52-5108-01 Allergy which allergens - Legumes Nuts and Seeds

260 Pages·2008·2.62 MB·English

by  Rolf Jansson

Legumes, Nuts & Seeds
Allergy – Which allergens?
Author: Dr Harris Steinman,
Allergy Resources International, P O Box 565, Milnerton 7435, South Africa,
[email protected].
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form
without the written consent of Phadia AB.
©Phadia AB, 2008
Design: RAK Design AB, 2008
Printed by: X-O Graf Tryckeri AB, Uppsala, Sweden
ISBN 91-970475-5-4
Contents
Introduction.............................................................................5
f20 Almond (Amygdalus communis).....................................9
f6 Barley (Hordeum vulgare)............................................15
f310 Blue vetch (Lathyrus sativus).......................................22
f18 Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) ...................................26
f11 Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) ............................32
f202 Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) ..........................41
f309 Chick pea (Cicer arietinus) ..........................................49
f36 Coconut (Cocos nucifera).............................................54
f55 Common millet (Panicum milliaceum)..........................59
f305 Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)........................64
f56 Foxtail millet (Setaria italica).......................................67
f79 Gluten (from Triticum aestivum)...................................70
f315 Green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)...................................77
f17 Hazel nut (Corylus avellana) ........................................81
f57 Japanese millet (Echinochloa crus-galli) .......................89
f235 Lentil (Lens esculenta)................................................92
f182 Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) ....................................97
f333 Linseed (Linum usitatissimum)..................................100
f335 Lupin seed (Lupinus albus) .......................................103
f345 Macadamia nut (Macadamia spp.)..............................111
f8 Maize/Corn (Zea mays)..............................................114
f7 Oat (Avena sativa).....................................................122
f12 Pea (Pisum sativum).................................................126
f13 Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) ........................................132
f201 Pecan nut (Carya illinoensis)......................................150
f253 Pine nut, pignoles (Pinus edulis)................................153
f203 Pistachio (Pistacia vera)............................................157
f224 Poppy seed (Papaver somniferum)..............................161
f226 Pumpkin seed (Cucurbita pepo) .................................165
f347 Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)...................................167
f316 Rape seed (Brassica napus).......................................168
f287 Red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).........................172
f9 Rice (Oryza sativa)....................................................175
f5 Rye (Secale cereale) .................................................184
f10 Sesame seed (Sesamum indicum)..............................192
f14 Soybean (Glycine max)..............................................200
f124 Spelt wheat (Triticum spelta).....................................216
f227 Sugar-beet seed (Beta vulgaris)..................................218
f299 Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) ...............................220
f256 Walnut (Juglans spp.)................................................227
f4 Wheat (Triticum aestivum).........................................235
f15 White bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).................................251
Mixes fx1, fx3, fx5, fx8, fx9................................................254
fx11, fx12, fx13, fx18, fx20, fx22, fx24 ....................255
fx25, fx26, fx27, fx28..............................................256
3
4
Legume, nut and seed allergens
This reference book describes the 42 The Papilionoideae contains most of the
allergens categorized as Legumes, Nuts and important leguminous crop species such as
Seeds available as ImmunoCAP® allergens the Soya Bean (Glycine max), Common Pea
for in vitro testing. A number of allergens (Pisum sativum), Chickpea (Cicer
customarily listed in these categories do not arietinum), French Bean (Phaseolus
in the strict sense fulfil the definition of that vulgaris), Lentil (Lens culinaris) and Peanut
category either in the botanical sense or (Arachis hypogaea). A legume is a simple
because they may easily fit into two dry fruit which develops from a simple carpel
categories. For example, Lupin seed could and usually opens along a seam (dehisces)
appear to belong to the seed category, and on two sides. Peanut is an indehiscent
here is preferentially categorised as a legume. legume.
