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2006 Pq‹ 9E1dited by A. M. Muhammed Salim. Typeset, Layout & Cover Design : Victory Creations, CLT - 1. 3
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4 218 kXyZqX‡
apJ¡pdn‚v
hnhm-lhpw B(cid:223)o-b-Xbpw
a\p-jys\ ssZhw CW-bm-bn-«mWv krjvSn-¤sX¶v Jp(cid:192)-B‡ ]d-bp-¶p.
""Htc-sbmcp Poh-\n´ (\-^vkn‡ hmln-Z-) \n¶v \n§sf krjvSn-¤-h-\s{X Ah‡
AXn´ \n¶pw Ah‡ AXns(cid:226) CWsb D›m¡n. Ah‡ Ah-tfm-sSm‚w Bizmkw
sIm¯p-¶-Xn\p th›n’’ (7:190)
k\ymk Pohn-Xhpw {_(cid:210)-N-cyhpw Ahn-hm-lnX Pohn-Xhpw B(cid:223)o-tbm-¶-Xn-¡p¯ D]m-
[nb- mbn Ckvemw ImWp¶- ns- ˆ¶v am{Xa- ˆ AXv a\pj- ys(cid:226) B(cid:223)ob ]ptcmK- X- n¡v hnLmXam-
sW¶v IqSn ]d-bp-¶p. temI aX-§fnse B(cid:223)obmNm-cy-•m-scˆmhcpw hnhm-ln-Xcpw
IpSpw_ Pohn-Xw ]pe(cid:192)fln-bn-cp¶-h-cp-am-Wv. A{_lmw, tamk-kv, {ioIr-jvW‡, {iocm-a‡,
{io_p-†‡, tbip tkmd-(cid:204)(cid:192), tkm{I-«okv apX-em-b-h-scˆmw hnhm-ln-X-cm-bn-cp-¶p. Jp(cid:192)-B-
\n´ Aˆmlp apl-‰Zv \_n (k) tbmSv C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-¶p.
""\n\¡v ap…v \mw ZqX-•msc Ab-¤n-«p-›v Ah(cid:192)¡v ‘mcy-am-tcbpw k·-Xn-I-tfbpw
\mw \´Ip-Ibpw sNbv-Xp. (13:39)
IpSpw_ PohnXw \ncm-I-cn¤v Poh-Im-cp-Wy-{]-h(cid:192)fl\-tflm-sSm‚w k\ymk PohnX
k{…-Zm-bsfl Hcp henb {](cid:216)m-\-am¡n am(cid:228)n-bXv {InkvXo-b-cmWv. Ahsc A‘n-kw-t_m-
[\ sNbvXv Jp(cid:192)-B‡ ]d-bp-¶p.
"adn-b-ans(cid:226) ]p{X‡ Cukm-tbbpw \mw XpS(cid:192)¶v Ab-¤p. At–-l-fln\v \mw C'o´
\´In At–-lsfl ]n‡]-(cid:228)n-b-h-cpsS lrZ-b-§-fn´ \mw Ir]bpw Imcp-Wyhpw kwPm-X-
am-¡n. ]t£, k\ymk k{…-Zm-bsfl Ah(cid:192) \qX-\-ambn sI«n-¤-a-¤p-›m¡n Aˆm-lp-
hns(cid:226) Xr]vXnsb B{K-ln-¡pI F¶-X-ˆmsX \mw AXv (k-\ymkw) Ah(cid:192)¡v ip]m(cid:192)i
sNbvXn-«n-ˆ. F¶n«v Ah-c-Xns\ th› hn[w ]men-¤-Xp-an-ˆ. (57:28). ’
{_(cid:210)-Ncyw F¶Xv a\p-jys(cid:226) ssPh {]Ir-Xn¡v hncp-†hpw ]men-¡m‡ Ign-bm-flXpw Ir{Xn-
a-hp-amb Hcp Xo{h-hmZ \ne-]m-Sm-Wv. ssZhw a\p-jy\v ssewKnI tijn \´In-bn-cns¡
AXv D]-tbm-Kn-¡m‡ ]mSn-ˆ F¶v ssZhw Xs¶ Iev]n-¡p¶p F¶v ]d-bp-¶Xv bp(cid:224)n
hncp-†-am-Wv. adn¤v a\p-jys(cid:226) as(cid:228)ˆm Ign-hp-Ifpw {]h(cid:192)fln-‚n-¡m‡ ssZhw Iev]n-¤-Xp-
t]mse hnth-N\ t_m[-flns(cid:226) ASn-(cid:216)m-\-fln´ DNn-X-(cid:218)-X-tbmsS AYhm [(cid:192)‰ kwln-
X-I˜¡-\p-kr-X-ambn a\p-jys(cid:226) ssewKnI Ign-hp-I˜ D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-\mWp ssZh Iev]-\.
\mhv \´Inb ssZhw AXv D]-tbm-Kn-¡m‡ ]mSnˆ F¶v ]d-bp-¶p-sh-ƒn´ AXv bp(cid:224)n-hn-cp-
†-atˆ?
hnhm-l-_-(cid:212)-fln-eqsS s]m«n-hn-cn-bp¶ \m\m-hn-[-fln-ep¯ a\p-jy-_-(cid:212)-§fpw B a\p-
jy-hy-h-lm-c-§-fn-eqsS e‘n-¡p-¶ [m(cid:192)‰n-Ihpw B(cid:223)o-b-hp-amb A\p-‘-h-(cid:218)m-\-§fpw a\p-
jys(cid:226) B(cid:223)ob Pohn-X-flns(cid:226) Aaq-ey-amb apX´¡p-«m-Wv. am{X-a-ˆ, a\p-jys(cid:226) hwi-
h(cid:192)†-\-hn-\p¯ kwkvImc k…-¶-amb Hcp ssP-hn-tIm-]m-[n-Iq-Sn-bmWv hnhm-lw. AXp-
sIm-›mWv apl-‰Zv \_n (k) ]d-“Xv.
