42 Agro FOOD Industry Hi Tech

72 Pages·2013·64.36 MB·English

Agro FOOD Industry Hi Tech is a peer-reviewed journal devoted to
functional food and nutraceuticals addressed to a readership belonging
to the industry. The 2012 impact factor is 0.234, according to the Thomson
Reuters Journal Citation Reports.
vol 24(6),
November/December 2013
FROM THE SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD
2 Functional ingredients: quo vadis? (A.C. Ouwehand)
3 EFSA NEWS
FOOD ANALYSIS
4 Determination of synthetic food colourant in tea drink by absorption
spectrophotometry (J. Zhang, Z. Zhao, R. Ji, L. Wang)
10 An IR spectroscopic investigation of tarhana (B. Bardakçı, G. Masoero)
PRE - PROBIOTICS
13 Probiotic lactic acid bacteria vs. bacilli: pros and cons (A.C. Ouwehand,
S. Forssten, M. Lehtinen, E. Galbraith, E. Davis)
19 Effect of sweetener supplement on the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus La 5,
Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb 12 and Streptococcus thermophilus St 36 in
fermented goat milks during storage (A. Akpinar, O. Yerlikaya, F.A. Torunoğlu,
Ö. Kinik, H. Uysal)
PRODUCT FOCUS
24 Lallemand Health Solutions. Your one-stop shop probiotic solutions provider
(www.lallemand.com)
DIETARY FIBRES
26 Dietary fibre intake among different groups of patients as compared to
recommendations (D. Gajewska, S. Bawa, A. Harton, J. Myszkowska-Ryciak)
PRODUCT FOCUS
30 Nexira, Global leader in natural ingredients and botanical extracts
(www.nexira.com)
SPORT NUTRITION
31 CoQ10 and Ubiquinol. Novel, safe dietary supplementation for trained and
untrained athletes (J.J. Ochoa, J. Diaz-Castro, P. Lambrechts)
ANTIOXIDANTS
35 Antioxidant activity and sensory attributes of tomatoes dehydrated by combination
of microwave and convective heating (L. Cinquanta, D. Albanese, A. Fratianni,
G. La Fianza, M. Di Matteo)
INFANT NUTRITION
39 Benefits of Fructooligosaccharides in formula fed infants (F. Respondek, A. Wagner)
PRODUCT FOCUS
42 Akonino® Organic - Designed for healthy development (www.aak.com)
SWEETENERS
44 Panela: the natural nutritional sweetener (G. De Maria)
DAIRY INGREDIENTS
50 Nutritional aspects of polar lipids from milk phospho- and glycolipids
(M. Schneider, H. Schmitt)
53 A functional milk beverage: Kefir (H. Kesenkas, O. Yerlikaya, E. Ozer)
56 Production of functional Ricotta Cheese (S. Niro, M. Succi, L. Cinquanta,
A. Fratianni, P. Tremonte, E. Sorrentino, G. Panfili)
INTOLERANCES
60 Galactosemia,diet and dairy products: a review (I.E. Tonguç, C. Karagözlü)
64 NEWS
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AGC - Arti Grafiche Colombo (Gessate MI, Italia). Authorization from Tribunale di Milano
n. 343 of May 1990. Autorizzazione del Tribunale di Milano n. 343 del Maggio 1990.
Functional ingredients:
quo vadis?
ARTHUR C. OUWEHAND
Active Nutrition, DuPont Nutrition & Health, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
Member of Agro FOOD Industry Hi Tech Scientific Advisory Board
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Over the past few years, many jurisdictions have tightened regulations around health claims. In general this is for good
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reasons; with the attempt to protect the consumer from misleading information. Also for manufacturers, a stricter
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legislation is not necessarily a bad thing. Those who invest in the documentation of their products can stand out of the
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o crowd and would be able to make more specific statements and see a return on investment. It would also stimulate
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i innovation as manufacturers would be motivated to seek new health targets and work on documentation for the
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d active ingredients in question; that is how in recent years plant stanols and sterols have found their way to the market;
A to the benefit of consumer and manufacturer alike.