Whether Peanut is a nut or a legume may
The majority of the Caesalpinioideae are
not always be immediately obvious, in
tropical or subtropical trees and shrubs. The
particular as Peanut has characteristics of
majority of the Mimosoideae are tropical or
both. A number of foods classified here, have
subtropical trees and shrubs, of which the
pollen counterparts that are recognized as
genera Acacia and Mimosa have species that
aeroallergens resulting in asthma and
are extremely important economically, e.g.,
rhinoconjuctivitis, e.g., Wheat and Rye.
bark of the Golden Wattle (Acacia
pycnantha) and Acacia Senegal which yields
Legumes commercial gum arabic which is used in a
wide range of industrial processes.
Both grain legumes and nuts consist of a
simple dry fruit carried inside a pod or shell. The legumes consist of the grain and
In the strict botanical use of the term, a nut forage legumes. More than forty species and
will usually have only one seed and at most countless varieties of grain legumes are
two compared to legumes which contain cultivated throughout the world. The legume
multiple seeds. Most legumes are dehiscent, family is characterised by flowers that have
opening naturally along a seam on two sides, five petals (papilionaceous flower with a
compared to a true nut that is always butterfly form), a superior ovary that ripens
indehiscent, i.e., does not open on its own. to form a fruit, the specialised pod which
Legumes often contain seeds attached to contains seeds, and the ability to use
their pods unlike a true nut which is never atmospheric nitrogen to produce their own
attached to the ovary wall. Peanut, classified protein compounds, as a result of the
as a legume, clearly has features of both nuts symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria
and legumes but has overriding legume within organs known as nodules developed
characteristics, e.g., its high protein yield and on the plant roots, for nearly all of its
the capacity to replenish nitrogen in the soil. members. Unlike other cultivated plants,
legume crops do not need nitrogen
The legumes are members of the Fabaceae
fertilisation for optimal growth in general.
(Leguminosae) botanical family. The
principal unifying feature of the family is the The “forage” legumes are customarily
fruit, a pod, technically known as a Legume. grown for whole crop use for animal feed
The Fabaceae is a very large family consisting or for industrial purposes. For animal feed,
of 650 genera and over 18,000 species. The the crop may be grown for grazing or for
family is often divided into three sub-families: the production of silage or hay. Alfalfa
Papilionoideae, Caesalpinioideae and (Lucerne) is an example of a forage legume.
Mimosoideae. These sub-families are Conversely, “grain” legumes are cultivated
sometimes recognised as three separate primarily for their seeds which are rich in
families: Papilionaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and protein and energy and therefore used for
Mimosaceae. human consumption or animal feed. The
5
grain legumes are commercially termed of them are considered by biologists to be
“pulses”, but exclude the “leguminous true nuts. Nuts are an important source of
oilseeds” that are used primarily for their nutrition for both humans and wildlife. A
high oil content. Soybean is an example of nut is the seed of a tree. When we eat the
this group. soft layer, we call it a fruit. When we eat the
seed we call it a nut. A nut is a seed, but a
Legume species may preferable thrive in
seed is not necessarily a nut.
temperate climates and other prefer tropical
regions. The major grain legumes grown True nuts may be edible or inedible;
include species belong to a number of tribes. common examples are Acorn, Beechnut,
For example, Pea (Pisum sativum) and Lentil Chestnut, and Hazel nut. Fruits or seeds that
(Lens culinaris), which are members of the are incorrectly and popularly termed nut
Fabeae tribe. The tribe Phaseoleae, include include Almond and Coconut which are
Soybean (Glycine max) and White bean actually drupes with the fleshy outer layer
(Phaseolus vulgaris). Chickpea (or Garbanzo removed. Brazil nut are seeds contained in
bean) (Cicer arietinum), a member of the capsules. Traditionally a distinction has been
Cicereae tribe, is a very important grain in made between Peanut and Tree nuts. Peanut
the Spanish diet. Lupin seed (tribe is actually a legume, belonging to the family
Genisteae), is preferentially classified as a Fabaceae. In common parlance, the culinary
legume. Of the legumes, Soybean is the most definition of a nut may carry more weight
important grain crop with around 185 than the botanical definition. In culinary
million tonnes being produced, grown terms, a nut is any large seed which is used
primarily in the USA, Brazil, Argentina, in food and comes from a shell. This group
Paraguay and Uraguay. The world includes drupes, fruit that contain a hard pit,
production of grain legumes other than e.g., Almond and Coconut, seeds which are
Soybeans amounts to approximately 57 not nuts, such as Cashew and Peanut.
million tonnes.