"hnhmlw \‰psS k{…-Zm-b-am-Wv. B(cid:192) AXn´ \n¶v hn«p-\n´¡p-¶pthm Ah‡
\‰-fn´s‚-«-h-\-ˆ.’ (apkvenw)
l
2006 Pq‹ 219 5
ssZh-flns(cid:226) {]hrflnbpw
a\pjys(cid:226) {]hrflnbpw
lZvdflv AlvaZv (A)
Cu
Ah-k-c-fln´ AKm-[-Nn-·m-io-e-an-ˆmfl Bfp-I˜ Hcp hyXymkw CXm-Ip-¶p. AXm-
FXn(cid:192)\ymbw D¶-bn-¡m-dp-›v. A£-c-am-ebpw GI-]-Zhpw ssZh-fln- bXv ssZhfl- ns(cid:226) A£c- m(cid:192)(cid:176)fl- n-
t(cid:226)bpw a\p-jy-t(cid:226)bpw hm¡p-I-fn´ km[m-c-W-bmbn ImW-s‚-Sp¶p. CXv ep¯ hm¡p-I-fn-tebpw hN-\-§-fn-
ssZh-fln\v a\p-jys(cid:226) ]ƒm-fnflw A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-sW¶v ImWn-¡p- tfbpw (cid:218)m\w, A\p-{I-aw, DNn-X-
¶ntˆ F¶mWv Ah-cpsS FXn(cid:192)\ym-bw. (cid:218)-X, k·p-e-\w, hm(cid:220)nXzw
CXn-¶p¯ Dflcw apJy-]p-kvX-I-fln´ CXn\p ap…v \mw hnh-cn-¤n- F¶n-h-sbˆmw ssZh-flns(cid:226) {]hr
«p-›v. AXm-bXv ssZh-amWv A£c-am-ebpw [mXp-]- -Z-§fpw a\p-jy\v fln-bm-Wv. ssZhw sN-¿p¶ {]hr
]Tn‚- n¤- X- v. AXv a\pj- y(cid:192) Ahs(cid:226) _p†ns- Im›v I›p]- nS- n¤- X- ˆ- . ‘mjWw fln-I-fn-sem¶pw Xs¶ a\p-jy\v
a\p-jy\v XpS-¡-fln´ Xs¶ ssZhw A‘y-kn‚n-¤-Xm-Wv. Hcp-]t£ a\p- ssZh-hp-ambn a(cid:213)-cn-¡m-\m-hn-ˆ.
jy‡ Ahs(cid:226) Bh-iy-§˜¡p-th›n hN-\-§-fpsS \n(cid:192)‰m-Whpw A\p- AXp-sIm-›mWv Ih-\-I-e-bn´
{I-a-Whpw I›p]n-Sn-¤p-›m-hmw. ssZh-fln-s(cid:226)bpw a\p-jy-s(cid:226)bpw ‘mj- A[n-]-\m-bn-cns¡ AXns(cid:226) hmKv
Whpw Fgpflpw Hcn-¡epw Xpey-ambn-cn-¡p-I-bn-ˆ. bmsXmcp hn[-flnepw anXsb ](cid:228)n Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ap-¶-bn-
a\p-jy‡ ssZh-flns(cid:226) ]ƒp-Im-c-\m-Ip-¶n-ˆ. ¡p¶ Fˆm Ahn-izm-kn-Ifpw Jp(cid:192)-
Ifn-afiv ssZh-flns(cid:226) krjvSn-bmWv. a\p-jy‡ AXv D]-tbm-Kn¤v Bs(cid:226) shˆp-hn-fn-¡p-ap-…n´ aqI-cm-
\nc-h[n coXn-b- n-ep¯ ]m{X-§˜ \n(cid:192)‰n-¡p-¶p. ]t£ AXv a\p-jy‡ bn-t]m-Ip-¶-Xv.
ssZh-]-ƒm-fn-fltflmsS D›m-¡n-b-Xm-sW¶v sXfn-bn-¡m-\m-hn-ˆ. a\p- (cid:254) _vdmlns\ Alva-Zn¿
jy‡ Ifn-atfim Nfntbm D]-tbm-Kn¤v arK-tem-I-sfltbm kky-Pm-e-§-
l
sftbm Aaq-ey-J-\n-P-§-tftbm krjvSn-¤p-sIm-›mWv AXv sXfn-bn-t¡-
(cid:218)m\w
›-Xv. a\p-jy\v Afl-c-fln-ep¯ Ign-hp-I-s- fm-¶p-anˆ. a\pjy\v Bhn-
jv¡mc- fl- n\- p¯ Ignhpw ‘mjW- h- nZ- ybpw D›v. ]t£ AXv ssZhfl- ns(cid:226)
Bhn-jv¡m-c-fln\pw hN-\-fln\pw Xpey-a-ˆ. Nne Imcy§fn´ ]«pw Hcp hnizm-kn-
tX\pw D›m-¡p¶ sNdp-{-]m-Wn-I-fp-ambn t]mepw a(cid:213)-cn-¡m‡ a\p-jy-
bpsS hn(cid:218)m\m
\m-hn-ˆ.
t\z-jWw kz(cid:192)⁄-fln-
\mw A(cid:192)(cid:176)-am-¡p-¶ A£-c-am-ebpw GI-]-Z-§fpw sNdp-h-N-\-
§˜¡psaˆmw A[n-jvTm-\-amb ‘mj-W-flnse aqe-[m-Xp-¡˜ a\p-jy-i- se-flp-thmfw Ah-
cocw \n(cid:192)‰n-¡-s‚« aqe-]-Zm(cid:192)(cid:176)-§˜t]mse ssZhw krjvSn-¤-Xm-sW¶v
km-\n-¡n-ˆ.
Bfp-I˜ Hm(cid:192)t¡›-Xp-›v. a\p-jy\v Ahs(cid:226) {]Ir-Xn-bpsS ]cn-Wm-a-
fln\v Bhi- ya- mb- s- Xˆmw ssZhw \´Inb- n«- p›- v. ssZhfl- ns(cid:226)bpw a\pjy- apl-‰Zv \_n (k)
t(cid:226)bpw hN-\-fln´ Hcp-t]mse ImWp¶ aqe-[m-Xp-¡˜ I›v Hcp kXym-
(Xn(cid:192)an-Zn)
t\zjn Hcn-¡epw h'n-X-\m-I-cp-Xv.
6 220 kXyZqX‡
REVELATION RATIONALITY KNOWLEDGE AND TRUTH
\yq«Wpw {InkvXp-a-X-hpw
lZvdflv an(cid:192)km Xzmln(cid:192) AlvaZv
hnizmk- sfl bp(cid:224)n]- c- a- mbn ]cnt- im[- n¡- W- s- a¶v ]d“ F¡me- s- flbpw
alm-\mb imkv{X {]Xn‘ k(cid:192) sFkIv \yq«‹ {InkvXp-a-X-flnse{XnXz-
fln´ hniz-kn-¤n-cp-¶n-ˆ. AXp-t]mse ssZh-hn-izm-knbpw alm-\mb
KWn-X-imkv{X {]Xn-‘-bp-am-bn-cp-¶ dos\ sZ¡m(cid:192)sflbpw {InkvXp-a-Xsfl
]n·p-W-¤nˆ! bqtdm-]y‡ Xflz-im-kv{X-flns(cid:226) hf(cid:192)¤-sb-‚(cid:228)n
‘u
XnI {]_p-†-X-bpsS im-c-Z-•m(cid:192), Fˆmw bqtdm-‚ns(cid:226) hns\ {]_p-†-am-¡nb B Znhy-sh-
kqcy‡ Ah-km\w A·-eq-jy tX“p-am-“p-t‚mb kvac-W-I˜ fn¤w Zo(cid:192)L-Imew {]Im-in-¤n-cp
(kvs]-bn‡)¡v apI-fn´ AkvX-an- am{X-am-Wv. Ah(cid:192) Ah-KWn¡-s‚« ¶nˆ.