Unfortunately, this theory does not always seem to work that way in practice. It is easy to blame the legislative
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i bodies and/or the experts they are using. Although some Consumer Organizations would certainly argue that current
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ti legislation is not strict enough; the truth is likely to be somewhere in the middle. Several active ingredients (outside the
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e ‘traditional’ vitamins and minerals) have been quite well investigated albeit in usually small studies. Fortunately, science
i has given us systematic reviews and meta-analyses which allow us to combine these smaller studies and see ‘the
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S greater picture’. While a thorough systematic review should find all there is on a specific topic in a reproducible way,
e the challenge is of course that not everything gets published. There may be less motivation to write up on a ‘null’ study
h (a study with no difference between verum and placebo) then on a ‘positive’ study. To capture these unpublished
t studies, we have clinical trial registries and studies should certainly be registered there before they start. To this end,
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a better harmonization between registries would be desirable to avoid that industries use less mainstream registries to
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hide studies from competitors.
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o While much can be done to improve the execution and reporting of studies for the future, there is still a vast body of
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A ‘old’ research. It would be an enormous waste of resources and knowledge to dismiss this. We also have to realize that
most knowledge we have and use on vitamins and minerals originates from similar ‘old’ research and has thus been
proven to be valuable. I am sure that with common sense we can come a long way evaluating this ‘old’ science.
Finally, there is the matter of biomarkers. Foods may not be used, to cure, mitigate or prevent disease in many
jurisdictions. Identifying biomarkers that indicate risks for disease is of paramount importance. A better understanding
of mechanisms by which functional ingredients influence health will lead to further innovation of such ingredients
and strong predictive biomarkers will open the road to structure/function claims or claims on reduction of disease risk
markers. Identifying and documenting strong biomarkers is not a task for industry, but for the scientific community. Big
funding agencies like NIH or the European Commission could play a role here. Instead of funding research where less
meaningful biomarkers are measured, just because they can be measured, let’s fund research on strong biomarkers to
improve research quality, and in the long run public health.
Thus, a lot of work remains to be done; for the scientific community, industry and legislative bodies. In this respect,
we need to understand that the different parties in this discussion may require different type of information on the
same topic.
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day. Plasma ascorbateE concentrations scurvy, blood lipids and blood pressure,
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above 10 µmol/L but below 50 µmol/L are common cold, and on chronic disease-
indicative of a suboptimal status with a related outcomes (cardiovascular
risk of insufficiency. A plasma ascorbate disease-related, cancer, vision-related,
concentration of 50 µmol/L is indicative of mortality) could not be used as criteria to
an adequate status. Urinary excretion of derive the requirement for vitamin C.
ascorbate is low when plasma ascorbate For infants aged 7-11 months, the Panel
SCIENTIFIC OPINION ON DIETARY concentrations are low, but urinary decided to retain the PRI of 20 mg/day
REFERENCE VALUES FOR VITAMIN C excretion increases sharply for plasma set by the Scientific Committee for Food
concentrations above about 50 µmol/L, (SCF, 1993), as no suitable evidence has
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Following a request from the European and this is assumed to reflect neaEr- Wemerged since the previous assessment.
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CProomdumcitsss,i oNnu, ttrhiteio nEF aSnAd P Aanlleerlg oiens D(NiWeDteAt)ic SsTahetu Arav teioran g oef Rbeoqd uyir ep mooelns.t (AR) for vitamin C Fvoitar cmhinild Cre wn aasn edx atrdaoploelsacteendt sfr,o thme t AheR AfoRr s
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was asked to delivNer a scientific opinion in healthy adults was determined from the for adults taking into account differences
on Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) quantity of vitamin C intake that balances in body weight (isometric scaling). The
for the European population, including metabolic vitamin C losses and maintains PRIs were derived by assuming a CV of
vitamin C. fasting plasma ascorbate concentrations 10 % and range from 20 mg/day for 1 to
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is an enzyme at about 50 µmol/L. Taking a conservative 3-year-old children, to 100 and 90 mg/
cofactor for biochemical reactions approach and based on the fact that a day for boys and girls aged 15-17 years,
catalysed by monooxygenases, complete set of data was only available respectively.
dioxygenases and mixed function in men, the Panel selected metabolic losses In pregnancy, plasma ascorbate
oxygenases. Vitamin C plays an important of 50 mg/day, an aWbsorption oSf 80 % and a concentration decreases because of
role in the biosynthesis of collagen, is urNinary excEretion of 25 % of the vitamin C haemodilution and active transfer to the
essential for the synthesis of carnitine and intake. Thus, a mean vitamin C intake of fetus. For pregnant women, a vitamin C
catecholamines, and is also involved 91 mg/day (rounded to 90 mg/day) was intake of 10 mg/day in addition to the PRI
in the metabolism of cholesterol to bile estimated to be required to balance daily of non-pregnant women was proposed.
