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5 Steps to a 5 AP Physics B & C, 2008-2009 Edition PDF

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5 FIVE STEPS TO A AP Physics B and C 2008–2009 Greg Jacobs and Josh Schulman McG -H RAW ILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2008, 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-159599-6 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-149797-8. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at [email protected] or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or subli- cense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. DOI: 10.1036/0071497978 Professional Want to learn more? We hope you enjoy this McGraw-Hill eBook! If you’d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here. For more information about this title, click here BIBLCIOOGNRTAEPNHTYS Acknowledgments, ix About the Authors, x Introduction: The Five-Step Program, xi Set Up Your Study Program, 1 STEP 1 1 How to Approach Your Physics Course, 3 Ignore Your Grade, 4 Don’t Bang Your Head against a Brick Wall, 4 Work with Other People, 4 Ask Questions When Appropriate, 5 Keep an Even Temper, 5 Don’t Cram, 5 Never Forget, Physics Is “Phun”, 5 2 What You Need to Know About the AP Physics Exam, 7 Background Information, 7 Some Frequently Asked Questions About the AP Physics B&CExams, 8 3 How to Plan Your Time, 15 Specific Advice for Physics B Students, 15 Important Advicer for Physics C Students, 17 Calender for each Plan, 20 Determine Your Test Readiness, 23 STEP 2 4 Fundamentals Quizzes, 25 Mechanics Quiz, 25 Thermodynamic Physics and Fluid Mechanics Quiz, 26 Electricity and Magnetism Quiz, 27 Waves, Optics, Atomic, and Nuclear Physics Quiz, 28 Answers, 29 What Do I Know, and What Don’t I Know?, 34 5 Take a Diagnostic Test, 35 Diagnostic Test, 36 Answers and Explanations, 41 Interpretation: How Ready Are You?, 44 Develop Strategies For Success, 45 STEP 3 6 Memorizing Equations in the Shower, 47 7 How to Approach Each Question Type, 53 Multiple-Choice Questions, 54 The Free-Response Section, 61 Lab Questions, 63 8 Extra Drill on Difficult but Frequently Tested Topics, 69 iv ❯ Contents Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High, 87 STEP 4 9 A Bit About Vectors, 89 Scalars, 89 Vector Basics, 90 Graphic Representation of Vectors, 90 Vector Components, 91 Adding and Subtracting Vectors, 91 Practice Problems, 93 Solutions to Practice Problems, 94 10 Free-Body Diagrams and Equilibrium, 95 What Is a Free-Body Diagram?, 96 Equilibrium, 97 Normal Force, 98 Tension, 99 Friction, 101 Inclined Planes, 104 Torque, 105 Of Special Interest to Physics C Students, 107 Solutions to Practice Problems, 108 Rapid Review, 110 11 Kinematics, 111 Velocity, Acceleration, and Displacement, 112 Fundamental Kinematics Equations, 113 Kinematics Problem Solving, 113 Freefall, 115 Projectile Motion, 117 Motion Graphs, 118 Of Special Interest to Physics C Students, 121 Solutions to Practice Problems, 122 Rapid Review, 123 = 12 Newton’s Second Law, F ma, 124 net The Four-Step Problem-Solving Process, 125 Only NET Force Equals ma, 125 F on Inclines, 126 net F for a Pulley, 128 net Newton’s Third Law, 130 Solution to Example Problem, 130 Of Special Interest to Physics C Students, 132 Solutions to Practice Problems, 133 Rapid Review, 134 13 Momentum, 135 Momentum and Impulse, 136 Conservation of Momentum, 137 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions, 138 Two-Dimensional Collisions, 138 Of Special Interest to Physics C Students, 141 Solutions to Practice Problems, 142 Rapid Review, 142 Contents ❮ v 14 Energy Conservation, 143 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Energy Theorem, 144 Potential Energy, 146 Conservation of Energy: Problem-Solving Approach, 146 Springs, 148 Power, 149 Of Special Interest to Physics C Students Practice Problems, 151 Solutions to Practice Problems, 152 Rapid Review, 153 15 Gravitation and Circular Motion, 154 Velocity and Acceleration in Circular Motion, 155 Centripetal Acceleration, 155 Mass on a String, 156 Car on a Curve, 158 Newton’s Law of Gravitation, 159 Of Special Interest to Physics C Students Practice Problems, 160 Solutions to Practice Problems, 163 Rapid Review, 164 16 Rotational Motion (for Physics C Students Only), 165 Rotational Kinematics, 