¤-t‚m˜ AXns(cid:226) {]Im-in-¡p¶ hnkvar-Xn-bpsS ivaim\-§-fn´ \thm-(cid:176)m-\-fln\v ap…v t]m
apJw {^m‡kns(cid:226) N{I-hm-f-fln\p Ipgn-¤p-aq-S-s‚-«n-cp-¶p. epw Nne bqtdm-]y‡ [nj-Wm-im-
apI-fn-emWv ]n¶oSv DZn-¤p-b(cid:192)-¶-Xv. \thm(cid:176)- m\- fl- ns(cid:226) DZb- t- flm en-I˜ bp(cid:224)nbpw hnizm-khpw
{^m‡kn\p sXm«p-]n-d-In-embv InS- sS A(cid:212)I- mcw Xntcm‘- h- n¤- p. tlXp- X‰n´ Hcp k·p-e\w (cid:216)m]n-
¡p¶ apgp-h‡ bqtdm-]ns\bpw hmZ- hpw bp(cid:224)nh- mZ- hpw A(cid:212)h- ni- zm- ¡m‡ {ian-¤n-cp-¶p. ]sflm-…Xmw
t\m¡n AXv a(cid:181)-kvanXw s]mgn-¤p. k-§sf, AXv Acn-bn«v hmgvN \S- \q(cid:228)m-›n´ C.-sP. kvtIm«v bp(cid:224)n
sX¡v \n¶v hS-t¡m«pw Ing¡v flnb tZi-§-fn´ \n¶pw sI«p-sI- bpw hnizm-khpw X‰n´ Hcp Hflp-
\n¶v ]Sn-“m-tdm«pw ‘qJ-(cid:222)-sfl- «n-¤p. ‘uXn-I-im-kv{X-§˜ Hcp Xo(cid:192)‚n\v {ian-¤Xns(cid:226) Dfla
bm-I-am\w AXv {]Im-i-am-\-am-¡n. hiflpw aXhpw hnizm-khpw amXrIbmWv. kXysfl shdpw
bqtdm-‚ns\ apgp-h‡ \q(cid:228)m-›p-I- as(cid:228)mcp hiflpw \n(cid:192)fln k·p- bp(cid:224)n-sIm›v am{Xw {]m]n-¡m‡
tfmfw {]‘m-hn-X-am-¡nb hn(cid:218)m-\- e\w ]men-¡pI F¶Xv Ffp-‚- km[ya- s- ˆ¶v At–lw i(cid:224)nb- mbn
flns(cid:226) al-flmb \mfp-I˜ s]m«n ap¯ ]Wn-bm-bn-cp-¶n-ˆ. tlXp-hm- hmZn-¤p. ]t£ bp(cid:224)nbpw hnizm
hnS(cid:192)¶p! A§ns\ \thm-(cid:176)m-\- Z-flnepw bp(cid:224)n-N-n·-bn-ep-a-[n-jvTn- khpw Hcp-an-¤p-t]m-tI-›-Xp-s›
flns(cid:226) (Renaissance) Ime-L-«- X-amb \qX-\-amb Xflz-imkv{X ¶pw At–lw hmZn¤- p. XpS¡- fl- n´
fln\v Bcw‘w Ipdn-¤p. §fpsS A[n-\n-th-i-§sf {]Xn- aXh- ni- zmk- §- ˜ sI«n]- S- pfl- Xv bp
\thm-(cid:176)m\w F¶v hnfn-¡- tcm-[n-¡pI F¶Xv ]ptcm-ln-X- (cid:224)n-bpsS ASn-(cid:216)m-\-fln-em-bn-cp-
s‚-Sp¶ (cid:218)m\-{]-_p-†-X-bpsS •m(cid:192)¡v {]map-Jy-ap-›m-bn-cp¶ Hcp ¶psh¶pw shdpw Dul-§-fn´
Bcw‘w apkvenw kvs]bn-\n-t\mSp kaq-l-fln\v \n˚m-c-amb Hcp \n¶v am{Xw ZrVa- mb t_m†y§- ˜
F{X-am{Xw IS-s‚-«n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶v shˆp-hn-fn-bm-bn-cp-¶n-ˆ. Ah(cid:192) P\n-¡p-¶n-ˆ F¶pw kvtIm«v A‘n-
bqtdm-‚nse Np-cp¡w Nne Bfp- {InkvXp-a-X-flns(cid:226) ]mc-…-cy-am-bn- {]m-b-s‚-«p. ZrV-amb t_m†y-§˜
I˜¡v am{Xta t_m†yw h¶n-«p- cp¶p D˜s¡m›- nc- p¶- X- v. Ahc- psS (cid:216)m]n-¡-s‚-S-W-sa-ƒn´ bp(cid:224)n-]-
¯q. A·-eq-jybn´ \n¶p¯ {InkvXp-a-X-am-Is« hen-b-tXm-Xn´ c-amb ASn-(cid:216)m\w th›-Xp-›v.
