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7-2916 501Port.Vrbs.TP 1/17/05 4:51 PM Page 1 PORTUGUESE VERBS fully conjugated in all the tenses in a new easy-to-learn format alphabetically arranged ★ ★ Second Edition ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★★ ★ ★★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ by John J. Nitti, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus of Spanish and Portuguese Department of Spanish and Portuguese University of Wisconsin—Madison Michael J. Ferreira, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Spanish and Portuguese Department of Spanish and Portuguese Georgetown University—Washington, D.C. EDUCATIONAL SERIES, INC. PortVrbs_fm:portvrbs 5/14/09 2:56 PM Page ii Thisbookisaffectionatelydedicatedto thememoryof LloydKasten, friend,mentor,andpioneer intheteachingofthe PortugueselanguageinNorthAmerica. ©Copyright2005,1995byBarron’sEducationalSeries,Inc. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyform,byphotostat,microfilm, xerography,oranyothermeans,orincorporatedintoanyinformationretrievalsystem,electronicor mechanical,withoutthewrittenpermissionofthecopyrightowner. Addressallinquiriesto: Barron’sEducationalSeries,Inc. 250WirelessBoulevard Hauppauge,NewYork11788 http://www.barronseduc.com ISBN-13:978-0-7641-2916-2 ISBN-10:0-7641-2916-3 LibraryofCongressControlNumber2004050226 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Nitti,JohnJ. 501Portugueseverbs:fullyconjugatedinallthetenses,inaneweasy-to-learnformat, alphabeticallyarranged/byJohnJ.Nitti,MichaelJ.Ferreira—2nded. p.cm. Includesindexes. ISBN0-7641-2916-3 1. Portugueselanguage—Verb—Tables.I.Title:FivehundredonePortugueseverbs.II. Ferreira,MichaelJ.III.Title. PC5145.N522005 469.83'421—dc22 2004050226 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 PortVrbs_fm 2/23/05 10:09 AM Page iii CONTENTS Foreword iv Subject Pronouns vii List of Tenses viii Sample Conjugations of Regular Verbs x Reflexive Verbs xiv Reflexive Pronouns xvi ASample Reflexive Conjugation xvi Object Pronouns and Contracted Forms of Object Pronouns xix Peculiarities of Certain Verb-Plus-Direct-Object-Pronoun Combinations xx Future Indicative and Conditional Pronominal Conjugations xxi Formation of Commands xxi The True Passive Voice xxii The Progressive Tense xxiii Some Verbs with Irregular or Double Past Participles xxiv Defective and Impersonal Verbs xxvi 501 Portuguese Verbs—Fully Conjugated in all the Tenses 1 Alphabetically Arranged English-Portuguese Index 502 Portuguese-English Index 532 iii PortVrbs_fm 2/23/05 10:09 AM Page iv Introduction FOREWORD Portuguese, sometimes mistaken to be merely a variety of Spanish, is in fact the official tongue of over 250 million people in Europe, South America, Africa, Asia, India, the Azores, Madeira, the Cape Verde, and São Tomé e Príncipe Islands. Today, the formal study of Por- tuguese is an important part of both undergraduate and graduate curricula of a significant number of North American colleges and universities, largely as a result of the growing cul- tural, economic, and technological interests shared by the United States, Brazil, and Portugal. In compiling this verb book, we have been guided by the wish to provide you with a con- cise yet comprehensive foundation of Portuguese verbal paradigms, as well as a handy ref- erence source of a substantial number of verbs employed both in daily speech and in the literature of that language. Of course, while no guide to the verbal structure and semantics of a language can by itself claim completeness, we believe that the information contained herein, especially when used as an adjunct to a general-purpose grammar and an adequate conversational component, can greatly assist you in acquiring fluency in Portuguese. Although Sample Conjugations of Regular Verbsincludes the seldom-used, literary compound tenses formed with the auxiliary verb haver,in our desire to emphasize the more pop- ular, spoken forms, we have excluded those literary compound constructions from the individual verb conjugations. Moreover, Portuguese possesses two varieties of the pluperfect indicative,both of which are to be found conjugated throughout this manual. The first, the simple pluperfect indicative, is essentially literary and has, in common usage, been replaced by its compound counterpart. Unlike Spanish, the vowel phonology of which is comparatively simple, the Portuguese language makes a distinction between openand closevarieties of the vowels oand e,a dif- ferentiation that is semantically significant. An example of this meaningful vocalic variation is the contrast between such words as avó “grandmother” and avô “grandfather,” the sole differentiating articulation of which is that of their final osound. In avóthe ósounds quite similar to the oin the English word soft; whereas the oof avôhas a sound not unlike that of the oin English old.Frequently, this difference in vowel quality is the sole element distin- guishing a noun from a verb: gosto“taste” (with close ô) and gosto“I like” (with open ó), or even, as in the case of the verb poder“to be able to,” between one tense and another: ele pode“he isable to” (with open ó) and ele pôde“he wasable to” (with close ô). The use of diacritical (accent) marks and verbal orthography varies among writers of Por- tuguese, both in response to phonetic differences in those varieties of Portuguese and as a consequence of the fact that spelling practices at the time of this writing in Continental and Brazilian Portuguese still remain