True nuts are produced, for example, by
Individuals may become sensitized to the some plants – families of the order Fagales:
legumes as a result from inhalation of
(cid:129) Family Juglandaceae: e.g., Walnut,
aerosolized proteins from the cooking of the
Pecan nut
fruit/seed/grain of the plant, from
occupational contact with the dust or actual (cid:129) Family Fagaceae: e.g., Chestnut
fruit/seed/grain, or following its ingestion. (cid:129) Family Betulaceae:, e.g., Hazel nut
Respiratory allergy as a result of inhalation
Some fruits and seeds that are nuts in the
of the pollen of the plant, e.g., Wheat
culinary sense, but not in the botanical sense:
(Cultivated Wheat g15), is discussed in the
reference book, ImmunoCAP® Grass pollens (cid:129) Almond is the edible seed of a drupe
in this series. – the leathery “flesh” is removed at
harvest
Nuts (cid:129) Brazil nut is the seed from a capsule
Nut is a general term for the dry seed or (cid:129) Cashew nut is a seed
simple dry fruit of some plants carried inside (cid:129) Coconut is a dry, fibrous drupe
a pod or shell (ovary wall) which becomes
(cid:129) Macadamia nut is a creamy white
very hard (stony or woody) at maturity, and
kernel
where the seed remains unattached or
(cid:129) Peanut is a legume and a seed
unfused with the ovary wall. In the strict
botanical use of the term, a nut will usually (cid:129) Pine nut is the seed of several species
have only one seed and at most it will have of Pine
two. A true nut is always indehiscent, (cid:129) Pistachio nut is the seed of a thin-
meaning it won't open on its own at maturity shelled drupe
and a true nut is never attached to the ovary
wall. While a wide variety of dried seeds and
fruits are called nuts, only a certain number
6
Seeds Further reading
A seed is a small embryonic plant of a seed •AEP - Grain legumes portal. What are grain
legumes? http://www.grainlegumes.com/aep/
plant before germination enclosed in a
crops_species/what_are_grain_legumes.
covering called the seed coat, usually with
(Accessed May 9, 2008)
some stored food. It is the product of the
(cid:129)ILDIS - International Legume Database &
ripened ovule of gymnosperm and Information Service. http://www.ildis.org/
angiosperm plants which occurs after (Accessed May 9, 2008)
fertilization and some growth within the (cid:129)LegumeChef.com. Legume classes. http://
www.legumechef.com/English/
mother plant. The seeds listed here are
Variedades_en.htm. (Accessed May 9, 2008)
“edible” seeds. Many seeds are edible and
(cid:129)Hymowitz, T. 1990. Grain legumes. p. 54-
the majority of human calories come from 57. In: J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.),
seeds, especially from cereals such as Wheat Advances in new crops. Timber Press,
and Rice. Seeds also provide cooking oils, Portland, OR. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/
newcrop/proceedings1990/V1-154.html
beverages and spices. Edible seeds contain
(Accessed May 9, 2008)
storage proteins which may be found in the
(cid:129)Wikipedia contributors, "Seed," Wikipedia,
embryo or endosperm and differ in their The Free Encyclopedia, http://
amino acid content and physical properties. en.wikipedia.org/w/
index.php?title=Seed&oldid=210679585
For example Wheat gluten, important in
(accessed May 9, 2008)
providing the elastic property to bread
(cid:129)Wikipedia contributors, "Nut (fruit),"
dough, is strictly an endosperm protein. Of
Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://
course, seeds are used to propagate many en.wikipedia.org/w/
crops. Seeds are also eaten by animals, fed index.php?title=Nut_%28fruit%29&oldid=210567542
(accessed May 9, 2008)
to livestock and used as birdseed.
(cid:129)Wayne's Word. Fruits Called Nuts. http://
Pine nuts suggest classification as nuts, waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph8.htm
(accessed May 9, 2008)
but are in fact the edible seeds of Pines
(family Pinaceae, genus Pinus).