Akm-am\y {]Xn-‘m-im-en-I-fmb sk(cid:226)v t]mfns(cid:226) kzm[o-\- -fln\v t_m[-]q(cid:192)˘tam At_m-[-]q(cid:192)˘
\nch- [n Xflz(cid:218)- m\- nI- ˜, KWnX- - hnt[-b-am-bXpw anflp-I-fn-e-[n-jvTn- tam Bbns- ¡m¯- s- «. Fˆm t_m[y-
(cid:218)•- m(cid:192), imkv{X(cid:218)- •- m(cid:192), JtKm- X-amb aX-kn-†m-·-§-fn´ hniz- §fpw AXv Dcphw sIm¯p¶Xv
f-hn-(cid:218)m-\n-I˜, ico-c-im-kv{X-hn- kn¡-s‚-«-Xp-am-bn-cp-¶p. {InkvXp- Imcy-Im-c-W-_-(cid:212)-§-fpsS ASn-
2006 Pq‹ 221 7
(cid:216)m-\-fln-em-th-›-Xp-›v. Npcp-¡- kv{Xo-b-hp-ambpw ]cn-tim-[-\¡v \ntj-[-fln´ Dd-¤p-\n-¶-Xn-\m´
fln´ bYm(cid:192)(cid:176) hnizmkw anflp- hnt[b-b-am-¡m-Xn-cp¶ Ime-tflm At–-l-fln\v s^tˆm-jn‚v \jvS-
ambn ka-Xp-en-X-am-¡-s‚-Sm‡ ]mSn- fw At–lw Hcp {InkvXp-a-X-‘-(cid:224)- s‚-SpI am{X-aˆ BI(cid:192)j-I-amb 60
sˆ¶v kvtIm«v hniz-kn-¤p. bp(cid:224)n- \mbn XpS(cid:192)¶p. ]n´¡m-eflv ]-h‡ hm(cid:192)jnI ss(cid:204)‚‡Uv \jvS-
]-chpw aq(cid:192)fl-hp-amb A[n-jvTm\- At–lw Xs(cid:226) hnizmkw bp(cid:224)n-]- s‚-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xo(cid:192)¤-bmbpw
§-fn´ Ah a\-˚n-em-¡-s‚-S-Ww. c-amb ]cn-tim-[-\¡pw tlXp-hmZ A¡m-esfl aqey-hp-ambn Xmc-
a\pjy-a-\-˚n´ hnizmkw BZy- hni-I-e-\-fln\pw hnt[-b-am-¡n-b- Xayw sN¿pt- …m˜ AsXmcp \n˚m-
ambn thcp]- nS- n¡- pt- …m˜ AXv Nne t‚m˜ At–-l-fln\v {XnXz-hn- c -Xp-I-b-ˆ. aX-\n(cid:181) Btcm-]n¡
bp(cid:224)n-bp-tSbpw Imcy-Im-c-W-_-(cid:212)- izmkw \ntj-[n-¡p¶ Xocp-am-\-a- s‚« A-t–-l-w s^tˆm-jn‚pw
§-fp-tSbpw ]n‡_-e-an-ˆmsX kw‘- ˆmsX as(cid:228)m-¶nepw Ffln-t¤-cm-\m- bqWnt- hg- vkn(cid:228)- nb- psS A†y£-- (cid:216)- m-
hn-¡pI km[y-aˆ F¶v kvtIm«v bn-ˆ. At–-l-flns(cid:226) A‘n-{]m-b- \hpw Dt]-£n-¤p. \yq«s(cid:226) A‘n-
Icp-Xp-¶p. ]t£ Imew Ign-bp- fln´ {XnXz-kn-†m·w bp(cid:224)n-]-c- {]m-b-fln´ tbip-hns\ Bcm-[n-
t…m˜ B _(cid:212)w am“p-t]m-Ip- amb ]cn-tim-[-\-bn´ ]cm-P-b-s‚- ¡p-¶Xv _nw_m-cm-[\ t]mse-bm-
Ibpw bp(cid:224)n-bpsS ]n‡_ew Im- Sp-I-bm-Wp-›m-b-Xv. bn-cp-¶p. AXv ASn-(cid:216)m-\-]-c-amb
Wm-Xm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n¶o-Sv A§ns\ {InkvXp-k-‘-bpsS Hcp ]m]-am-sW¶v At–lw hniz-
hnizmkw bp(cid:224)n- F¶ XqWns(cid:226) A{]oXn¡v ]m{X-ambn Ipcn-ins(cid:226) kn¤- p. B(cid:192).F- k- v. sh(cid:204)v ^m˜ (R.S.
]n‡_-e-anˆmsX A·-co-£-fln´ _en-]o-V-fln´ tlman-¡-s‚« Westfall) \yq«s\ kw_-(cid:212)n¤v Fgp-
Xq§n InS-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-«mWv {]Xy- F¡m-e-tflbpw henb imkv{X- Xp-¶p.
£-s‚-SpI. Fƒnepw Imew sXfn- (cid:218)-\mbn At–lw amdn. \yq«s(cid:226) ""ssZh-fln\pw a\p-jy-hw-i-
bn-¡-s‚« hnizm-k-flns(cid:226) Dd‚pw {]Xn-‘m-ti-jn-tbm-Sp¯ BZ-c-sh- fln\pw CS-bn-ep¯ Znhy-\mb Hcp
Zm(cid:192)-Vy-Xbpw kqNn-‚n-¡p-¶Xv, t¶mWw At–lw Imw{_nUvPv a†y-h(cid:192)fln-bm-bn-sIm-›mWv At–
Cfl-c-fln´ Db(cid:192)¶ tXmXn-ep¯ bqWn-th-gvkn-(cid:228)n-bpsS "tImtfPv lw (\yq-«‡) tbip-hns\ AwKo-I-
AXns(cid:226) hniz-k-\o-bX bp(cid:224)nbpw Hm^v Z tlmfn B‡Uv A‹Un- cn¤- X- v. At–l- sfl krjvSn¤ ]nXm-
Imcy-Im-c-W-§fpw IqSm sX {]m]n- sshU-Uv bqWn(cid:228)n’bpsS s^tˆm hn-t\-¡m˜ ]Z-hn-bn´ Xmgv¶
¡m‡ km[y-a-sˆ-¶m-Wv. Bbn Xnc-s“-Sp-¡-s‚-«n-cp-¶p. B Bfmb- nc- p¶p tbip F¶pa- mW- v. (1)
D]-kw-lm-c-fln´ kvtIm«vkv (cid:216)m\flv At–lw h(cid:192)j§- t- fmfw "\mepw A'pw \q(cid:228)m›- pI- f- n´
D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶Xv Hcm-fpsS hnizm-k- hncm-Pn-¤p. F-¶n-cp-¶mepw 1675´ h…n¤ tXmXn´ \S-flnb Ir{Xn-a-
flns(cid:226) -aq-ey-w Imem-Im-e-§-fn´ \yq«t- \mSv c›n´ GsXƒ- ne- ps- amcp §˜ BZn-a-k-‘-bpsS ss]Xr-I
bp-(cid:224)n-bpsS ASn-(cid:216)m-\-fln´ ]cn- Xo-cp-am\w ssIs¡m-¯p-hm‡ sfl hnIr-X-am¡n F¶p {ItaW
tim-[n¡-s‚-S-W-sa-¶m-Wv. c›pw Iev]n¡- s- ‚S- pI- b- ›- mb- n. H¶pI- n´ At–lfln\v (\yq«‹) t_m†y-am-
X‰n´ kwL-«-\-ap-›m-Ip-¶p-sh- At–-l-flns(cid:226) A‘n-{]mb§fn´ bn. thZ-]p-kvX-I-flnse apJy-amb
