3rd International Nuclear Chemistry Congress (INCC) - Book of abstracts

142 Pages·2016·0.62 MB·English

3rd-INCC
Sunday 18 September 2011 - Friday 23 September 2011
Città del Mare, Terrasini - Palermo - Sicily - Italy
Book of abstracts
3rd-INCC / Book of abstracts Thursday 24 January 2013
Table of contents
Fukushima nuclear catastrophe in Japan: its probable influences on the nuclear educational programs and
global learnings about this catastrophe ............................................................................................ 1
Conversion of I2 in ionic forms on the composite materials "Fizkhimin"TM in water coolant at nuclear power
plants ....................................................................................................................................... 2
The granular sorbents for passive environment protection system during severe accidents with total loss of
power supply at NPPs .................................................................................................................. 4
The thermal decomposition of CH3131I in a gas flow .......................................................................... 5
Assessment of dose to the Irish population arising from anthropogenic radioactivity in the Irish marine
environment .............................................................................................................................. 6
Radioanalytical methods: tools in studies of thyrotoxic effects of excessive bromide and perchlorate ions ...... 7
Radiopharmacological studies: interaction of antidepressant fluoxetine with thyroid hormones metabolism ... 8
Radiometric enzyme assays for iodothyronine deiodinases .................................................................. 9
Ascertainment of changes in thyroid hormones metabolism in white adipose tissue by radiometric enzyme
assays ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Radioecology around a closed uranium mine .................................................................................... 11
Lead radioisotopes in the lower atmosphere associated with natural aerosols ........................................... 11
Helium release from aged palladium tritide ...................................................................................... 12
Automated and rapid determination of radionculides for emergency analysis, radioecology investigation and
characterization of decommissioning waste ...................................................................................... 12
Secure and certify studies to work on production of "spiked" plutonium ................................................. 13
2-Secure facilities for Egyptian Nuclear weapons ............................................................................... 13
Aging effects on kinetic properties in palladium–tritium system during tritium storage ............................. 14
Characterization of REE from NE Portugal using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis ...................... 14
Native and transplanted lichen and bark as air pollution biomonitors at three different meteorological
conditions ................................................................................................................................. 15
Determination of Tc-99 in seaweed sample by ICP-MS ....................................................................... 15
Reactor Production of Cu-64 by (n,p) reactions on Zn targets in Dhruva Research Reactor for
radiopharmaceutical studies .......................................................................................................... 16
Neutron capture cross-section measurements of Th-232 using activation technique ................................... 17
Tritium probe in nanoparticles investigations .................................................................................... 18
Application of the model of Cs-137 vertical migration for the assessment of sedimentation rates along the
Bertioga Channel, São Paulo State, Brazil ......................................................................................... 19
i
Distribution of heavy metals in fish tissues of the Tepuxtepec Dam, Mexico ............................................ 20
An automated production of Cu-64 on 18/9 MeV cyclotron .................................................................. 20
Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis for the absorption of U(VI) on the crosslinked polyester resin with acrylic
acid from aqueous solutions .......................................................................................................... 21
Adsorption of Cs(I) on Densely Crosslinked Poly(sodium methacrylate) from Aqueous Solutions ................ 22
Plutonium, americium and radiocesium in coastal sediments of the Cuban island, in the Caribbean Sea ........ 23
Uranium in ground water samples of Northern Greece ....................................................................... 23
Uranium isotopes as a tracer of groundwater transport studies ............................................................. 24
Optimization of Sequential Separation of U, Th, Pb, and lanthanides for ultra-trace analysis ....................... 25
In vivo biodistribution of I-131 labeled bleomycin (BLM) and isomers (A2 and B2) on experimental animal
models ...................................................................................................................................... 26
Correlation between the particle size distribution of radioactive aerozols and their half-lives derived from
measurement of radioactive aerosols at a 120-GeV proton target station ................................................. 27
The half-lives of Y-90m and Ru-97 .................................................................................................. 28
Fulvic acids, fertilizers first and then stimulants of vital functions in vertebrates ...................................... 28
