3. MANNER of articulation Plosives (or stops): the case of the - Free

16 Pages·2008·11.97 MB·English

Plosives (or stops):
3. MANNER of articulation
the case of the bilabial plosives
UUppppeerr lliipp
• How and to what extent the airstream is
blocked (completely, incompletely). articulators
LLoowweerr lliipp t
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Plosives (or stops):
Manners of articulation
the case of the bilabial plosives
Complete
closure
pp bb tt dd kk !!
or ‘hold’
Clark & Yallop (1995) Incomplete
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Fricatives:
Fricatives:
the case of the alveolar fricatives
the case of the alveolar fricatives
AAllvveeoollaarr rriiddggee
articulators
t
TToonngguuee ttiipp oorr
bbllaaddee
• The airstream passes through the narrow passage
between the articulators, creating a continuous
hissing sound (heard as friction) caused by
turbulent airflow. Clark & Yallop (1995)
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Affricates:
Manners of articulation
the case of the palato-alveolar affricates
AAllvveeoollaarr rriiddggee
-- hhaarrdd ppaallaattee
Complete
closure articulators
t
TToonngguuee bbllaaddee
ff vv "" ## ss zz $$ %% hh
• Affricate: plosive (stop) + fricative.
Incomplete
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Nasals
Manners of articulation
Nasal consonants
Complete
closure
• The soft palate (velum) is
lowered so that the airsteam
tt$$ dd%%
will pass through the nasal
cavity, but not through
the oral cavity because
of a complete stricture
at some point in the oral
Incomplete
cavity.
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Nasals:
Manners of articulation
the case of the bilabial nasal
PPhhaarryynnggeeaall wwaallll
VVeelluumm
Complete
Airflow through
closure
the nasal cavity
UUppppeerr lliipp
articulators
mm nn &&
LLoowweerr lliipp No airflow through t
the oral cavity
• Phase 2: air flows out through the nose, but not
from the mouth.
Incomplete
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Approximants:
Manners of articulation
the case of the palato-alveolar (post-
alveolar) approximant
BBaacckk ooff tthhee
Complete
aallvveeoollaarr rriiddggee
closure
articulators
TToonngguuee ttiipp t
• The articulators come close, but not enough to
rr jj ww
create turbulence: there is no hissing sound.
Incomplete
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Lateral approximants:
• Compare:
the case of the alveolar lateral
Approximants Fricatives
approximant
AAllvveeoollaarr rriiddggee
articulators
t t
TToonngguuee bbllaaddee t
narrow enough to
generate turbulence • The articulators come close and makes a complete
closure in the centre of the vocal tract, but air
escapes through one of the sides or the both :
there is no hissing sound.
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Manners of articulation
• Compare:
Complete
closure
rr ll approximant ll
Catford (1988) Incomplete
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Manners of articulation: summary
(or stop)
2. Vowels
(lateral
approximant)
Kelly (2000)47
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folds
The vowels of English Strong (full) vowels
• Strong (full) vowels: srong (stressed) syllables • Long vowels
• Weak (reduced) vowels: weak (unstressed) • Short vowels
syllables
• Diphthongs
• (Triphthongs)
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/i!/
1. Long vowels
/bii’’d/ /kii’’/ /t"ii’’z/ /sii’’n/
Kelly (2000) 52
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/$!/ /#!/
/"))’’t/ /w))’’d/ /s))’’v/ /p))’’l/ /f((’’/ /p((’’t/ /h((’’f/ /kl((’’s/
Kelly (2000) 53 Kelly (2000) 54
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/%!/ /u!/
/f**’’k/ /k**’’l/ /s**’’/ /**’’l/ /b**’’t/ /fuu’’d/ /huu’’/ /fruu’’t/ /truu’’/ /suu’’p/
Kelly (2000) 55 Kelly (2000) 56
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Short vowels
• Only ‘relatively’ short compared to the similar
2. Short vowels long vowel, in the same environment.
• e.g. /"ii’’p/ > /"++p/
• Short vowels apprear only before a consonant.
No English word ends with a short vowel.
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/’/ /e/
/h++t/ /b++n/ /f++"/ /(++)k/ /ee&/ /seed/ /leeft/ /reed/ /heed/
• Cf. /i!/
Kelly (2000) 59 Kelly (2000) 60
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/æ/ /*/
Cf. Cardinal vowel
No.4
/hææt/ /kææb/ /fææn/ /flææt/ /r,,n/ /k,,m/ /fr,,nt/ /fl,,d/
• Cf. /#!/ • Cf. /$!/
Kelly (2000) 61 Kelly (2000) 62
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/+/ /,/
/d--&/ /w--nt/ /k--f/ /&--t/ /b..k/ /&..d/ /p.."/ /p..l/
• Cf. /%!/ • Cf. /u!/
Kelly (2000) 63 Kelly (2000) 64
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Diphthongs
• Long and short vowels (monophthongs): the
3. Diphthongs vowels stay more or less stable.
• Diphthongs: the vowel changes its sound, as
if there were two vowels (from one to the
other), but in a continous way.
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Diphthongs
3.1. Centring diphthongs
moving toward moving ‘upwards’
the centre
Moving toward the centre: /-/
Roach (1991)
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