ƒn´ bp(cid:224)n-bpsS ]£w tNtc-›- Dd¤p-sIm›v B (cid:216)m\-flp-\n¶pw Ir{Xnaw {XnXz-fln-\-\p-Iq-e-ambn
XmW- v. AXn\- m´ ImcyI- mc- W- XX- z- Hgn-“p-t]m-hpI. Aˆm-fl-]£w \S-flnb Ir{Xn-a-§-fm-sW¶v
fln¶v Ft‚mgpw hnizm-k-fln\p Xs(cid:226) A‘n-{]m-b-§˜ am(cid:228)n-h-¤p- \yq«‹ hniz-kn-¤p. At–-l-fln´
aosX Hcp ta´ssI th›Xp-›v. sIm›v bmYm-(cid:216)n-IXzw Xpd¶p B Dd¤ A‘n-{]mb§˜ Ft‚m-
\yq«\pw {InkvXp-a-Xhpw {]Jym-]n-¡p-Ibpw Hcn-¡´ IqSn gmWv i(cid:224)n-s‚-«-sX¶v IrXy-ambn
Cusbmcp kao]- \w \yq«s(cid:226)* (cid:216)m\w kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-I. ]d-bm‡ km[y-a-ˆ. At–-l-flns(cid:226)
"Z tlmfn B‡Uv A‹Un- HdnP- n\- ´ Ipdn‚- pI- ˜ BZyw Xs¶
(1642-(cid:254)1727) {XnXz-tflm-Sp¯ \ne-]m-
ssh-UUv bqWn(cid:228)n’ At–-l-flns(cid:226) At–lw kwi-bm-ep-hm-sW¶v sX
Sns(cid:226) Im-cy-fln´ \ˆ-Xvt]mse
am(cid:192)⁄fl- n´ Hcp {]tem‘- \w t]mse fnb- n¡- p¶- X- mW- v. kwib- §- f- pa- mbn
hni-Zo-I-cn-¡-s‚-«n-«p-›v. At–-l-
\n´¡p¶-p-›m-bn-cp-¶p. {XnXzw At–lw au\w Zo£n¤v Zqsc \n
fln\v ]mc-…-cy-ambn e‘n¤ aX-ho-
AwKo-I-cn-¡msX At–lw Xs(cid:226) s¶-ƒnepw ]n¶oSv B kwi-b-§˜
£-W-§˜ _p†n-]q(cid:192)˘hpw im
* k(cid:192) sFk¡v \yq«‡ (Sir Issac Newton 1642 (cid:254) 1727) : Cw-¥-›n´ P\n-¡p-Ibpw ‘uXn-I-im-kv{Xsfl h…n¤ tXmXn´ kzm[o-\n-¡p-Ibpw
sNbvX bpK-]-cn-h(cid:192)fl-\-Im-cn-bmb ‘uXn-I-im-kv{X-(cid:218)‡. At–lw Kpcp-Xzm-I(cid:192)j-W-_ew Ah-X-cn-‚n-¡p-Ibpw {Kl-N-e-\-§sf AXns(cid:226) ASn-
(cid:216)m-\-fln´ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \yq«s(cid:226) Ne-\-\nb-a-§˜ (Newton’s law of motion) {]i-kvX-am-Wv. kqcy-{]-Im- -i-flns(cid:226) h(cid:192)fi-cmPn
(Spectrum) krjvSn-¤p-sIm›v Ggp-\n-d-§-fpsS ka-\z-b-amWv [h-fkq-cy-{]-Imiw F¶v At–lw sXfn-bn-¤p. Ie\w (Calculus) F¶ KWn-X-im-
Jbpw Ct–lw hnI-kn-‚n-¤n-«p-›v. imkv{X-flns(cid:226) \nc-h[n a(cid:222)-e-§-fn´ hn„-h-I-c-amb am(cid:228)-§˜¡v At–lw XpS¡w Ipdn-¤p. "^ntem-k-ss^‡
\mNz-d-enkv {]n‡kn-‚nb amfl-am-(cid:228)n¡’ F¶ t]cn´ 1687´ At–lw ]pd-fln-d-¡nb {K(cid:217)w At–-lsfl {]i-kvXn-bpsS sImSp-ap-Sn-bn-se-fln-¤p.
(hnh:)
8 222 kXyZqX‡
At–lsfl ]q(cid:192)fia- mbpw {Kkn¡- p- Ae-¤n-ens(cid:226) B Ime-L-«-fln´ ssZh-fln-s\-Xn-sc-bp¯ hn-„h-Im-
I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. (2) ssZhhnizmk- fl- ns- \X- nsc t\(cid:192)¡p- cn-bm-bn«pw {InkvXp-a-Xw kaql
{In-kvXp-a-X-hn-izm-k-flns(cid:226) t\sc D¶-bn¤ Hcp {]iv\-am-bmWv a†y-fln´ At–-lsfl A]-Io(cid:192)
aqey-w \n(cid:192)fi-bn-¡m‡ At–lw sZ¡m(cid:192)sfl AXns\ I›-Xv. fln-s‚-Sp-flnbb{X At–lw {In
\Sflnb \njv]£hpw kXyk- (cid:212)- - dos\ sZ¡m(cid:192)sfl Akma- m\- y- kvXy‡ ]ptcm-ln-X•m-cpsS aX-hn-
hp-amb Kth-j-W-§-fm-Wv At–-l- _p†n-Iq(cid:192)‰-X-bp¯ Hcp Xm(cid:192)¡n-I- izm-ksfl {hW-s‚-Sp-flpI-bp-›m-
flns(cid:226) ssZh-flns(cid:226) GIXz-fln- \m-bn-cp-¶p. At–lw ssZh-hnizm bn-ˆ. Akm-am-\y-amb \ne-bn´
ep¯ hnizm-k-fln\pw {XnXz- kn am{X-am-bn-cp-¶n-ˆ. ssZh-fln- D¶-X-\n-e-hmcw ]pe(cid:192)fln-bn-cp¶
flns(cid:226) \ntj-[-fln-\p-ap¯ ASn- te¡v \bn-¡m‡ \n(cid:192)‘-b-ambn Xflz-im-kv{X-(cid:218)-\pw, KWn-X-hn-
(cid:216)m-\w. At–l-flns(cid:226) t]gvk- bp(cid:224)nsb Ahe- w_- a- m¡- nb Xflz- (cid:218)m-\nbpam-bn-cp-¶n«pw sZ¡m(cid:192)
W´ ss__nf- ns(cid:226) am(cid:192)P- n\- n´ \nc- im-kv{X-(cid:218)-•m-cn´ BZy-sfl-bm- sfl th›-hn[w BZ-cn-¡-s‚-«n-ˆ-
h[n Ipdn-‚p-I˜ tcJ-s‚-Sp-fln-bn- fp-am-bn-cp-¶p. ‘mKy-sa¶v ]d-bs«, F¶Xv Hcp Zpc-·-amWv. Hcp Imcyw
«p-›v. B Idn-‚p-I-fn´ H¶v C{]- {XnXz-flns(cid:226) bp(cid:224)nsb kw_- \mtam(cid:192)¡Ww, At–lw Hcp ssk
Im-c-am-Wv. (cid:212)n¤ N(cid:192)¤-I-fn-te¡v Xm‡ hen- †m-·nI Xflz-im-kv{X-(cid:218)‡ am
"AXp-sIm›v ]p-{X‡ ssZh-am- ¤ng-¡-s‚-Sm‡ At–lw hnk-‰-Xn- {X-am-bn-cp-¶n-ˆ. ss]Y-tKm-dkns(cid:226)
bn-cn-¡p-t…m˜ ]nXmhv ]p{Xs(cid:226) ¤p. At–lw sXfn-bn-¤Xv Hcp ]c- (kn. 580-(cid:254)500 _n.-kn.) Pyman-Xob
