5 Steps to a 5 AP Statistics, 2008-2009 Edition

364 Pages·2008·2.07 MB·English

5
FIVE STEPS TO A
AP Statistics
Other books in McGraw-Hill’s 5 Steps to a5 series include:
AP Biology
AP Calculus AB/BC
AP Chemistry
AP Computer Science
AP English Language
AP English Literature
AP European History
AP Microeconomics/Macroeconomics
AP Physics B and C
AP Psychology
AP Spanish Language
AP U.S. Government and Politics
AP U.S. History
AP World History
11 Practice Tests for the AP Exams
Writing the AP English Essay
5
FIVESTEPSTOA
AP Statistics
Duane C. Hinders
2008–2009
M G -H
C RAW ILL
New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid
Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
Copyright © 2008, 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted
under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a
database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
0-07-159466-3
The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-148856-1.
All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names
in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear
in this book, they have been printed with initial caps.
McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For
more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at [email protected] or [phone].
TERMS OF USE
This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this
work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not
decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or subli-
cense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other
use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms.
THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE
ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY
INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY
WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your
requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any
inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content
of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental,
special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the
possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort
or otherwise.
DOI: 10.1036/0071488561
Professional
Want to learn more?
We hope you enjoy this
McGraw-Hill eBook! If
you’d like more information about this book,
its author, or related books and websites,
please click here.
For more information about this title, click here
CONTENTS
Preface, ix
Acknowledgments, xi
About the Author, xii
Introduction: The Five-Step Program, xiii
The Basics, xiii
STEP 1 Set Up Your Study Program, 1
1 What You Need to Know About the AP Statistics Exam, 3
Background Information, 3
Some Frequently Asked Questions About the AP Statistics Exam, 4
2 How to Plan Your Time, 10
Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP Statistics Exam, 10
Calendar for Each Plan, 12
STEP 2 Determine Your Test Readiness, 15
3 Take a Diagnostic Exam, 17
AP Statistics Diagnostic Test, 19
Answers and Explanations, 29
Interpretation: How Ready Are You? 38
STEP 3 Develop Strategies for Success, 39
4 Tips for Taking the Exam, 41
General Test-Taking Tips, 42
Tips for Multiple-Choice Questions, 42
Tips for Free-Response Questions, 43
Specific Statistics Content Tips, 45
STEP 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High, 47
5 Overview of Statistics/Basic Vocabulary, 49
Quantitative versus Qualitative Data, 50
Descriptive versus Inferential Statistics, 50
Collecting Data: Surveys, Experiments, Observational Studies, 51
Random Variables, 52
6 One-Variable Data Analysis, 55
Graphical Analysis, 56
Measures of Center, 62
Measures of Spread, 64
Position of a Term in a Distribution, 67
Normal Distribution, 70
vi ❯ Contents
7 Two-Variable Data Analysis, 87
Scatterplots, 87
Correlation, 89
Lines of Best Fit, 93
Residuals, 96
Coefficient of Determination, 98
Outliers and Influential Observations, 99
Transformations to Achieve Linearity, 100
8 Design of a Study: Sampling, Surveys, and Experiments, 113
Samples, 114
Sampling Bias, 116
Experiments and Observational Studies, 118
9 Random Variables and Probability, 134
Probability, 134
Random Variables, 139
Normal Probabilities, 143
Simulation and Random Number Generation, 145
Transforming and Combining Random Variables, 148
Rules for the Mean and Standard Deviation of Combined Random Variables, 148
10 Binomial Distributions, Geometric Distributions, and
Sampling Distributions, 162
Binomial Distributions, 162
Normal Approximation to the Binomial, 165
Geometric Distributions, 167
Sampling Distributions, 168
Sampling Distributions of a Sample Proportion, 172
11 Confidence Intervals and Introduction to Inference, 185
Estimation and Confidence Intervals, 186
Confidence Intervals for Means and Proportions, 189
Sample Size, 194
Statistical Significance and P-value, 196
The Hypothesis-Testing Procedure, 198
Type-I and Type-II Errors and the Power of a Test, 199
12 Inference for Means and Proportions, 215
Significance Testing, 216
Inference for a Single Population Mean, 218
Inference for the Difference Between Two Population Means, 221
Inference for a Single Population Proportion, 223
Inference for the Difference Between Two Population Proportions, 225
13 Inference for Regression, 243
Simple Linear Regression, 243
Inference for the Slope of a Regression Line, 245
Confidence Interval for the Slope of a Regression Line, 247
Inference for Regression Using Technology, 249
Contents ❮ vii
14 Inference for Categorical Data: Chi-square, 263
Chi-square Goodness-of-Fit Test, 263
Inference for Two-Way Tables, 268
STEP 5 Build Your Test-Taking Confidence, 285
AP Statistics Practice Exam 1, 289
AP Statistics Practice Exam 2, 319
Appendices, 333
Formulas, 334
Tables, 336
Bibliography, 340
Web sites, 341
Glossary, 342
This page intentionally left blank