officially mandated by two different orthographic accords. In Portugal, the operative agreement dates from 1945, while that of Brazil from 1943 (though with slight additional modification enacted by law in 1971). When in December of 1990 representatives of the governments of Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé e Príncipe met in Lisbon to sign a new orthographic accord in an effort to foster a higher degree of spelling consistency among the Portuguese-speaking nations, while endeavoring to respect differing practices in pronunciation, it appeared that by the 1stof January of 1994, the date by which the accord was to take effect, there might finally be mandated a greater orthographic consistency among the various Portuguese-speaking nations. However, that proposed date of implementation came and went without those nations having completed the necessary process of ratification, such that, in July of 1998, iv PortVrbs_fm 2/23/05 10:09 AM Page v Introduction representatives of those states felt it necessary to reconvene in order to remove from the orig- inal document of 1990 any mention of a specific date of implementation, leaving only the language requiring ratification by their respective countries prior to any general promulga- tion of the provisions of the agreement. Unfortunately, at the time of publication of this revised edition of our verb manual, the new accord still remains unratified, leaving it, therefore, up to the individual discretion of its signatory countries whether or not to implement some or all of its provisions. In the absence of an officially sanctioned, consistent Portuguese orthography, at least as regards the use of verbal diacritical marks in this manual, we have chosen to adhere generally to the prevailing practices of Continental Portuguese, because they appear to follow more closely the principles set forth in that 1990 agreement. However, in the matter of alphabeticspelling variation between Brazilian and Continental Portuguese, we have sought to indicate in the indexes both spellings by enclosing in parentheses letters that are not employed in the Brazilian verb forms. The acute and circumflex accents serve a twofold purpose, that of indicating stress as well as vowel quality. The acute accent may appear over á, é, í, ó, or ú as an indicator of stress; but, when it is placed over é, or ó (in addition to á in Continental Portuguese), it simultaneously acts as a marker of the openversions of those vowels, as already exempli- fied by avó.The circumflex is found only over â, ê,or ôindicating stress as well as signal- ing the closevariety of those vowels, as in âncora“anchor,” autêntico“authentic,” and pôde “he was able to.”The reader will also notice that first conjugation verbs, i.e., those whose infinitives end in -AR, show throughout the book an accented á in their first person plural preterit indicative forms (e.g., falámos), with no such accent on their corresponding first person plural present indicative forms (e.g., falamos). This is because the á and the a, though both are stressed in those forms, are pronounced differently in Continental Por- tuguese (the á sounding like ahbut the apronounced as uh).No such difference is heard in Brazilian speech, however, with both forms usually sounding like uh. It is for that reason, therefore, that the use of the accent mark in the preterit form is mandatory in Continental Portuguese, while unnecessary in Brazil. The til (~),as the tildeis known in Portuguese, is a marker of nasality and is found in verbs only as part of the nasal suffixal diphthong -ão. When no other sign of stress is present, the til then assumes that function as well (e.g., falarão“they will speak”). The vocalic timbre variation described above is not simply an independent phonetic phe- nomenon of the language, but has important implications within the very system of Por- tuguese verbal inflection as well. Numerous so-called radical-changing verbs do not manifest their changes orthographically, but rather orally by means of timbre mutation of their stressed vowels. Verbs of this type, whose spelling does not indicate a radical change in those persons of the verb that have a stressed openvowel, have been printed herein using italic type and are further flagged with an asterisk. Additionally, you should notice the spelling changes that occur in some verbs contained in this manual. Such modifications con- sist of the following alternations, resulting from pronunciation rules of the Portuguese alphabet: ç/c caçar: caço/cacei, cace; c/ç tecer: tece/teço, teça; c/qu criticar: critico/cri- tiquei, critique; g/gu conjugar: conjugo/conjuguei, conjugue; gu/g distinguir: distingue/dis- tingo, distinga; g/j fugir: foge/fujo, fuja. Besides the 501 verbs conjugated herein, this revised edition contains over 1000 additional verbs accompanied by their English meanings in the Portuguese-English Index and cross-referenced to similarly conjugated verbs whose full conjugations are provided herein. v PortVrbs_fm 2/23/05 10:09 AM Page vi Introduction Moreover, these additional verbs that are likewise found cross-referenced in the English- Portuguese Index, extend significantly the range of verbal semantics of both the everyday spoken as well as literary varieties of standard Continental and Brazilian Portuguese. You will also find beneath each of the paradigms of the 501 verbs conjugated herein commentary and/or sample Portuguese sentences (with English translations), intended to illustrate Portuguese verbal usage. Not