ssZh-amIp¶p’ (]p-{X‡ A§ns\ tam-¶X i(cid:224)n-bpsS AkvXn-Xz-am- KWnX (Geometry) kw_-(cid:212)-amb
IW-¡m-¡-s‚-Sp-t…m˜ am{Xw. (3) bn-cp-¶p. {]Np-c-{]-Nmcw kn†n¤ cN-\-Isf A‘qX]q(cid:192)˘-amw-hn[w
sh(cid:204)v^m˜ ss__n˜ am(cid:192)Pn- XznXz-sa¶ {InkvXp-aX kn†m-·- apt¶m-«p-sIm-›p-t]mb AXyp-¶-X-
\n´ tcJ-s‚-Sp-flnb Cu Ipdn-‚n- fln-s¶-Xnsc At–-l-flns(cid:226) \mb Pyman-Xob KWn-X-(cid:218)-\p-am-
s\-¡p-dn¤v C§ns\ A‘n-{]m-b-s‚- ‘mKflp \n¶pw \ntj-[-ap-›m-b-Xp- bn-cp-¶p At–-lw. Pyman-Xn-bn´
Sp-¶p. -sIm-›m-bn-cn¡mw A¡m-esfl {]Y-a-(cid:216)m-\o-b-amb \nc-h[n IrXn-
"\yq«s(cid:226) ssZhim-kv{X-]-T-\- hnizm-kn-I-fmb _p†n-Po-hn-I-fn´ I˜ D˜s¡m-¯p¶ sZ¡m(cid:192)sfl-
§-fpsS BZysfl ^ew Gsd- \n¶pw At–-l-fln\v _lp-am-\y- bpsS kaq(cid:192)fl-amb kw‘m-h-\-Isf
¡psd {InkvXp-hns(cid:226) (cid:216)m\-sfl- amb (cid:216)m\w \jvS-s‚-«-Xv. "^ntem- Ipdn t¤m(cid:192)¡p-t…m˜ At–-l-
¡p-dn¤pw {XnXz-sfl-¡p-dn¤pap¯ k^n’ F¶ ]pkvX-I-fln´ sP flns(cid:226) alX- zfl- n\v ap…n´ inc˚v
kt(cid:181)-l-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.’ (3) KpXvam‡ (Philosophy - J. Gutman) Ip\n-“p-t]m-hpw.
dos\ sZ¡m(cid:192)sfl Cu Ah(cid:216) hnh-cn-¡p-¶p-›v. (4) Xflz-im-kv{X-fln´ KWn-X-]-
hnizm-khpw bp(cid:224)nbpw X-‰n- ChnsS shfn-]m-Sp-I-fn´ hniz- c-amb hmZ-apJ§f-h-X-cn-‚n-¡pI
ep¯ Ime-‚-g-¡-ap¯ X(cid:192)¡hnj- kn¤ BkvXn-Iyhm-Zn-bm-bncp-¶ F¶ {]h-W-X¡v B-Zy-ambn XpS
b-fln´ \thm-(cid:176)m\ Ime-L-«- sZ¡m(cid:192)sfl Afl-c-fln´ Hcp ¡w Ipdn¤Xv sZ¡m(cid:192)sfl-bmWv
fln´ \qX-\-am-sbmcp Xmev]cyw hnizm-kn-bmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s‚-Sp-I- F¶ hkvXpX At–-l-flns(cid:226) al-
P\n-¡p-I-bp-›m-bn. B Xm´]cyw bp›mbn-ˆ. F¶m´ shfn-]m-Sns(cid:226) Xz-flns(cid:226) as(cid:228)mcp Io(cid:192)fln-ap-{Z-
hn]p-e-amb ASn-(cid:216)m-\-fln-ep¯ ASn-(cid:216)m-\-fln-ep¯ Hcp BkvXn- bmWvv. kXysfl kw_(cid:212)- n¤pw tI-
Xmbn-cp-¶p. A¡m-eflv hnizm-k- Iy-hm-Z-nbmWv Xm‡ F¶ kt(cid:181)iw h-e-Xzsfl (Absolutenes) kw_(cid:212)- n-
flns(cid:226) ]XmI Db(cid:192)fln-]n-Sn-¡m- [z\n-‚n-¤p-sIm›v am{X-amWv ¤p-ap¯ At–-l-flns(cid:226) kƒev]w
\p¯ \ntbmKw Gdn-b-]ƒpw dos\ At–lw kwkm-cn-¤-Xv. {InkvXp-a- Bcw-‘n-¡p-¶Xv B(cid:223)m-h-t_m-[-
sZ¡m(cid:192)sfl* (1596-(cid:254)1650)-¡m-bn-cp- Xfl- ns(cid:226) {]tXyI- X- b- m´ At–lw fln (Self Consciousness)´ \n
B -a-X-tflmSv kzoI-cn¤ bp(cid:224)n-]- ¶mWv. At–-l-flns(cid:226) kXy-]- -cn-
¶p. At–-lsfl kw_-(cid:212)n-t¤-S-
c-amb Ah-K-W\ ImcWw At–- tim-[\mcoXn Hcm˜ Fs·-ƒnepw
tflmfw {]iv\w {InkvXpa- X- hpw bp-
l-fln\v X¡-Xmb {]Xn-^ew Hcp Imcyw ImWp-t…mgpw tI˜¡p-
(cid:224)nbpw X‰n-ep¯ X(cid:192)¡w F¶
e‘n¤p. t…mgpw DS‡ D›mhp¶ BZysfl
coXn-bn-em-bn-cp-¶n-ˆ. a\p-jy-[n-j-
\n(cid:192)‘m-Ky-I-c-sa¶p ]d-bs« at\m‘m-h-hp-ambn _(cid:212)-s‚-«-Xm-Wv.
W-bpsS Xflz-im-kv{X-]-c-amb
* dos\ sZ¡m(cid:192)sfl (Rene Descartes - 1596-1650): {^'v Zm(cid:192)i-\n-I\pw KWn-X(cid:218)\p-am-bn-cp¶ Z¡m(cid:192)sfl s\X(cid:192)em(cid:226)-kn-emWv IqSp-X
´ Imew Nne-h-gn-¤-Xv. Izm(cid:192)«o-kn-b‡ ^ntem-k^n F¶mWv At–l-flns(cid:226) Xflz-Nn-·-I˜ Adn-b-s‚-Sp-¶-Xv. "Unkvt¡mgvkkv C‡ ^ntem-k
^n’ F¶ {]i-kvX-amb Xflz-imkv{X {K(cid:217)w cNn¤ sZ¡m(cid:192)sflm KWn-X-im-kv{X-§-fnse A\-e-(cid:228)n-¡´ tPyma-{Sn-bpsS D]-(cid:218)m-Xm-hm-Wv. (hnh:)
* ss]Y-tKm-dkv (Pythagoras - _n.-kn. 580 (cid:254) 500): kwJy-bmWv Fˆm-(cid:228)n-t(cid:226)bpw kfl AYhm Dd-hnSw F¶v hniz-kn¤ {Ko¡v KWn-X-
(cid:218)\pw JtKm-f-(cid:218)\pw, Zm(cid:192)i-\n-I-\p-amWv ss]Y-tKm-d-kv. At–-l-flns(cid:226) Pohn-X-sfl-‚(cid:228)n hni-Z-hn-h-c-§-sfm¶p-a-dn-bn-ˆ. kwJy-Isf aX-]-c-amb
Nn(cid:211)-§-fm¡n IW-¡m-¡n Hcp {]tXyI Bcm-[\m k{…-Zm-b-flns(cid:226) D]-(cid:218)m-Xm-hm-bn-cp¶p At–-lw. (hnh:)
2006 Pq‹ 223 9
AXm-bXv Hcp Imcy-fln´ kXy- b]£w At–-l-flm´ Ah(cid:192) bn-cp-¶p. dqtkmbpw*, \osjbpw*.
