5G System Design: Architectural and Functional Considerations and Long Term Research

581 Pages·2018·8.05 MB·English

by  Patrick Marsch et al. (eds.)

5G System Design
5G System Design
Architectural and Functional Considerations and Long Term Research
Edited by
Patrick Marsch
Deutsche Bahn AG, Germany
Ömer Bulakçı
Huawei German Research Center (GRC), Germany
Olav Queseth
Ericsson Research, Sweden
Mauro Boldi
Telecom Italia, Italy
This edition first published 2018
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ISBN: 9781119425120
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To my wife Ines and our kids Philipp and Daniel for their continuous love and support, and to the
great team in Nokia Wrocław that I was privileged to work with in the past years.
Patrick Marsch
To my family for their continuous support and encouragement over the years and my big brother
Mesut Bulakçı, MD for guiding me to the right career path at my early age.
Ömer Bulakçı
For Eskil, Ellen and Ester.
Olav Queseth
To the memory of my father Ivano.
Mauro Boldi
vii
Contents
Contributor List xvii
Foreword 1 xxiii
Foreword 2 xxv
Acknowledgments xxvii
List of Abbreviations xxix
Part 1 Introduction and Basics 1
1 Introduction and Motivation 3
Patrick Marsch, Ömer Bulakçı, Olav Queseth and Mauro Boldi
1.1 5th Generation Mobile and Wireless Communications 3
1.2 Timing of this Book and Global 5G Developments 5
1.3 Scope of the 5G System Described in this Book 8
1.4 Approach and Structure of this Book 10
References 12
2 Use Cases, Scenarios, and their Impact on the Mobile Network Ecosystem 15
Salah Eddine Elayoubi, Michał Maternia, Jose F. Monserrat, Frederic Pujol, Panagiotis Spapis,
Valerio Frascolla and Davide Sorbara
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Main Service Types Considered for 5G 16
2.3 5G Service Requirements 17
2.4 Use Cases Considered in NGMN and 5G PPP Projects 18
2.4.1 NGMN use Case Groups 20
2.4.2 Use Case Groups from 5G PPP Phase 1 Projects 23
2.4.3 Mapping of the 5G‐PPP Use Case Families to the Vertical Use Cases 23
2.5 Typical Use Cases Considered in this Book 25
2.5.1 Dense Urban Information Society 25
2.5.2 Smart City 26
2.5.3 Connected Cars 26
2.5.4 Industry Automation 27
2.5.5 Broadcast/Multicast Communications 27
2.6 Envisioned Mobile Network Ecosystem Evolution 28
viii Contents
2.6.1 Current Mobile Network Ecosystem 28
2.6.2 Identification of New Players and their Roles in 5G 28
2.6.3 Evolution of the MNO‐Centric Value Net 31
2.7 Summary and Outlook 33
References 34
3 Spectrum Usage and Management 35
Thomas Rosowski, Rauno Ruismaki, Luis M. Campoy, Giovanna D’Aria,
Du Ho Kang and Adrian Kliks
3.1 I ntroduction 35
3.2 S pectrum Authorization and Usage Scenarios 36
3.2.1 Spectrum Authorization and Usage Options for 5G 36
3.2.2 Requirements for Different 5G Usage Scenarios 38
3.3 S pectrum Bandwidth Demand Determination 39
3.3.1 Main Parameters for Spectrum Bandwidth Demand Estimations 39
3.3.2 State of the Art of Spectrum Demand Analysis 40
3.3.3 Spectrum Demand Analysis on Localized Scenarios 40
3.4 F requency Bands for 5G 41
3.4.1 Bands Identified for IMT and Under Study in ITU‐R 41
3.4.2 Further Potential Frequency Bands 43
3.4.3 5G Roadmaps 44
3.5 S pectrum Usage Aspects at High Frequencies 44
3.5.1 Propagation Challenges 45
3.5.2 Beamforming and 5G Mobile Coverage 45
3.5.3 Analysis of Deployment Scenarios 46
3.5.4 Coexistence of 5G Systems and Fixed Service Links 47
3.5.5 Coexistence under License‐exempt Operation 48