Marine sediments as a radioactive pollution repository in the world ...................................................... 29
Production of Medical Radionuclides in Russia: status and future .......................................................... 30
Microspheres with an ultra high holmium content for brachytherapy of malignancies ............................... 31
Correlation study of air pollution and cardio-respiratory system diseases through NAA of atmospheric
pollutant biomonitor .................................................................................................................... 32
Radiological dose assessment of naturally occurring radioactive materials in concrete building materials ...... 33
Determination of Sr-90 and Pb-210 in freshwater fish in Austria ........................................................... 33
Americium and samarium determination in aqueous solutions after separation by cation-exchange ............. 34
New bitopic molecules for Group Actinides Extraction ....................................................................... 35
New separation methods for production of light stable isotopes for use in nuclear technology ..................... 36
Experimental cross sections for Be-7 production in Al, Si, Mg and C by deuteron irradiations up to 50 MeV .. 37
U-238 in sediments of the Kastela Bay, Adriatic Sea (Croatia) ............................................................... 38
Study of lactose uptake rate by immobilized kefir cells during whey fermentation, using C-14 labelled lactose 38
Implementation of the k0-standardization method for analysis of geological samples at the Neutron Activation
Analysis Laboratory, São Paulo, Brazil ............................................................................................ 39
Comparison of metal accumulation in tree bark and soil from urban parks in São Paulo city, Brazil ............. 40
Metal and trace element assessment of Tietê river sediments, São Paulo, Brazil ........................................ 41
Social representation and Nuclear Chemistry educational .................................................................... 41
Metallographic and XPS analyses of deposits from steam generator ....................................................... 42
Selective reduction of actinyl ions based on electrocatalysis using platinized glassy carbon fiber column
electrode ................................................................................................................................... 42
Multi-dimensional chromatographic separations of actinides ............................................................... 43
ii
Automated fusion methodology for the rapid dissolution of airborne actinides ........................................ 43
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis applied to multielement determination in lettuce grown in
phosphate treated contaminated soil ............................................................................................... 44
Determination of the isotopic ratio U-236/U-238 in environmental samples ............................................. 45
Low-level gamma spectroscopy measurements of air samples in Austria after the Fukushima accident ......... 45
Natural radionuclides and Cs-137 in marine sediments from open and semi-enclosed gulfs, lagoons and
fjord-like environments in Greece .................................................................................................. 46
Design and construction of an equipment for the radiochemistry process of molecules marked for the sector
health ....................................................................................................................................... 47
Separation of Cu-61 from alpha particle irradiated cobalt target by LLX ................................................. 47
Separation of no-carrier-added ruthenium from C-12 irradiated natural yttrium target by aqueous biphasic
extraction .................................................................................................................................. 48
Evaluation of cobalt bis(dicarbollide) ion derivatives with attached metal chelating groups for their use in
nuclear waste treatment ............................................................................................................... 49
Physico-chemical investigation of heterogeneous equilibria in the saturated aqueous solutions of
uranylsilicates of the alkaline elements ............................................................................................ 50
Study of states of uranylphosphates and uranylarsenates of monoacid, divalent and trivalent elements in
water-salt heterogeneous systems ................................................................................................... 51
Synthesis and study of uranyl orthovanadate (UO2)3(VO4)2*4H2O ........................................................ 52
Evaporation residue cross section in 28Si+75As at Elab=6.6 MeV/nucleon ............................................... 53
Investigation of the variance of fission product mass distribution in 20Ne + 232Th reaction ........................ 53
Total Diet Study: Mg and Mn content estimation of a Market Basket of São Paulo state (Brazil) by
Instrumental Neutron Activation. ................................................................................................... 54
U, Th and other element evaluation in wild mushroom from a naturally high radioactive region in Brazil ..... 54
Rare earth elements in phosphogypsum and phosphate fertilizers in Brazil .............................................. 55
Passive biomonitoring study for trace elements in oysters Crassostrea brasiliana (Lamarck, 1819: Mollusca,
Bivalvia) in São Paulo State coastal sites, Brazil (25º00’-23º56’S, 47º25’-45º19’W) ...................................... 55
Natural radionuclides content and radon exhalation rate from brazilian phosphogypsum piles .................... 56