flns(cid:226) am\-Z(cid:222)w Btcm-]n-¡p-¶- AKm-[-ambn kzm[o-\n-¡-s‚-«n-cp- (cid:254) hnh: F.-Fw.
Xn´ Fs·-ƒnepw ]cm-Pbw kw‘- ¶p. ]n¶oSv h¶ Nn·-I-•m(cid:192)
hn-¤m´ DS‡ Xs¶ B Imcyw X(cid:192)¡i- mk- v{Xsfl A\pI- qe- a- mbpw * tPm‹ tem¡v (John Locke - 1632 (cid:254)
1704) : Cw¥ojv Zm(cid:192)i-\nI‡ Ct–-l-flns(cid:226) cN-
kwi-bn-¡m-\p¯ A(cid:192)lX kzbw FXn-cmbpw D]-tbm-Kn-¤p. XpS(cid:192)¶p-
\-I˜ bqtdm-]y‡ \thm-(cid:176)m-\-fln\v klm-b-
t\Sp¶p F¶v At–lw hm-Zn¤p. ›mb Cfl-c-fln-ep¯ {]h-W-X-I- I-am-bn. Fs˚ I‹tk(cid:192)Wn§v lyqa‹
A›(cid:192)(cid:204)m(cid:226)n-§v, F se(cid:228)(cid:192) I‹tk-Wn§v
a(cid:228)p-hm-¡p-I-fn´ ]d-“m´ sshcp fpsS ^ea- mb- n«- mb- nc- p¶p Zz(cid:181)m(cid:223)- I
tSmftd-j‡, Z dok-W-_n˜kv Hm^v {In(cid:204)ym-
†m(cid:223)-I-amb hmZ-K-Xn-I-fn-ˆmsX ‘uXn-I-hmZw (Dilectical Material- \n(cid:228)n F¶n-h-bmWv apJy-Ir-Xn-I˜ (hnh:)
Hcm˜¡v kXy-am-sW¶v hniz-kn- ism) Bhn(cid:192)‘-hn-¤-Xv. * tPm(cid:192)Pv s_(cid:192)s¡en (George Berke-
ley - 1685 (cid:254) 1753): sFdnjv Zm(cid:192)i-\n-I\pw ]ptcm-
¡m‡ Ignb- p¶- Hcp Imcyw kv]jvS- {]Xn-‘m-k-flnt(cid:226)bpw bp(cid:224)n- ln-X-\p-amb s_(cid:192)¡nen B[p-\nI Bi-b-hm-
amb kXy-am-sW¶v IcpXn kzoI- bp-tSbpw AXn(cid:192)fln-I˜ aX-fln- Z-flns(cid:226) BNm-cy-\mbn KWn-¡-s‚-Sp-¶p.
(hnh:)
cn-¡mw. Cu X(cid:192)¡-imkv{Xw kz·w t(cid:226)bpw hnizm-k-fln-t(cid:226)bpw s]mXp-
* tUhnUv lypw (David Hume - 1711 (cid:254)
B(cid:223)-t_m-[-fln´ Btcm-]n-¡p- A-Xn(cid:192)fln-Ifp-ambn ]ƒv sh¡p- 1770): kvtIm«njv Ncn-{X-Im-c-\pw, Zm(cid:192)i-\n-I-\p-
t…m˜ Cu hm-Z-fln\v C{]-Imcw ¶nˆ F¶v tPm‹ tem¡v*, amb lyqw kt(cid:181)l-hm-Z-flns(cid:226) BNm-cy-\mbn
KWn-¡-s‚-Sp-¶p. (hnh:)
Hcp ]cm-h(cid:192)fl\w e‘n-¡p¶p. s_(cid:192)¡n-en*, lyqw* F-¶n-h(cid:192) ]Xn- * jm‡ jmIv dqt˚m (Jean Jacques
"Rm‡ Nn·n-¡p¶p F¶-Xn-\m´ t\gmw \q(cid:228)m-›n´ th(cid:192)Xn-cn-¤p-Im- Rousseau 1712-(cid:254)78): {^'v Zm(cid:192)i-\n-I‡
kzn(cid:228)vk(cid:192)e-›n´ P\n¤ dqt˚m. {^'v hn„-
Rm‡ D›v’ AXm-bXv bmsXmcp Wn-¡p¶Xv hsc Cu coXn-bn´ hsfl AKm-[-ambn kzm[o-\n¤ hy(cid:224)n-bm-Wv.
Xm(cid:192)¡nI -bp-(cid:224)n-bpsS ]n·p-W-bn- X(cid:192)¡-imkv{Xw ssZhm-kvXn-Xz- At–-l-flns(cid:226) {]i-kvX-Ir-Xn-bmWv
"tkmjy´ tIm‹{SmIv(cid:228)v’. I‹s^-j‡kv
ˆmsX Xs¶ Rm‡ Cu efn-X-amb fln¶pw A\p-Iq-e-ambpw {]Xn-Iq-
BWv as(cid:228)mcp {]kn† IrXn. ]mco-knse Hcp
{]kvXm-h-\sb ]n·p-W-¡p-¶p e-ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡s‚-«p. Cu at\m-tcm-Km-ip-]-{Xn-bn´ sh¤mWv dqt˚m acn-
¤-Xv. (hnh: )
F¶v, Bb-Xn-\m´ Xo(cid:192)¤-bmbpw Xflz-imkv{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-¤p-sIm
* s^{U-dnIv \osj Friedrich
Rm‡ D›v. (5) ›v aX-fln-t(cid:226)bpw hnizm-k-fln- Nietszche - 1844-(cid:254)1900)-: (cid:254) P(cid:192)‰‡ Zm(cid:192)-i\n-I‡.