acids. Vitamin C in aqueous solution losses, and this intake represents the AR. In lactating women, the amount of
readily scavenges reactive oxygen Assuming a coefficient of variation (CV) vitamin C secreted in breast milk reflects
and nitrogen species, and is part of the of 10 %, a Population Reference Intake maternal vitamin C intake rather than
antioxidant network of the body. (PRI) of 110 mg/day was derived for the infant’s requirement. For women
Gastrointestinal absorption is about healthy men. As no value for metabolic exclusively bSreastfeeding during the first
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80 % for an intake of about 100 mg/ losses was available in womenN, the AR foEr six months post partum, a vitamin C intake
day. Vitamin C is transported as the womenS was e xtra po late d f rom the AR for of 60 mg/day, in addition to the PRI of non-
free anion ascorbate in plasma, aEnd is Wmen. Extrapolation was done by isometric lactating women, was proposed to cover
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distributed to all tissues. Biomarkers of scaling (linear with body weight), since vitamin C losses in breast milk.
body stores are related to the size and vitamin C is considered to be distributed The main contributors to the vitamin C intake
turnover of vitamin C body stores, and throughout the whole body, since the of adults are fruits and vegetables and their
to the mass balance of vitamin C in the multi-compartment models used to juices, and potatoes. Data from dietary
body. In this Opinion, plasma ascorbate calculate the metabolic losses in men surveys show that average vitamin C intakes
concentration is considered as the consider an exchange with only one from food only in European countries range
primary indicator of body stores. The whole body tissue pool, since few sex- from 69 to 130 mg/day in men and from 65
mass balance of vitamin C in the body related differences could be observed to 138 mg/day in women.
is determined from the rate of turnover in the pharmacokinetics of vitamin C,
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of the body pool, considering metabolic andE sinceW a main part of the observed
N News edited by
losses, urinary losses and the quantity of differences can be explained by body
GAYLE DE MARIA
vitamin C required for the replacement weight differences between sexes. This Agro FOOD Industry Hi Tech
of these losses, taking into account calculation led to an AR of 78 mg/day [email protected]
absorption efficiency. (rounded to 80 mg/day) for women.
Scurvy, characterised by symptoms Assuming a CV of 10 % and
related to connective tissue defects, rounding to the closest 5, a PRI
occurs in adults at a plasma ascorbate of 95 mg/day of vitamin C was
concentration below 10 µmol/L and a derived for healthy women.
SUPPLIERS & SERVICES
body pool less than 300 mg, and can Because of a scarcity of data
be prevented with an intake of 10 mg on the influenceS of ag ei ng , t he
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vitamin C/day. In vitamin C-depletNed EPanel concluded that there
men, when vitamin C intake is increased were insufficient data to derive
to 60 to 100 mg/day, plasma ascorbate different DRVs for vitamin C
concentrations steeply increase up to a for older adults compared to
value of about 50 µmol/L, and the body younger adults.
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pool rises to 1.0-1.5 g. When vitamin C intake EThe PWanel also considered
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is increased to above 100 mg/day, there is several health outcomes
a progressive flattening of the curve until that may be associated with
plasma ascorbate reaches a plateau vitamin C intake. The Panel
at about 70-80 µmol/L that can be decided that the available
maintained only by chronic ingestion of data on the effects of vitamin
large doses of vitamin C above 200 mg/ C intake and/or status on
NEWS
33
Determination of synthetic
food colourant in tea
drink by absorption
spectrophotometry
Zhimin Zhao
JIHUA ZHANG, ZHIMIN ZHAO,*, RENDONG JI, LEXIN WANG
*Corresponding author
College of Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
KEYWORDS: absorption spectra; first derivative of ratio spectra; synthetic food colourant, tea drink
ABSTRACT: In this paper, two kinds of simple, precise and sensitive approaches are developed for the determination of
synthetic food colourant in the tea drink based on absorption spectrophotometry. One method focuses on the analysis of
the intensity at 480nm wavelength of original absorption spectra. The other one aims at the technology of calculating the
intensity at 462nm and 524nm wavelength of the first derivative of ratio spectra. In addition, both of correlation coefficients
are found to be near to 0.999. Validated by assessing the precision, limit of quantification, limit of detection and sensitivity,
both of them show accurate, simple, cheap and less time-consuming feature. Therefore, they can be suitably applied in
s the estimation of the synthetic food colourant in tea drink.