Potassium concentrations and annual effective dose of the most customary-consumed foodstuffs in Mexico as
a cultural heritage ....................................................................................................................... 56
Validation of γ spectrometry technique to determine potassium in foodstuufs .......................................... 57
Simultaneous speciation analysis of arsenic, antimony and selenium in natural waters by HPLC, SPE and
solvent extraction coupled to neutron activation ................................................................................ 57
Processing of UV-Vis spectroscopy data by chemometric tools as a perspective way for online monitoring of
SNF reprocessing ........................................................................................................................ 58
Opportunity of using protective coatings for radioactive waste immobilization ........................................ 59
Heterocyclic acids diamides as extractants for actinides extraction and separation .................................... 60
Traces of Fukushima accident in Southern Poland. ............................................................................. 61
Total and bioaccessible fractions of trace elements in cultivated oyster tissues by INAA, PIXE and ICP-MS ... 62
iii
Micro-XRF and micro-EXAFS investigations of radionuclide sorption in Boda Siltstone Formation .............. 63
Study of the firing temperature of Marajoara Archaeological ceramics by electron paramagnetic resonance
associated to INAA data ............................................................................................................... 64
Chemical composition of marine sediments in the Pacific Sea from Sinaloa to Jalisco in Mexico .................. 64
Recent sedimentation rates and trace elements determined in cores from Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil 65
EDXRF determination of heavy metals in the soil of an urban plot in Mexico City .................................... 65
Characterization of radioactive waste from a PET cyclotron facility by gamma spectroscopy ...................... 66
Natural radionuclides, stable elements concentration and study of bioactive components of Peperomia
pellucida ................................................................................................................................... 67
Classification of igneous rocks from Paraguay by INAA ...................................................................... 68
The effect of aging and natural organic matter on the Th(OH)4 solubility ............................................... 68
The effect of humic acid on the formation and solubility of secondary solid phases of polyvalent metal ions .. 69
Fukushima fallout at Milano, Italy .................................................................................................. 69
Chemical fractionation of radionuclides in submerged plants and sediments of the Yenisei River ................. 70
Activity size distribution of radioactive Be-7 aerosols at different environments in Northern Italy ............... 70
Synthesis of molybdenum nanoparticle by in situ γ radiation ............................................................... 71
Determination of short-lived radionuclides in neutron-activated urban atmospheric Particulate Matter ........ 72
Molten salt reactor for waste transmutation: fuel cycles and recycle chemisty .......................................... 73
Cyclotron production of Sc-44 - new radionuclide for PET technique ..................................................... 74
Nanozeolites as carriers for radium radionuclides. ............................................................................. 75
A system for radwaste storage real-time monitoring: lab and real tests ................................................... 76
New method for Sc-47 production in nuclear reactor Maria at Świerk .................................................... 77
Basic information about nuclear power energy to mexican citizens ....................................................... 78
Detection of ultratrace amounts of Np-237 with resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) ................. 79
Highlights of the 2010 Topical Meeting on Isotopes for Medicine and Industry ......................................... 80
Computational electrochemo-fluid dynamics modeling in a uranium electrowinning cell ........................... 80
Activation cross-sections for proton-induced reactions on natural Nd .................................................... 81
Synthesis and characterization of novel asymmetrical M(III) (M = Re, Tc-99g) complexes as models for the
development of new potential tracers for SPECT imaging and radiotherapy ............................................ 82
99mTc(N)-DBODC(5) from cardiology to oncology: preliminary in vitro study ........................................ 83
[188Re(N)(cys~)(PNP)]+/0 mixed ligand compounds as models for the development of target specific agents .. 84
A recoil method for Be-7 radiolabelling of nanoparticles ..................................................................... 85
Gamma-ray spectroscopic characterization of radioactive preparation for production process validation in a
PET cyclotron facility .................................................................................................................. 86
Study of bioaccumulation and effect biomarker in mussels Perna perna (LINNAEUS, 1758: mollusca, bivalvia)
from coastal regions of São Paulo State, Brazil .................................................................................. 87
iv
The dynamics of radioactive aerosols in the atmosphere of Moscow by the "Fukushima" nuclear power plant
accident. .................................................................................................................................... 88
Deep purification of uranium extract from technetium ....................................................................... 89
