empire at Its Greatest Extent, c. A.D. 375–415 48 Mughal Empire at the Death of Akbar (1605) and Aurangzeb (1707) 79 British India and the Princely States, c. 1947 113 Modern India, c. 2001 210 ix

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