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INTRODUCTION and so on. The original absorption spectrophometic
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A method is based on the Lambert-Beer Law, which states
Tea drink is one of the most popular drinks in the world. the linear relationship between absorbance of a solution
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China, the birthplace of tea, exports a great quantity of and its concentration.Inoriginal measurement methods
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o tea leaves to various countries in the world. Owing to tea such as derivative spectrophotometry and ratio spectra
F has anticarcinogenic action (1-3) and resists radiation derivative spectrophotometric approaches have been
damage (4, 5). Tea has become the favourite for more the focus of the determination of colourant (28-30).
and more people. So safety detection of tea, such as Two methods, original absorption spectra and the first
identification of tea adulterations, analysis of pesticide derivative of the ratio spectra, are used in the present
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1 residues and determination of microbial, fluroine and paper. The objective of the current study is to develop
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er heavy metal contamination, becomes important rapid, accurate, reproducible, validated and
mb nowadays. economical methods for the determination of the food
ce Food colourant addition is one of the problem in tea colourant in tea drinks.
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D adulterations. Some synthetic colourants may be
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er pathogenic, especially if they are consumed in excess.
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m Therefore, safety data for every synthetic colourant food EXPERIMENTS
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o additive have been repeatedly determined and
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6) - evaluated by the Food and Agricultural Organization Instruments and apparatus
4( and World Health Organization. The use of synthetic SHIMADZU UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer, UV-3600,
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ol colourants as food additives is common in most connected to a computer and loaded with UV-probe
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h - countries. Different methods have been employed for software was used. For all absorbance measurements,1-
c the determination of colourants in diverse matrices, cm matched quartz cuvettes were used. The
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Hi T including chromatographic methods, such as column absorbance from 200nm to 700nm was recorded by
y chromatography, HPLC and TLC (6-9). Numerous UV-3600.
ustr procedures are based on the use of electroanalytical The material for testing was a tea-drink and synthetic
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n methods (10, 11), such as polarographic analysis (12), colourant mixed solution.
D I voltammetry (13) and ion-selective electrode analysis The reference substance was deionized water.
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O (14). But spectrophometrical method is also used to
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o determine food colourant (15, 16), such as original Preparation of synthetic tea colourant
Agr absorption spectra method (13) and derivative All colourants were purchased from the local market.
spectrometric method (18). The food colourant sample was obtained by mixing
Because of absorption spectrometry can indicate 2.5mg apple green and 15mg sunset yellow, whose
information of energy levels, it is applied to colour is similar to the tea. Apple green is a blend of two
determination of molecular structure (19) and food dyes, lemon yellow (CAS:1934-21-0) and brilliant
quantitative analysis for substance (20). Nowadays, blue (CAS:3844-45-9), and sunset yellow (CAS:2783-94-0)
molecular absorption spectrophometric method of is a single chemical compound whose chemical formula
analysis is extensively used in the determination of is C H N Na O S .
16 10 2 2 7 2
colourants (21-23) due to its high sensitivity and cost-
effectiveness. A variety of mathematics algorithms are Preparation of standard stock solution
combined with molecular absorption spectrometry in The stock solution of colourant was prepared by
substance analysis, for instance partial least squares dissolving the tea colourant ( mixed by 2.5mg apple
regression(PLS) (24), principal component analysis(PCA) green and 15mg sunset yellow ) in 600ml water.
(25), derivation (26), calculus of finite differences (27) The stock solution of tea was prepared by brewing 1g
4

tea leaves in 125ml boiling water and collecting the intensity of 480nm is larger than the intensity of 630nm.
supernatant liquor after 30 minutes for testing. Therefore, range of 420nm-560nm is intended to be the
All working samples were divided into two sets: wave band for the determination of the synthetic tea
calibration set and validations set, as Table 1 showing. colourant.