surprisingly, there are very considerable differences between Continental and Brazil- ian usage at every level, besides simple spelling practices, and we have attempted to point out such variations wherever possible. We wish to acknowledge the invaluable assistance afforded us by Debora Gonçalves Fer- reira and H. Elizabeth Jones in the preparation of this revised edition. John J. Nitti Michael J. Ferreira vi PortVrbs_fm 2/23/05 10:09 AM Page vii Introduction SUBJECT PRONOUNS Português English SINGULAR SINGULAR eu I tu you, thou (familiar in Portugal, limited use in Brazil) ele he ela she você you (semi-familiar in Portugal, but primary familiar form in Brazil. In Portugal, vocêmay also be used as a formal All these employ 3rd or respectful form of address person singular between professional peers, or verb forms. when children address their parents or elders.) o senhor you (formal masculine) a senhora you (formal feminine for a Mrs.) a senhorita you (formal feminine for a Miss) PLURAL PLURAL nós* we vós you, ye (now obsolete) eles they (masculine) elas they (feminine) vocês you (plural form of both tuand você) All these employ 3rd person plural verb forms. os senhores you (see o senhor) as senhoras you (see a senhora) as senhoritas you (see a senhorita) *In the conversational Portuguese of both Portugal and Brazil it is more common to hear the expression “a gente,” construed with the 3rdperson singular of the verb, to convey the notion of “we,” rather than the 1stperson plural subject pronoun “nós,” construed with the 1stperson plural of the verb. vii PortVrbs_fm 2/23/05 10:09 AM Page viii Introduction TEMPOS-TENSES With examples of each Português English Infinitivo Impessoal Impersonal Infinitive (falar) (to speak) Infinitivo Pessoal Personal Infinitive (eu falar, nós falarmos) NOTPRESENT—Apersonalized infinitive in English is usually formed with the aid of the preposition for. (He wished for me to come.) Particípios—presente, passivo Participles—present, past (falando, falado) (speaking, spoken) Presente do Indicativo Present Indicative (eu falo) (I speak) Imperfeito do Indicativo Imperfect Indicative (eu falava) (I was speaking, used to speak) Pretérito mais-que-perfeito simples Simple Pluperfect Indicative do Indicativo Largely a literary form. (eu falara) (I had spoken) Pretérito Perfeito do Indicativo Preterit Indicative (eu falei) (I spoke) Futuro do Indicativo Future Indicative (eu falarei) (I will or shall speak) Pretérito Indefinido ou Presente Composto do Indicativo Present Perfect Indicative (eu tenho falado) (I have spoken, have been speaking)* Pretérito mais-que-perfeito composto Past Perfect or Pluperfect Indicative do Indicativo (I had spoken) (eu tinha falado) Futuro Perfeito do Indicativo Future Perfect Indicative (eu terei falado) (I will or shall have spoken) Condicional Simples Conditional (eu falaria) (I would or should speak) Condicional Perfeito ou Composto Conditional Perfect (eu teria falado) (I would or should have spoken) viii PortVrbs_fm 2/23/05 10:09 AM Page ix Introduction Português English Presente do Conjuntivo** Present Subjunctive (eu fale) (I may speak) Imperfeito do Conjuntivo Imperfect Subjunctive (eu falasse) (I might speak) Futuro do Conjuntivo Future Subjunctive (eu falar) NO DEFINITE FORM PRESENT— Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms employed to express Future Subjunctive. (If I were to, if I should, if I may, if I might) Pretérito Indefinido ou Presente Present Perfect Subjunctive Composto do Conjuntivo (I may have spoken) (eu tenha falado) Pretérito mais-que-perfeito do Past Perfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive Conjuntivo (I might have spoken) (eu tivesse falado) Futuro Perfeito do Conjuntivo Future Perfect Subjunctive (eu tiver falado) NO DEFINITE FORM PRESENT (see note on Future Subjunctive) Imperativo Imperative (fala tu, falai vós) (speak thou, speak ye) *The Present Perfect Indicative is not used as often in Portuguese as in English and should only be employed when describing a repetitive or continuous past action which carries over into the present and may be likely to extend into the future. Tenho dormido muito nestes últi- mos dias.I have slept (been sleeping) a lot lately. The Preterit Indicative should be used if the action described has been completed in the past, even though the English translation could be expressed by the Present Perfect. Já vendi a casa.I sold the house already. (I have sold the house already.) **In Brazil the conjuntivois called the subjuntivo. ix PortVrbs_fm 2/23/05 10:09 AM Page x Introduction SAMPLE CONJUGATIONS OFREGULAR VERBS INFINITIVE MOOD 1st Conjugation 2nd Conjugation 3rd Conjugation -AR -ER -IR Impers. FALAR (to speak) BEBER (to drink) PARTIR (to leave) Pers. falar (eu) beber partir falares (tu) beberes partires falar (ele, ela, você, beber partir o senhor, a senhora, a senhorita) falarmos (nós) bebermos partirmos falardes (vós) beberdes partirdes falarem (eles, elas, beberem partirem vocês, os senhores, as senhoras, as senhoritas) PARTICIPLES Pres. falando bebendo partindo Past falado bebido partido INDICATIVE MOOD Simple Pres. falo bebo parto falas bebes* partes fala bebe* parte falamos bebemos partimos falais bebeis partis falam bebem* partem Imperf. falava bebia partia falavas bebias partias falava bebia partia falávamos bebíamos partíamos faláveis bebíeis partíeis falavam bebiam partiam Pret. falei bebi parti falaste bebeste partiste falou bebeu partiu falámos bebemos partimos falastes bebestes partistes falaram beberam partiram x