Plutonium speciation during sorption on natural clay ......................................................................... 90
Measurements of the spatial distribution of each dose component in tissue exposed to an epithermal neutron
beam for BNCT .......................................................................................................................... 91
In-vivo dosimetry in HDR brachyterapy with Fricke-gel catheters: preliminary results .............................. 92
Attempts to develop new synthesizing methods of 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose radiolabelled with fluorine-18
(18F-FDG) ................................................................................................................................. 92
The present role of radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) for determination of essential and toxic
trace elements in biological materials as–compared with ICP-MS and AAS ............................................. 93
In-vivo dosimetry in prostate HDR brachytherapy with thermoluminescence detectors (TLDs) ................... 94
Calibration protocol of Fricke-gel layers for absolute dose measurements in radiotherapy. ......................... 95
EBT2 radiochromic films for absolute dose measurements in radiotherapy: prototype of an innovative system
for their analysis ......................................................................................................................... 96
Development and characterisation of a new miniaturised detector for in vivo dosimetry in HDR
brachytherapy. ........................................................................................................................... 97
A nuclear measurement technique for comparison of the washing machine detergent qualities used on the
market ...................................................................................................................................... 98
Limiting transport properties of lanthanide and actinide ions in water.Hydration number and hydrolysis
phenomena. ............................................................................................................................... 99
Sampling/detecting airborne radionuclides and/or nanoparticles ........................................................... 100
Lu-177g produced with high specific activity by deuteron irradiation for metabolic radiotherapy ................ 101
Radiological study of transport and processing of naturally occurring radioactive materials. ....................... 102
Radiation protection relevant to Nuclear Chemistry in the light of recent International Recommendations .... 103
Development of an original radiochemical protocol in a view of Sn-121m and Sn-126 measurements in Low
and Intermediate Level Nuclear Wastes ........................................................................................... 104
Neutron and photon activation analyses of anomalous phonolites from Lusatian Mountains in Bohemian
Massif, Czech Republic ................................................................................................................. 105
Comparison of composition of lechatelierites in moldavites and silica phytoliths ...................................... 105
Unconventional component of parent materials of moldavites .............................................................. 106
Hyaluronic acid labeled with radioiodine: Optimization of labeling procedure and preclinical evaluation ...... 106
Evaluation of Y-90 labeled PANAM dendrimers of the 1st and 4th generations ........................................ 107
Radiolabeling of insuline with fluorine-18 using a new radiofluorination technique .................................. 107
Radioionidation of tyrosine by the use of exchange reaction ................................................................ 108
Test of isotopic exchanges between O-18 and O-16 when oxygen-18 enriched water contacts with air oxygen 109
A new radiofluorination method of select fluor as a new and effective F-18 fluorinating reagent ................. 109
The production and isolation of Cu-64 after production by the bombardment of a natural Zn target ............. 110
v
Decontamination of radioactive concrete in nuclear facilities by chemical separation method. .................... 111
Ultra low-level radionuclide analysis ............................................................................................... 111
Removal of volatile, organic iodines from vented containment gas streams by wet-scrubbing during severe
nuclear accidents ........................................................................................................................ 112
Compare plutonium isotopes activity in humans bones on the area where only global fallout was present and
the area where Global and Chernobyl fallouts ware present. ................................................................ 113
Uranium in dog foods commercialized in Brazil ................................................................................. 114
Chemical composition of urban soils in the vicinity of steel industry ..................................................... 114
In soil radon measurements to characterize fault systems .................................................................... 115
Physics dissemination through measurements of in-door radon ............................................................ 115
Tritium measurements in water springs on Mt. Etna Volcano ............................................................... 116
The distribution of I-131 in the fractionated dust in the ground layer of air in central Poland ...................... 116
Separation of Ra, Ba and Pb for determination of Ra-226 by isotope dilution alpha spectrometry and Pb-210 by
liquid scintillation spectrometry ..................................................................................................... 117