3.6 S pectrum Management 49
3.6.1 Evolutions in Dynamic Spectrum Management 49
3.6.2 Functional Spectrum Management Architecture 51
3.7 S ummary and Outlook 53
References 54
4 Channel Modeling 57
Shangbin Wu, Sinh L. H. Nguyen and Raffaele D’Errico
4.1 I ntroduction 57
4.2 C ore Features of New Channel Models 59
4.2.1 Path Loss 59
4.2.2 LOS Probability 61
4.2.3 O2I Penetration Loss 63
4.2.4 Fast Fading Generation 65
4.3 A dditional Features of New Channel Models 65
4.3.1 Large Bandwidths and Large Antenna Arrays 65
4.3.2 Spatial Consistency 67
Contents ix
4.3.3 Blockage 68
4.3.4 Correlation Modeling for Multi‐Frequency Simulations 69
4.3.5 Ground Reflection 70
4.3.6 Diffuse Scattering 72
4.3.7 D2D, Mobility, and V2V Channels 72
4.3.8 Oxygen Absorption, Time‐varying Doppler Shift, Multi‐Frequency Simulations,
and UE Rotation 73
4.3.9 Map‐based Hybrid Modeling Approach 74
4.4 Summary and Outlook 74
References 75
Part 2 5G System Architecture and E2E Enablers 79
5 E2E Architecture 81
Marco Gramaglia, Alexandros Kaloxylos, Panagiotis Spapis, Xavier Costa, Luis Miguel Contreras,
Riccardo Trivisonno, Gerd Zimmermann, Antonio de la Oliva, Peter Rost and Patrick Marsch
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 Enablers and Design Principles 82
5.2.1 Modularization 82
5.2.2 Network Slicing 82
5.2.3 Network Softwarization 84
5.2.4 Multi‐Tenancy 85
5.2.5 Mobile or Multi‐Access Edge Computing 87
5.3 E2E Architecture Overview 88
5.3.1 Physical Network Architecture 88
5.3.2 CN/RAN Split 90
5.3.3 QoS Architecture 91
5.3.4 Spectrum Sharing Architecture Overview 93
5.3.5 Transport Network 93
5.3.6 Control and Orchestration 95
5.4 Novel Concepts and Architectural Extensions 97
5.4.1 Architecture Modularization for the Core Network 97
5.4.2 RRC States 99
5.4.3 Access‐agnostic 5G Core Network 100
5.4.4 Roaming Support 101
5.4.5 Softwarized Network Control 102
5.4.6 Control/User Plane Split 103
5.5 Internetworking, Migration and Network Evolution 104
5.5.1 Interworking with Earlier 3GPP RATs 105
5.5.2 Interworking with Non‐3GPP Access Networks 107
5.5.3 Network Evolution 111
5.6 Summary and Outlook 112
References 112
x Contents
6 RAN Architecture 115
Patrick Marsch, Navid Nikaein, Mark Doll, Tao Chen and Emmanouil Pateromichelakis
6.1 I ntroduction 115
6.2 R elated Work 116
6.2.1 3GPP 116
6.2.2 5G PPP 117
6.3 RAN Architecture Requirements 118
6.4 Protocol Stack Architecture and Network Functions 119
6.4.1 Network Functions in a Multi‐AIV and Multi‐Service Context 119
6.4.2 Possible Changes in the 5G Protocol Stack Compared to 4G 121
6.4.3 Possible Service‐specific Protocol Stack Optimization in 5G 124
6.4.4 NF Instantiation for Multi‐Service and Multi‐Tenancy Support 127
6.5 Multi‐Connectivity 129
6.5.1 5G/(e)LTE Multi‐Connectivity 129
6.5.2 5G/5G Multi‐Connectivity 130
6.5.3 5G/Wi‐Fi Multi‐Connectivity 132
6.6 RAN Function Splits and Resulting Logical Network Entities 133
6.6.1 Control Plane/User Plane Split (Vertical Split) 134
6.6.2 Split into Centralized and Decentralized Units (Horizontal Split) 135
6.6.3 Most Relevant Overall Split Constellations 138
6.7 Deployment Scenarios and Related Physical RAN Architectures 141
6.7.1 Possible Physical Architectures Supporting the Deployment Scenarios 142
6.7.2 5G/(e)LTE and 5G Multi‐AIV Co‐Deployment 143
6.8 RAN Programmability and Control 144
6.9 Summary and Outlook 147
References 148
7 Transport Network Architecture 151
Anna Tzanakaki, Markos Anastasopoulos, Nathan Gomes, Philippos Assimakopoulos, Josep M.
