3G, HSPA and FDD versus TDD Networking: Smart Antennas and Adaptive Modulation

598 Pages·2012·4.62 MB·English

3G, HSPA and FDD versus TDD Networking

3G, HSPA and FDD
versus TDD Networking
Smart Antennas and Adaptive Modulation
Second Edition
L. Hanzo, University of Southampton, UK
J. S. Blogh, Anritsu, UK
S. Ni, Panasonic Mobile Communication, UK
IEEE Communications Society, Sponsor
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Hanzo,Lajos,1952-
3G,HSPAandFDDversusTDDNetworking/byL.Hanzo,J.S.BloghandS.Ni–2nded.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-75420-7(cloth)
1.Wirelesscommunicationsystems.2.Cellulartelephonesystems.
I.Blogh,J.S.(JonathanS.)II.Title.
TK5103.2.H352008
621.382’1–dc22
2007046621
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Contents
AbouttheAuthors xv
OtherWileyandIEEEPressBooksonRelatedTopics xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxxi
1 Third-generationCDMASystems 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 BasicCDMASystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 SpreadSpectrumFundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1.1 FrequencyHopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1.2 DirectSequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 TheEffectofMultipathChannels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.3 RakeReceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.4 MultipleAccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.2.4.1 DLInterference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.4.2 UplinkInterference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2.4.3 GaussianApproximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.2.5 SpreadingCodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.2.5.1 m-sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.2.5.2 GoldSequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.2.5.3 Extendedm-sequences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.2.6 ChannelEstimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.2.6.1 DLPilot-assistedChannelEstimation . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.2.6.2 ULPilot-symbolAssistedChannelEstimation . . . . . . . 23
1.2.6.3 Pilot-symbolAssistedDecision-directedChannel
Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.2.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
vi CONTENTS
1.3 Third-generationSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.3.2 UMTSTerrestrialRadioAccess(UTRA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.3.2.1 CharacteristicsofUTRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.3.2.2 TransportChannels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.3.2.3 PhysicalChannels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.3.2.3.1 DedicatedPhysicalChannels. . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.3.2.3.2 CommonPhysicalChannels . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.3.2.3.2.1 CommonPhysicalChannelsof the FDD
Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.3.2.3.2.2 CommonPhysicalChannelsofthe TDD
Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.3.2.4 ServiceMultiplexingandChannelCodinginUTRA . . . . 43
1.3.2.4.1 CRCAttachment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.3.2.4.2 TransportBlockConcatenation. . . . . . . . . . 43
1.3.2.4.3 Channel-coding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.3.2.4.4 RadioFramePadding.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.3.2.4.5 FirstInterleaving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.3.2.4.6 RadioFrameSegmentation.. . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.3.2.4.7 RateMatching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.3.2.4.8 DiscontinuousTransmissionIndication. . . . . . 47
1.3.2.4.9 TransportChannelMultiplexing. . . . . . . . . . 47
1.3.2.4.10 PhysicalChannelSegmentation. . . . . . . . . . 47
1.3.2.4.11 SecondInterleaving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.3.2.4.12 PhysicalChannelMapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.3.2.4.13 Mapping Several Multirate Services to the UL
PhysicalChannelsinFDDMode . . . . . . . . . 48
1.3.2.4.14 Mapping of a 4.1 Kbps Data Service to the DL
DPDCHinFDDMode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.3.2.4.15 Mapping Several Multirate Services to the UL
PhysicalChannelsinTDDMode . . . . . . . . . 50
1.3.2.5 Variable-rateandMulticodeTransmissioninUTRA . . . . 52
1.3.2.6 SpreadingandModulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
1.3.2.6.1 OrthogonalVariableSpreadingFactorCodes. . . 55
1.3.2.6.2 UplinkScramblingCodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.3.2.6.3 DownlinkScramblingCodes. . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.3.2.6.4 UplinkSpreadingandModulation. . . . . . . . . 58
1.3.2.6.5 DownlinkSpreadingandModulation. . . . . . . 58
1.3.2.7 RandomAccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
1.3.2.7.1 Mobile-initiatedPhysicalRandomAccess
Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
1.3.2.7.2 CommonPacketChannelAccessProcedures. . . 61
1.3.2.8 PowerControl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
1.3.2.8.1 Closed-loopPowerControlinUTRA. . . . . . . 62
1.3.2.8.2 Open-loopPowerControlinTDDMode. . . . . 62
CONTENTS vii
1.3.2.9 CellIdentification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1.3.2.9.1 CellIdentificationintheFDDMode. . . . . . . . 63
1.3.2.9.2 CellIdentificationintheTDDMode. . . . . . . . 65
1.3.2.10 Handover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
1.3.2.10.1 Intra-frequencyHandoverorSoftHandover. . . . 66
1.3.2.10.2 Inter-frequencyHandoverorHardHandover. . . 67
1.3.2.11 IntercellTimeSynchronizationintheUTRATDDMode . 68
1.3.3 Thecdma2000TerrestrialRadioAccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