Assessment of actinides contamination in environmental and reactor structural samples by Accelerator Mass
Spectrometry .............................................................................................................................. 118
Radiolabelling of nanoparticles for life-cycle studies ........................................................................... 119
A sequential procedure for determing Pu-238, Pu-(239+240), Am-241, Sr-90 activities in human bones obtained
from joint replacement surgery ...................................................................................................... 120
Relationship between size distribution of radiation-induced aerosol particles and the deposited energy to the
air in high-energy proton irradiation. .............................................................................................. 121
Elemental characterization of bread and durum wheat by INAA ........................................................... 122
Revisiting the ultimate condition for applicability of k0-NAA: the constancy of neutron flux parameters
during irradiation ........................................................................................................................ 122
Characterisation of a Cu selective resin for use in the production of Cu isotopes for medical purpose ........... 123
Ultra sensitive measurements of Th-232 in copper by RNAA ................................................................ 123
Application of the CL resin to the separation and determination of Cl-36 and I-129 in environmental and
decommissioning samples ............................................................................................................. 124
Fabrication and thermo-mechanical characterization of HEMA grafted UV photo-cured biodegradable
chitosan film .............................................................................................................................. 125
Precipitation and purification of uranium from rock phosphate ............................................................ 126
Development of a fast radiochemical method for the Tc-99m production by Neutron Activation and its cost
analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 126
Nanotoxicology research:a great opportunity for the radionanoanalytical chemist .................................... 126
Behavior of thorium on poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) grafted with citric acid prepared using gamma radiation ..... 127
Baseline background radiation dose and risk assessment study due to natural radionuclides in the edible biota
of Domiasiat, Meghalaya .............................................................................................................. 127
Principle and procedure for the baseline radiation risk assesment to the non human biota of tropical
ecosystem: an elaborative approach at Domiasiat, India ...................................................................... 128
vi
TENORM accumulation and management in refineries ....................................................................... 129
Chemiluminescence of luminol - sodium hydroxide system using hemin as catalyst ................................. 130
Half-lives of Pu isotopes ............................................................................................................... 130
Half-lives of nuclides for geological use: 2011 evaluations for U-235 and U-234 ........................................ 131
Paving the way to personalized medicine: production of some theragnostic radionuclides at Brookhaven
National Laboratory .................................................................................................................... 132
National and regional capacity building for medical radioisotope production: role of the IAEA ................... 133
Epistemiological consideration on Radiochemistry during its 115 years of development ............................. 134
vii
3rd-INCC / Book of abstracts
Session 6 / 0
Fukushima nuclear catastrophe in Japan: its probable influences on the
nuclear educational programs and global learnings about this catastrophe
Prof. ÜNAK, Turan 1
1 INCS
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The earthquakes and tsunami, which occurred in Japan on 11th of March 2011, damaged the Fukushima
Nuclear Power Plants; resulting in a new global nuclear catastrophe, 25 years after Chernobyl. This is an
extremely unlucky nuclear event, and will lead to very serious influences on the global nuclear programs
including the educational programs on the field of nuclear science and technology. First, this will create good
and new materials for anti-nuclear lobbies and they will use this opportunity for oppressing the political
authorities to abandon governmental nuclear power programs. Of course, similar results were envisaged after
Chernobyl, and only 25 years later, these could slightly be eliminated by the public; but, it seems that the
elimination of the results of this second catastrophe will be much more difficult than they were for Chernobyl.
Briefly, it can be concluded that the Fukushima catastrophe in Japan will support the concept of nuclear
renaissance, which has been the heart of discussions on the scientific platform for several years. The basic
principles of the concept of nuclear renaissance can be summarized as follows:
1) Nuclear energy production systems should eventually be non-proliferative of nuclear weapons,
2) Minimized long-lived wastes resulting from fuel cycle,
3) Good accordance with the environmentalist concepts, and so, easily accepted by the people. Now, the
application of new safer technologies for construction of nuclear power plants should also be included into
these basic principles of nuclear renaissance.
In this contribution, the Fukushima nuclear catastrophe and its probable scientific, technological, social
influences, and the global learnings will be criticized, and the precautions in the field of nuclear education will
be proposed.