Nome
Cognome
Table1. The calibration set and the validation set of the experiment
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The wave band for the determination of the synthetic tea
Figure 3. Absorption spectrum of colourant and tea drink
colourant
Figure 1 shows the absorbance of the synthetic tea
colourant from 200nm to 700nm. It can be found that Two methods for the determination of the synthetic tea
there are four peaks at 234nm,314nm,480nm and 630nm, colourant in the tea drinks
s respectively. Peaks at 234nm,314nm and 480nm are The original absorption spectrophotometric method and
si engendered by sunset yellow and 630nm is caused by the first derivative of the ratio spectra method were
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brilliant blue in apple green. developed for the determination of the synthetic tea
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colourant. Absorption spectra is a simple, economic and
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nature friendly analytical choose for the determination of
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the synthetic tea colourant.
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The original absorption spectrophotometric method used
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o in the determination of the synthetic tea colourant is
F based on the linear relationship between absorbance of
the solution and its concentration depicted by Lambert
Beer Law. For the λmax of the tea colourant was found to
be 480nm (Figure 4), the absorbance intensities at 480nm
13 of all samples in calibration set was selected to fit linear
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er 2 with the concentration of the colourant. The regression
b line equation is : y = 0.01968*x + 0.13582, x is the
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e concentration of the colourant and y is the absorbance
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D intensity at 480nm.
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er
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m Figure 1. Absorption spectrum of colourant
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4(6) - F2i0g0unrme 2t osh 7o0w0ns mth.e A apbpsaorrebnatnlyc, eth oefr eth ies nteoa p derainkk i nfr othme
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ol spectra and the noise appears in the ultraviolet band
h v- that may results from the scattering of some colloid and
c suspension.
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D I
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gr Figure 4. Absorption spectra of samples in calibration set
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According to the regression line equation, the
concentrations of samples in validations set can be
determined and the prediction result and evaluation are
presented in the Table 2.
Figure 2. Absorption spectrum of tea drink
In figure 3, the absorption spectra of the colourant and
the tea are showed together. Although there are four
peaks of the colourant, two peaks (234nm and 314nm)
Table 2. The prediction result by original absorption spectra method
are covered by the UV noise of the tea. In addition,
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The absorption spectra of tea drinks with synthetic y = 0.00344*x - 0.00933 at 462nm and y = -0.00654*x +
colourant of the increasing concentrations was divided 0.02245 at 524nm. Based on the two equations, the
by the spectrum of the pure tea drink to get the ratio concentrations of the synthetic colourant in the samples
spectra. From the ratio spectra, first-derivative spectra of validations set can be calculated and the recoveries
(Figure 5) were calculated. are also figured out (Table 3).
Table 3. The prediction result by first derivative of the ratio spectra
method.
The evaluation of the two methods (The original
absorption spectrophotometric method and the first
Figure 5. The ratio spectra,first-derivative spectra of derivative of the ratio spectra method)
samples in calibration set A critical evaluation of the proposed methods was
performed by the statistical analysis of the experimental
As showed in Figure 5, it was found that the measured data. The obtained slopes, intercepts and correlation
signals have a maximum at 462nm and a minimum at coefficients are summarized in Table 4. F
524nm.Further, it was found that the measured signals at Limit of detection (LOD) was measured as the lowest o
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these wavelengths were proportional to the amount of the analyte that could be detected to
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concentrations of the synthetic colourant.Hence, the produce a significant response. It was approved by
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values of the first derivative of the ratio spectra of 462nm calculations based on the standard deviation of the
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and 524nm of all samples in calibration set was selected response (δ ) and the slope (S) of the calibration curve at a
to fit linear with the concentration of the synthetic the levels approaching the limits according to equation l
y
colourant, respectively. The regression equations are: LOD = 3.3 ( δ /S) and LOQ = 10 (δ /S). s
i
s
the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(NO.10172043), Specialized Research Fund for the
Doctor Program of Higher Education of China
(NO.20093218110024), International Science and
Technology Cooperation Grant (NO.BZ2010060),
Program Sponsored for Scientific Innovation Research
of College Graduate in Jiangsu Province
(CXLX12_0143), the Innovation and Excellence Fund for
Doctoral Dissertation of Nanjing University of
Aeronautics and Astronautics (BCXJ12-10), Postdoctoral
Grant and the Fundamental Research Funds for the
Table 4. The evaluation of the proposed two methods Central Universities (NS2012062).
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o
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2
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e
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b
m method, which is more complex than the original absorption 16. A.E. Solovchenko, O.B. Chivkunova, M.N. Merzlyak and I.V.
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O
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ACKONWLEDGEMENTS
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