166 Moment of Inertia, 168 Newton’s Second Law for Rotation, 169 Rotational Kinetic Energy, 170 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation, 171 Practice Problems, 173 Solutions to Practice Problems, 174 Rapid Review, 176 17 Simple Harmonic Motion, 177 Amplitude, Period, and Frequency, 178 Vibrating Mass on a Spring, 179 Simple Pendulums, 180 Of Special Interest to Physics C Students Practice Problems, 183 Solutions to Practice Problems, 183 Rapid Review, 184 18 Thermodynamics (for Physics B Students Only), 185 Heat, Temperature, and Power, 186 Thermal Expansion, 188 Ideal Gas Law, 189 Kinetic Theory of Gases, 190 First Law of Thermodynamics, 191 PV Diagrams, 191 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, 196 Entropy, 197 Practice Problems, 198 Solutions to Practice Problems, 199 Rapid Review, 200 vi ❯ Contents 19 Fluid Mechanics (for Physics B Students Only), 201 Pressure and Density, 202 Pressure in a Static Fluid Column, 203 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle, 205 Pascal’s Principle, 206 Flowing Fluids, 207 Practice Problems, 210 Solutions to Practice Problems, 211 Rapid Review, 212 20 Electrostatics, 213 Electric Charge, 214 Electric Fields, 215 Force of an Electric Field, 216 Electric Potential, 217 Special Geometries for Electrostatics, 220 Of Special Interest to Physics C Students Practice Problems, 226 Solutions to Practice Problems, 227 Rapid Review, 228 21 Circuits, 229 Current, 230 Resistance and Ohm’s Law, 230 Resistors in Series and in Parallel, 232 The V-I-R Chart, 234 Kirchoff’s Laws, 236 Circuits from an Experimental Point of View, 239 RC Circuits: Steady-State Behavior, 241 Of Special Interest to Physics C Students Practice Problems, 244 Solutions to Practice Problems, 245 Rapid Review, 246 22 Magnetism, 248 Magnetic Fields, 249 Long, Straight Current-Carrying Wires, 251 Moving Charged Particles, 252 Mass Spectrometry, 255 Induced EMF, 259 Of Special Interest to Physics C Students Practice Problems, 264 Solutions to Practice Problems, 266 Rapid Review, 267 23 Waves, 268 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves, 269 Interference, 271 Standing Waves, 272 Doppler Effect, 275 Electromagnetic Waves, 276 Contents ❮ vii Single and Double Slits, 276 Index of Refraction, 279 Of Special Interest to Physics C Students Practice Problems, 282 Solutions to Practice Problems, 283 Rapid Review, 284 24 Optics (for Physics B Students Only), 286 Snell’s Law, 287 Mirrors, 288 Lenses, 291 Practice Problems, 294 Solutions to Practice Problems, 296 Rapid Review, 297 25 Atomic and Nuclear Physics (for Physics B Students Only), 298 Subatomic Particles, 299 The Electron-Volt, 300 Energy Levels in an Atom, 300 Momentum of a Photon, 303 de Broglie Wavelength, 303 Three Types of Nuclear Decay Processes, 304 E = mc2, 306 Practice Problems, 306 Solutions to Practice Problems, 307 Rapid Review, 308 Build Your Test-Taking Confidence, 309 STEP 5 Physics B Multiple-Choice Questions, 311 Physics B Free-Response Questions, 324 Physics B Multiple-Choice Solutions, 329 Physics B Free-Response Solutions, 335 Physics C Mechanics Multiple-Choice Questions, 341 Physics C Mechanics Free-Response Questions, 349 Physics C Electricity and Magnetism Multiple-Choice Questions, 353 Physics C Electricity and Magnetism Free-Response Questions, 361 Physics C Mechanics Multiple-Choice Solutions, 364 Physics C Electricity and Magnetism Multiple-Choice Solutions, 368 Physics C Mechanics Free-Response Solutions, 372 Physics C Electricity and Magnetism Free-Response Solutions, 375 Appendixes, 385 Constants, 387 Physics B Equations, 388 Physics C Equations, 391 Four-Minute Drill Prompts, 393 Web Sites, 396 Glossary, 397 Bibliography, 401 Other books in McGraw-Hill’s 5 STEPS TO A 5 Series include: AP Biology AP Calculus AB/BC AP Chemistry AP English Language AP English Literature AP Microeconomics/Macroeconomics AP Psychology AP Spanish Language AP Statistics AP U.S. Government and Politics AP U.S. History AP World History 11 Practice Tests for the AP Exams Writing the AP English Essay

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AP Statistics. AP U.S. Government and Politics. AP U.S. History. AP World History. 11 Practice Tests for the AP Exams. Writing the AP English Essay
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