1.3.3.1 Characteristicsofcdma2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
1.3.3.2 PhysicalChannelsincdma2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
1.3.3.3 ServiceMultiplexingandChannelCoding . . . . . . . . . 74
1.3.3.4 SpreadingandModulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
1.3.3.4.1 DownlinkSpreadingandModulation. . . . . . . 75
1.3.3.4.2 UplinkSpreadingandModulation. . . . . . . . . 77
1.3.3.5 RandomAccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
1.3.3.6 Handover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
1.3.4 Performance-enhancementFeatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
1.3.4.1 DownlinkTransmitDiversityTechniques . . . . . . . . . . 82
1.3.4.1.1 SpaceTimeBlockCoding-basedTransmit
Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
1.3.4.1.2 Time-switchedTransmitDiversity. . . . . . . . . 82
1.3.4.1.3 Closed-loopTransmitDiversity. . . . . . . . . . 82
1.3.4.2 AdaptiveAntennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
1.3.4.3 Multi-userDetection/InterferenceCancellation . . . . . . . 84
1.3.5 Summaryof3GSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
1.4 SummaryandConclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2 HighSpeedDownlinkandUplinkPacketAccess 87
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.2 HighSpeedDownlinkPacketAccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
2.2.1 PhysicalLayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
2.2.1.1 HighSpeedPhysicalDownlinkSharedChannel
(HS-PDSCH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.2.1.2 HighSpeedSharedControlChannel(HS-SCCH) . . . . . 96
2.2.1.3 HighSpeedDedicatedPhysicalControlChannel
(HS-DPCCH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.2.2 MediumAccessControl(MAC)Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.3 HighSpeedUplinkPacketAccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.3.1 PhysicalLayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2.3.1.1 E-DCHDedicatedPhysicalDataChannel(E-DPDCH) . . 104
2.3.1.2 E-DCHDedicatedPhysicalControlChannel(E-DPCCH) . 106
2.3.1.3 EDCHHARQIndicatorChannel(E-HICH) . . . . . . . . 106
2.3.1.4 E-DCHAbsoluteGrantChannel(E-AGCH) . . . . . . . . 107
2.3.1.5 E-DCHRelativeGrantChannel(E-RGCH). . . . . . . . . 107
2.3.2 MACLayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
2.4 ImplementationIssues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
viii CONTENTS
2.4.1 HS-SCCHDetectionAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2.4.1.1 Viterbi’sPathMetricDifferenceAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . 112
2.4.1.2 Yamamoto–ItohAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
2.4.1.3 MinimumPathMetricDifferenceAlgorithm . . . . . . . . 113
2.4.1.4 AveragePathMetricDifferenceAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . 114
2.4.1.5 FrequencyofPathMetricDifferenceAlgorithm . . . . . . 114
2.4.1.6 LastPathMetricDifferenceAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . 114
2.4.1.7 DetectionAlgorithmPerformances . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
2.4.2 16QAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
2.4.2.1 AmplitudeandPhaseEstimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
2.4.2.2 Equalizer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
2.4.3 HARQResultProcessingTime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
2.4.4 CrestFactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3 HSDPA-styleBurst-by-BurstAdaptiveWirelessTransceivers 119
3.1 Motivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.2 NarrowbandBurst-by-BurstAdaptiveModulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.3 WidebandBurst-by-BurstAdaptiveModulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.3.1 ChannelQualityMetrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.4 WidebandBbB-AQAMVideoTransceivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.5 BbB-AQAMPerformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.6 WidebandBbB-AQAMVideoPerformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.6.1 AQAMSwitchingThresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.6.2 Turbo-codedAQAMVideophonePerformance . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.7 Burst-by-BurstAdaptiveJoint-DetectionCDMAVideoTransceiver . . . . . 136
3.7.1 Multi-userDetectionforCDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
3.7.2 JD-ACDMAModemModeAdaptationandSignalling . . . . . . . . 138
3.7.3 TheJD-ACDMAVideoTransceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
3.7.4 JD-ACDMAVideoTransceiverPerformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
3.8 Subband-adaptiveOFDMVideoTransceivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
3.9 SummaryandConclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4 IntelligentAntennaArraysandBeamforming 151
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
4.2 Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
4.2.1 AntennaArrayParameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
4.2.2 PotentialBenefitsofAntennaArraysinMobileCommunications . . 153
4.2.2.1 MultipleBeams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.2.2.2 AdaptiveBeams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
4.2.2.3 NullSteering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
4.2.2.4 DiversitySchemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
4.2.2.5 ReductioninDelaySpreadandMultipathFading . . . . . 158
4.2.2.6 ReductioninCo-channelInterference. . . . . . . . . . . . 160
4.2.2.7 CapacityImprovementandSpectralEfficiency . . . . . . . 161
4.2.2.8 IncreaseinTransmissionEfficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
4.2.2.9 ReductioninHandovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161