1
3rd-INCC / Book of abstracts
Session 10 / 1
Conversion of I2 in ionic forms on the composite materials
"Fizkhimin"TM in water coolant at nuclear power plants
Prof. KULYUKHIN, Sergey 1; MIZINA, Lubov' 1; Dr. KONOVALOVA, Natalya 1; RUMER, Igor' 1; KRASAVINA, Elena 1; LEVUSHKIN,
Dmitrii 1
1 Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
It is known that the activity of radioactive iodine in the water coolant increases dramatically during the
shutdown of reactors on the Russian working WWER- or RBMK-type NPPs. For example, the radioactivity of
131I in the water coolant increased 30 to 200 times during the shutdown of the reactor on the RBMK-type NPP
such as the Leningrad and Smolensk NPPs. One of the reasons of this activity rise is that during the shutdown
of a reactor the temperature of the fuel inside the fuel elements drops, which results in the reduction of the
fuel volume and the appearance of free space inside the fuel elements. Simultaneously, water from the coolant
penetrates into the fuel elements through defects in the fuel cladding and dissolves radioactive iodine and
caesium accumulated in the gap between the fuel and cladding during normal operation of NPP. The dissolved
radioactive iodine and caesium go as ions to the water coolant. Due to different redox reactions in a water
coolant radioactive iodine can be present as ionic (I-, IO3-) and molecular (I2) species. Furthermore, the
radiation-induced destruction of the ion-exchange resins can lead to the formation of organic species (such as
CH3I) in a water coolant. At the same time the content of radioactive iodine in the gas phase increases by
more than an order of magnitude, because molecular and organic forms of radioactive iodine make a major
contribution to the pollution of the gas phase since their factors of distribution between the water and gas
phases are several orders of magnitude higher than those for ionic forms. We suggest that an analogous
increase in the radioactive iodine content in the water coolant and gas phase during the shutdown can occur
also in the currently working and new developed NPPs using a water coolant.
To decrease the radionuclide content in the water coolant, cation- and anion-exchange resins are usually used
during a normal operation of NPPs. For example, cation-exchange resin KU-2 and anion-exchange resin
AV-18 were used on the Russian NPPs for coolant decontamination. However, anion-exchange resins can
absorb effectively only ionic forms of radioactive iodine and possibly I2 as anion I3-.
We studied the sorption of CH3131I and I2 on an AV-18 ion-exchange resin from the water coolant which
takes places on the some of the Russian WWER-type NPPs. It was found that the AV-18 anion-exchange resin
can absorbs I2 and CH3131I from the solution. After 2 h of contact between liquid and solid phases, I2
absorption was about 70%, whereas the CH3131I absorption was only about 30.0%. Anion-exchange resin
AV-18 effectively absorbs I2 (more than 99%) from this water coolant of a WWER-type NPP only after 24 h of
contact between the liquid phase and the resin. In this case the distribution factors Кd for I2 were higher than
103 cm3/g, whereas the distribution factors Кd for CH3131I were lower than 200 cm3/g.
Because of a low rate of sorption of I2 and CH3I the anion-exchanged resin AV-18 could not effectively and
quickly localize these forms of radioactive iodine from the water coolant. These findings made it apparent that
a new more effective material to absorb molecular and organic iodine from water solutions was required, and
it was desirable to employ materials used in working NPPs to coolant decontamination.
In our experiments, we used ion-exchange resin KU-2, which we modified to obtain sorptive materials. The
materials IPCE-C1 and IPCE-C2 with about 8.0 and 5.5 wt.% of Cu), and also IPCE-CS with about 10.1 wt.% of
Cu and Ag were obtained and used for our bath experiments.
For these materials, we studied sorption of different forms of radioactive iodine (131I-, 131IО3-, CH3131I) and
I2 from water coolant which takes places on the some of the Russian WWER-type NPPs..
Preliminary experiments showed that the non-modified cation-exchange resin KU-2 has a low sorption
capacity for CH3131I and I2 in the studied solution: the distribution factors are not higher than 5.0 cm3/g at
V/m = 100.
At the same time under similar experimental conditions the distribution factors Кd for I2 for all developed
materials are higher than 103 cm3/g. The distribution factors Кd for ionic forms change from 20.0 to 150
cm3/g, whereas for the organic form, they are not more than 11.0 cm3/g.
As follows from the data on I2 sorption kinetics on our developed materials and anion-exchanged resin AV-18,
during 15 min of contact between the solid and liquid phase practically full I2 absorption (more than 99.0%)
takes place on the modified resin KU-2 vs. 50% on the resin AV-18. As above-mentioned, the 99% absorption of
I2 on anion-exchange resin AV-18 can be achieved only after 24 h. Unfortunately, the developed materials
2