7
Legume, nut and seed ImmunoCAP® Allergens available for IgE antibody testing
f20 Almond (Amygdalus communis) f7 Oat (Avena sativa)
f6 Barley (Hordeum vulgare) f12 Pea (Pisum sativum)
f310 Blue vetch (Lathyrus sativus) f13 Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
f18 Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) f201 Pecan nut (Carya illinoensis)
f11 Buckwheat (Fagopyrum f253 Pine nut, pignoles (Pinus edulis)
esculentum) f203 Pistachio (Pistacia vera)
f202 Cashew nut (Anacardium f224 Poppy seed (Papaver somniferum)
occidentale)
f226 Pumpkin seed (Cucurbita pepo)
f309 Chick pea (Cicer arietinus)
f347 Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)
f36 Coconut (Cocos nucifera)
f316 Rape seed (Brassica napus)
f55 Common millet (Panicum
f287 Red kidney bean (Phaseolus
milliaceum)
vulgaris)
f305 Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-
f9 Rice (Oryza sativa)
graecum)
f5 Rye (Secale cereale)
f56 Foxtail millet (Setaria italica)
f10 Sesame seed (Sesamum indicum)
f79 Gluten (from Triticum aestivum)
f14 Soybean (Glycine max)
f315 Green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
f124 Spelt wheat (Triticum spelta)
f17 Hazel nut (Corylus avellana)
f227 Sugar-beet seed (Beta vulgaris)
f57 Japanese millet (Echinochloa
crus-galli) f299 Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa)
f235 Lentil (Lens esculenta) f256 Walnut (Juglans spp.)
f182 Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) f4 Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
f333 Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) f15 White bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
f335 Lupin seed (Lupinus albus) Mixes: fx1, fx3, fx5, fx8, fx9, f11
fx12, fx13, fx18, fx20, fx22,
f345 Macadamia nut (Macadamia spp.)
fx24, fx25, fx26, fx27, fx28
f8 Maize, Corn (Zea mays)
8
f20 Almond
Amygdalus communis
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Prunus
Subgenus: Amygdalus
Common
names: Almond, Sweet Almond,
Bitter Almond
Synonymes: A. dulcis, Prunus
amygdalus and P. dulcis
Source
material: Shelled almonds
The fruit and seeds of several other
plants are known as Almonds. The
seeds of the African shrub Brabeium
stellatifolium are known as African
Almonds. Country Almonds is a name
given to the fruit of the East Indian
tree Terminalia Catappa. The fruit of
Canarium commune is known as Java
Almonds
For continuous updates:
Almonds come in many varieties, but the
www.immunocapinvitrosight.com
2 major, universally recognised ones are the
Sweet (Prunus amygdalus var. dulcis) and
the Bitter (Prunus amygdalus var. amara).
They appear very similar but are different
in chemistry. In the Bitter variety, substantial
amounts of amygdalin (or “laetrile”),
containing hydrocyanic (or “prussic”) acid,
Allergen Exposure are found. The Bitter almond is banned from
retail sale in the US because of the toxicity
Geographical distribution of unprocessed amygdalin. Only Sweet
almonds are readily edible.
The Almond is the fruit of a vigorous, deep-
rooted deciduous small tree belonging to the
Rose family, which grows best in areas with Environment
dry, warm summers. The plant is believed
Almonds have always been an important
to be a native of northern Africa and the
ingredient in Arabic dishes and Indian
Middle East. It occurs wild in Sicily and
curries. Sweet almonds (fresh, blanched,
Greece and is extensively cultivated in
roasted, candied, and smoked; whole, sliced,
northern Africa, southern Europe, Australia
chopped, and in paste form) are readily
and the warmer parts of the United States,
available in markets and are used in a variety
particularly California.
of recipes, especially for sweets and
The fruit is a drupe or kernel stone fruit, confectionery. Heat-processed Bitter
resembling the Peach in its general structural almonds are used to flavour extracts,
characteristics. It is, however, much smaller, flavourings, liqueurs and syrups. The
measuring about 4 cm in length. As in the purified fixed oil from both varieties of
Peach, the outer portion of the fruit coat Almonds has food uses, particularly as a
(sarcocarp) is fleshy, while the inner portion condiment. Almonds are a nutritional
(endocarp or putamen) is hard and encloses powerhouse, packed with calcium, fibre,
the kernel or seed, to which the term Almond folic acid, magnesium, potassium, riboflavin
is commonly applied. and vitamin E.
