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International Journal of Applied and Natural Sciences (IJANS) ISSN (P): 2319-4014; ISSN (E): 2319-4022 Vol. 6, Issue 1, Dec - Jan 2017; 65 - 68 © IASET EFFECT OF MOULD ON BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY OF GANODERMA LUCIDUM (LEYSS. EX FR. KARST) JAGDEEP SINGH, ASHWANI KUMAR, SURJEET SINGH, FATEH SINGH & MANMOHAN Mushroom Technology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India ABSTRACT In Haryana condition, studies carried on cultivation of G. lucidum during 2013 and 2014, a combination of wheat straw + saw dust (1:1), having a 20% dosage of wheat bran as supplement and amended with calcium sulphate (3%) and calcium carbonate (1%), was filled in polypropylene bags, plugged, sterilized and inoculated with wheat grains based spawn @ 3%. The bags were placed in mushroom house at 30±1˚C with 90±1% relative humidity. During cultivation mould incidence was less in supplemented substrate (10.00%) as compare to un-supplemented (14.00%) substrate for two consecutive years and which resulted in lower down the biological efficiency from 27.52% to 20.18% respectively. KEYWORDS: Ganoderma Lucidum, Substrates, Mould, Biological Efficiency INTRODUCTION Ganoderma lucidum is a basidiomycetous fungus that grows on dec aying logs and tree stumps. G. lucidum is a mushroom of medicinal importance and all parts of this mushroom namely spore, mycelium and fruiting body are used in pharmaceuticals. The basidiocarp of G. lucidum is a popular remedy to treat various human ailments such as chronic bronchitis, hepatitis, hypertension, arthritis, gastritis, tumour growth, diabetes; immunological disorder etc. (Ling Zhu et al., 2007). In India, it is also called by different names like “Jarh Phorh” while in Haryana; it is popularly called as “Satpatra” and “Hirdo”. It is also known as Lingzhi in Chinese; Reishi, Mannentake, or Sachitake in Japanese; and Youngzi in Korean. G. lucidum is an annual and in wild it does not grow more than once a year like some polypores, its fruiting body is quite tough and can last for month. It has been added to the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Therapeutic Compendium (Perumal, 2009). Current world production of G. lucidum is more than 6000 tonnes, half of which comes from China; whereas, world trade in this mushroom is approx. 1.5 billion US$, and about Rs.120 crores per annum in India (Geetha et al., 2012). G. lucidum cultivation is still low in India, where 1.2 million tonnes of mushrooms are produced annually and most of the cultivation is seasonal. Selection of a mushroom species for cultivation depends on the appropriate availability of raw materials required for the species and the suitability of environmental conditions and majority of the mushrooms are being cultivated on agro-residues like sawdust/ wood chips/ crop residues. In India, these raw materials are available in plenty and the country produces about 600 million tonnes of crop residues per year and the conditions are quite congenial for cultivation of medicinal mushrooms. Singh et al., (2007) reported that wheat straw, saw dust and their combination supported maximum mycelium growth of G. lucidum. The cultivation of G. lucidum follows a typical fruiting behaviour and in the beginning its stem is red and cap is yellow with white margin and the growth continues with colour of the pileus turning brownish red. Margin of the pileus stop growing after attaining the size of 4-7 cm but red colouration continues and www.iaset.us [email protected] 66 Jagdeep Singh, Ashwani Kumar, Surjeet Singh, Fateh Singh & Manmohan mature fruit body shows brownish red colouration with no white margin (Rai, 2003). The growth, spore release and spore germination in G. lucidum occur over a wide range of conditions. This versatility of fungus may explain the ubiquitous occurrence through a wide range of climates from various states in India. Therefore, keeping in mind, the increasing demand for medicinal mushrooms, especially of G. lucidum, the present work was undertaken to examine the responsible factor due to which biological efficiency was reduced using different agro-residues under natural conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mixture of wheat straw + saw dust (1:1) supplemented with 20% wheat bran, was used for G. lucidum cultivation and without supplementation served as control. The substrate was soaked in water for 10 hrs and after draining excess water, it was amended with calcium sulphate (3%) and calcium carbonate (1%). The wheat bran @ 20% was added as supplement. This was filled in polypropylene bags (500 g/bag) and plugged with non-absorbent cotton and sterilized at 22 psi for 2 hrs. After cooling the bags were inoculated with wheat grains based spawn @ 3% (dry weight bases) and placed in mushroom house. The temperature in mushroom house varied from 30±1˚C during the cultivation process and humidity was maintained by regularly spraying water in the mushroom house. The mature fruit bodies were harvested and the harvesting index was that, when margin of the pileus stopped growing after attaining the size of 4-6 cm and mature fruit bodies were brownish red with no white margin. The observations were recorded for mould/disease incidence. The biological efficiency was calculated by using following formula and the data were analyzed statistically. Yield of fruit body BE (%) = ––––––––––––––––– × 100 Weight of substrate The experimental design was a completely randomized design with five replications for each treatment. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The cultivation of G. lucidum was carried out during August-October, 2013 and February-April, 2014 under natural conditions, wheat straw + saw dust (1:1) as substrate with 20% wheat bran. The cultivation method has been derived under head of material and method. The data recorded during 2013 and 2014, was pooled and statistically analyzed (Table 1& Figure 1). The observations were recorded that the mould incidence was less in supplemented substrate (10.00 %) as compare to un-supplemented one (14.00%). Similarly the biological efficiency was also lower down from 27.52% (supplemented substrate) to 20.18% (substrate alone). The independent sample t-test applied for analysis of equality of two populations (during 2013 and 2014) means and no significant difference was observed regarding mould disease incidence. From pooled analysis of substrates and supplement on mould disease incidence and biological efficiency of G. lucidum during 2013 and 2014; it can be concluded that biological efficiency was also lower down from 27.52% to 20.18% due to mould incidence and variations in environmental conditions during both seasons. Similarly, Veena and Pandey (2011) also reported enormous potential of cereal straw for cultivation of G. lucidum in combination with saw dust and cereal bran as supplement. The present work was in agreement with Azizi et al., (2012), who obtained higher biological efficiency when substrate was supplemented with wheat bran with no mould disease incidence. Impact Factor (JCC): 3.2316 NAAS Rating 3.73 Effect of Mould on Biological Efficiency of Ganoderma Lucidum (Leyss. Ex Fr. Karst) 67 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION During cultivation mould incidence was less in supplemented substrate (10.00%) as compare to un-supplemented (14.00%) substrate for two consecutive years and which resulted in lower down the biological efficiency from 27.52% to 20.18% respectively. During cultivation of G. lucidum, the supplementation played a positive role which resulted in fastest mycelial growth and reduced the effect of mould incidence from 14.00% to 10.00% by providing essential nutrients to the crop. REFERENCES 1. Azizi, M., Tayana, M., Farsi, M. and Oroojalian, F. Yield performance of Lingzhi or Reishi medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.) P. Karst., using different waste materials as substrates. International Journal of Medicinal Mushroom. 2012. 14: 521-27. 2. Geetha, D., Suharban, M., Gokulapalan and Rani, C.V.D. A Low Cost Technology for Cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum. Mushroom Research. 2012. 21: 49-53. 3. Ling Zhu, X., Chen, A.F. and Bibn Lin, Z. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides enhance the function of immunological effector cells in immunosuppressed mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007. 111: 219-26. 4. Perumal, K. Indigenous technology on organic cultivation of Reishi. AMM Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre. 2009. 9: 12-5. 5. Rai, R.D. Successful cultivation of the medicinal mushroom Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) in India. Mushroom Research. 2003. 12: 87-91. 6. Singh, R.P., Verma, R.C., Arora, R.K., Mishra, K.K., Bhanu, C. and Singh, M. Medicinal mushrooms of Uttaranchal with reference to Ganoderma, Auricularia and Cordyceps sinensis. Mushroom Society of India. Solan, India. 2007. 3: 64-7. 7. Veena, S.S. and Pandey, M. Paddy straw as a substrate for the cultivation of Ling-zhi or reishi medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum in India. International Journal of Medicinal Mushroom. 2011. 13: 397-400. APPENDICES Table 1: Effect of Mould Incidence on Biological Efficiency of G. Lucidum * Biological Efficiency Mould (Disease) Incidence Sr. No. Substrates (%) (%) 1. Wheat straw + saw dust 20.18 14.00 2. Wheat straw + saw dust + Wheat bran @ 20 % 27.52 10.00 3. t-value 18.90 0.67 4. Sig. (p=0.05) 0.00 0.52 *Analysis of pooled data of G. lucidum for 2013 and 2014 www.iaset.us [email protected] 68 Jagdeep Singh, Ashwani Kumar, Surjeet Singh, Fateh Singh & Manmohan 30 25 20 15 Wheat straw + saw dust 10 Wheat straw + saw dust + Wheat 5 bran @ 20 % 0 (%) (%) Biological efficiency Mould (disease) incidence Figure 1: Effect of Supplemented Substrate on Mould Incidence and Biological Efficiency of G. Lucidum Impact Factor (JCC): 3.2316 NAAS Rating 3.73