Fàbrega, Michela Svaluto Moreolo, Laia Nadal, Jesús Gutiérrez, Vladica Sark, Eckhard Grass, Daniel
Camps‐Mur, Antonio de la Oliva, Nuria Molner, Xavier Costa Perez, Josep Mangues, Ali Yaver, Paris
Flegkas, Nikos Makris, Thanasis Korakis and Dimitra Simeonidou
7.1 Introduction 151
7.2 Architecture Definition 153
7.2.1 User Plane 153
7.2.2 Control Plane 155
7.3 Technology Options and Protocols 158
7.3.1 Wireless Technologies 158
7.3.2 Optical Transport 161
7.3.3 Ethernet 165
7.4 Self‐Backhauling 165
7.4.1 Comparison with Legacy LTE Relaying 166
7.4.2 Technical Aspects of Self‐Backhauling 167
7.5 Technology Integration and Interfacing 168
7.5.1 Framing, Protocol Adaptation, Flow Identification and Control 168
Contents xi
7.5.2 PBB/MPLS Framing to Carry FH/BH and its Multi‐Tenancy Characteristic 169
7.6 Transport Network Optimization and Performance Evaluation 170
7.6.1 Evaluation of Joint FH and BH Transport 170
7.6.2 Experimental Evaluation of Layer‐2 Functional Splits 173
7.6.3 Monitoring in the Ethernet Fronthaul 174
7.7 Summary 178
References 178
8 Network Slicing 181
Alexandros Kaloxylos, Christian Mannweiler, Gerd Zimmermann, Marco Di Girolamo, Patrick
Marsch, Jakob Belschner, Anna Tzanakaki, Riccardo Trivisonno, Ömer Bulakçı, Panagiotis Spapis,
Peter Rost, Paul Arnold and Navid Nikaein
8.1 Introduction 181
8.2 Slice Realization in the Different Network Domains 183
8.2.1 Realization of Slicing in the Core Network 183
8.2.2 Slice Support on the Transport Network 186
8.2.3 Impact of Slicing on the Radio Access Network 187
8.2.4 Slice Support Across Different Administrative Domains 191
8.2.5 E2E Slicing: A Detailed Example 193
8.3 Operational Aspects 196
8.3.1 Slice Selection 196
8.3.2 Connecting to Multiple Slices 197
8.3.3 Slice Isolation 197
8.3.4 Radio Resource Management Among Slices 198
8.3.5 Managing Network Slices 199
8.4 Summary and Outlook 202
References 204
9 Security 207
Carolina Canales‐Valenzuela, Madalina Baltatu, Luciana Costa, Kai Habel, Volker Jungnickel,
Geza Koczian, Felix Ngobigha, Michael C. Parker, Muhammad Shuaib Siddiqui, Eleni Trouva
and Stuart D. Walker
9.1 Introduction 207
9.2 Threat Landscape 208
9.3 5G Security Requirements 209
9.3.1 Adoption of Software‐defined Networking and Virtualization Technologies 209
9.3.2 Security Automation and Management 210
9.3.3 Slice Isolation and Protection Against Side Channel Attacks in Multi‐Tenant
Environments 211
9.3.4 Monitoring and Analytics for Security Purposes 211
9.4 5G Security Architecture 211
9.4.1 Overall Description 211
9.4.2 Infrastructure Security 213
9.4.3 Physical Layer Security 216
9.4.4 5G RAN Security 217
xii Contents
9.4.5 Service‐level Security 221
9.4.6 A Control and Management Framework for Automated Security 221
9.5 S ummary 224
References 224
10 Network Management and Orchestration 227
Luis M. Contreras, Víctor López, Ricard Vilalta, Ramon Casellas, Raúl Muñoz, Wei Jiang, Hans
Schotten, Jose Alcaraz‐Calero, Qi Wang, Balázs Sonkoly and László Toka
10.1 Introduction 227
10.2 Network Management and Orchestration Through SDN and NFV 228
10.2.1 Software-Defined Networking 229
10.2.2 Network Function Virtualization 232
10.3 Enablers of Management and Orchestration 233
10.3.1 Open and Standardized Interfaces 234
10.3.2 Modeling of Services and Devices 237
10.4 Orchestration in Multi‐Domain and Multi‐Technology Scenarios 238
10.4.1 Multi‐Domain Scenarios 238
10.4.2 Multi‐Technology Scenarios 244
10.5 Software‐Defined Networking for 5G 245
10.5.1 Xhaul Software‐Defined Networking 245
10.5.2 Core Transport Networks 250
10.6 Network Function Virtualization in 5G Environments 251
10.7 Autonomic Network Management in 5G 252
10.7.1 Motivation 252
10.7.2 Architecture of Autonomic Management 254
10.7.3 Autonomic Control Loop 255
10.7.4 Enabling Algorithms 257
10.8 Summary 258
References 259
Part 3 5G Functional Design 263
11 Antenna, PHY and MAC Design 265
Frank Schaich, Catherine Douillard, Charbel Abdel Nour, Malte Schellmann, Tommy Svensson, Hao Lin,
Honglei Miao, Hua Wang, Jian Luo, Milos Tesanovic, Nuno Pratas, Sandra Roger and Thorsten Wild
11.1 Introduction 265
11.2 PHY and MAC Design Criteria and Harmonization 267
11.3 Waveform Design 269
11.3.1 Advanced Features and Design Aspects of Multi‐Carrier Waveforms 272
11.3.2 Comparison of Waveform Candidates for 5G 276
11.3.3 Co‐existence Aspects 280
11.3.4 General Framework for Multi‐Carrier Waveform Generation 281
11.4 Coding Approaches and HARQ 283
11.4.1 Coding Requirements 283
11.4.2 Coding Candidates 284
11.4.3 General Summary and Comparison 289