9
f20 Almond
Medicinally, externally applied Almond Pru du 4, a profilin, is a minor allergen:
oil is an emollient; taken internally, a 6 of 18 patient sera (33%) were shown to
laxative, nutritional substitute and react with the recombinant Pru du 4 protein,
supplement (particularly in cases of and 8 of 18 (44%) reacted with the native
diabetes), and a remedy for nervous system Pru du 4. More than 1 native Almond
disorders such as whooping cough and profilin isoform was isolated (9).
spasmodic troubles.
Almond oil and paste often feature in Potential cross-reactivity
cosmetics and toiletries.
An extensive cross-reactivity among the
different members of the family, and in
Unexpected exposure particular of the genus, could be expected
(14). Potential clinical allergy to other
See under Environment.
Rosaceae should not be overlooked. If the
reported reaction is confirmed, current
Allergens tolerance to other Rosaceae should be
precisely established, unless there has been
A number of allergens of various molecular
ingestion without symptoms after the
weights have been isolated: 12, 30, 37, 45,
reaction (15).
50, and 62 kDa proteins. Several of these
proteins were shown to be similar to a 7S A major Almond allergen, a 2S albumin,
globulin and a 2S albumin (1-2). Two can be expected to result in cross-reactions
allergens isolated were reported to be major with other foods containing this protein, e.g.,
allergens - 1 heat-labile and the other heat- Walnut, Sunflower seed and Peanut (1,16-17).
stable. The Almond major protein (AMP or Ara h 2, a major Peanut allergen, is a conglutin
amandin), the primary storage protein in /2S albumin. In a study evaluating serum from
Almonds, is the major allergen recognised Peanut-allergic patients, Ara h 2 specific serum
by Almond-allergic patients and is probably IgE antibodies bound to proteins present in
the 2S albumin identified previously and Almond and Brazil nut extracts, indicating
shown to be a heat-stabile allergen (3). The that Ara h 2 shares IgE-binding epitopes with
antigenicity of processed Almond proteins Almond and Brazil nut allergens (18). The
has been shown to be very stable when biological activity of cross-reactive IgE
compared with that of the unprocessed antibodies between Peanut, Brazil nut and
counterpart (4). Almond has been demonstrated (19).
To date, the following allergens have been The Lipid Transfer Proteins are major
characterised: allergens of Rosaceae fruits and will result
in varying degrees of cross-reactivity with
Pru du 2S Albumin, a 2S albumin (1).
other family members, as well as between
Pru du Conglutin, a conglutin (1). Almond and non-family-related food
containing LPT allergens (20-21). For
Pru du LPT, a lipid transfer protein. (5-7).
example, Apricot LTP has a sequence identity
Pru du Amandin, a 360 kDa hexameric of 91% and 94% with Peach and Almond
protein, an 11S legumin-like protein (8-9). LTPs, respectively. (22) Hazel nut LTP has a
62% amino acid homology with the LTP
Pru du 4, a profilin (10-12).
from Almond, 59% with Peach LTP and 59%
Pru du 5, an acid ribosomal protein P2 with Cherry LTP. (5) Apricot LTP has a
(11,13). sequence identity of 91% and 94% with
Peach and Almond LTP, respectively (7).
Amandin is a legumin-type protein and
is composed of 2 major types of Pru du 4 is a profilin, and cross-reactivity
polypeptides, with estimated molecular between Almond profilin and other profilin-
weights of 42-46 and 20-22 kDa, linked via containing plants is possible (10). Almond
disulfide bonds. Amandin is not a and Ryegrass profilin were shown to be
glycoprotein (7). mutually inhibitable, so there must be cross-
10