A{]-Imcw CXv {]Y-ahpw s(cid:226)bpw km[pXsb tem¡v {]tXy- Pohn-X-flns(cid:226) Fˆm taJ-e-I-fn-tebpw ]mc-…-
cy-tflbpw Iogvhg-¡§-tfbpw \nin-X-ambn
{][m\- h- pa- mb Hcp kv]jvS- k- X- ya- m- I-ambn FSpflv \ntj-[n-¤n-ˆ. hna(cid:192)in¤ \osj (cid:254) {InkvXp-a-X-sfl \J-in-
bn-Xo-cp-¶p. CXv kw_-(cid:212)-ambn F¶m´ Xnc-s“-Sp-¡p¶ coXn- Jm·w FXn(cid:192)flp. "ssZhw acn-¤p-’ F¶v Xs(cid:226)
IrXn-I-fn-eqsS At–lw hnfw-_cw sN¿p-I-bp-
sZ¡m(cid:192)sfl efn-X-kp-(cid:181)-c-amb Hcp I˜¡-\p-kr-X-am-bn-«m-bn-cn¡pw
›m-bn. (hnh:)
ssien cq]-s‚-Sp-fln-bXv C{]-Im-c- AXv Xocp-am-\n-¡-s‚-SpI F¶v
Reference
am-bn-cp-¶p. "Rm‡ Nn·n-¡p¶p ]d“v A¡mcyw hnizm-kn-I˜¡v
1. Westfall R.C. (1993). The life of Issac New-
F¶-Xn-\m´ Rm‡ D›v’ (Cogito At–lw hn«p-sIm-Sp-flp. AXv ton - Cambride University Press - Cambridge
ergo sum - ’I think therefore I am’) ]n´¡m-eflv h¶ bqtdm-]y‡ - P. 124.
2. Ibid P. 122.
BZy-k-Xy-fln-\p-tijw At–lw Xflz-im-kv{X-(cid:218)-•m(cid:192) ssZhsfl 3. Ibid P. 121
AwKo-I-cn¤ c›m-asfl kXyw. \ntj-[n-¡m‡ th›n D]-tbm-K- 4. Gutman J (1963) Philosophy A to Z Grosset
& Damplne, New York.
ssZh-flns(cid:226) AkvXn-Xz-am-bn-cp-¶p. s‚Spfln. A¡q-«-fln´s‚« ssZh-
5. Kiernan - T. (966) Who is who in the His-
ssZhmkvXn-Xz-flns(cid:226) aXn-bmb \n-tj-[n-I-fn´ G(cid:228)hpw {]K-(cid:219)-cm- tory of Philosophy. Vison Press - New York P.
sXfnhv At–-l-flns(cid:226) Xs¶ 54. l
AkvXnXzams- W¶v KWnX- i- mk- v{X-
]mcn-S-fln´ Ac-\m-gn-I-t\cw
]-c-ambn At–lw IW-¡p-Iq«n
sXfn-bn-¤p-Im-«n. AXm-bXv Hcp A_vZp-ˆm-ln_v\p Da-dn(-d)´ \n¶pw \nth-Z\w: dkq´
{XntIm-W-flns(cid:226) aq¶v tImWp-I- (k) Fs(cid:226) Npa-en´ ]nSn¤v ]d-“p. Cl-tem-Iflv \o Hcp
fpsS Af-hp-I˜ c›v a«-tIm-Wp-I- ]c-tZ-in-sb-t]m-setbm Asˆ-ƒn´ hgn-bm-{X-¡m-c-s\-t‚m-
fpsS Af-hp-I˜¡v Xpey-am-sW-
setbm Bhp-I.
¶Xv t]mse.
C_v\p Da(cid:192) C§ns\ ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. " {]tZm-j-am-bm´
ssZhm-kvXn-Xzsfl kw_-
\o {]‘mXw {]Xo£- n¡- c- pX- v. {]‘mX- a- mb- m´ {]tZmj- hpw {]Xo-
(cid:212)n¤v sZ¡m(cid:192)sfl D¶-bn¤ Xflz-
im-kv{X-]-c-amb sXfn-hp-I˜ XpS(cid:192) £n-¡-cp-Xv. \ns(cid:226) tcmK-Im-e-tfl-¡p-¯Xv Btcm-Ky-Im-eflpw
¶ph- ¶ Xflzi- mk- v{X(cid:218)- •- mc- psS ac-W-fln\p th›Xv Pohn-X-Im-eflpw tiJ-cn-¡pI’
Xe-ap-dI˜¡v kzoIm-cy-am-bn-cp-
(A´_n-lmcn Inflm_p dnJm-Jv)
¶mepw Csˆ-ƒnepw icn Npcp-§n-
10 224 kXyZqX‡
hnhm-ln-X-\mb tbip
F.-B(cid:192). ae-_mcn
hnhmlw a\p-jys\ [m(cid:192)‰n-I-ambpw B†ym-(cid:223)n-I-ambpw ]q(cid:192)W-\m-¡p-Ibpw ssPh ]mc-
…-cy-fln\v Ifin-tIm(cid:192)¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. {InkvXp Ahn-hm-ln-X-\m-bn-cp¶p F¶
{InkvXob kn†m·fln\v kphn-ti-j-§fn´ sXfn-hp-I-fn-ˆ.
Pq
Zm tZi-flns(cid:226) hnP-\-X- ktew bm{Xsb Ipdn-¤p-ap¯ ¶-Xmbn ImWmw. AXnYn k´¡m-
bn´ \n¶pw Xncns- ¤fln Gsd\- m˜ kw£n]vX ]cm-a(cid:192)i-§˜¡v c-fln´ Ah(cid:192) ImWn-¡p¶ AanX
Ignbpw apt… tbip \k-td-fln´ tijw tPmk-^n-s\-Ip-dn-¤p¯ Xmev]-cy-hpw, tacn¡v Ahn-hm-ln-X-
\n¶pw GXm\pw ssaep-I˜ hS¡v hrflm-·-§˜ kphn-ti-j-§-fn´ cmb B‹a-¡-fm-bn-cp¶p F¶
(cid:216)nXn sN¿p¶ Im\m-{Kmaw \n¶pw A{]-Xy-£-am-hp-¶Xv hkvXp-Xbpw IW-¡nseSp¡p-
k(cid:181)(cid:192)in-¤p. tbip-hns(cid:226) amXmhv ImWmw. tbip Pew ho“m¡n t…m˜ hnhm-l-h-c‡ tacn-bpsS
Cu {Kma-¡m-cn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Xs(cid:226) am(cid:228)n BZysfl A(cid:219)pXw {]h(cid:192)fln- aqfl-a-I-\mb tbip-h-ˆmsX a(cid:228)m-cp-
‘(cid:192)flm-hns(cid:226) ac-Wm-\-·cw ¤Xv Im\m-bn´ sh¤m-bn-cp-¶p. amb- nc- p¶- nˆ F¶ \nKa- \- fl- ne- mWv
GXm\pw h(cid:192)j-§˜¡p-tijw, Im\m tZiw tbip-hn\v Zm\n-tb´ kzm‘m-hn-I-ambpw \ncq-]-I-•m(cid:192)
tbip Xs(cid:226) ]Wn-‚pc AS¤v tZh- F¶ Hcp injy-s\bpw k‰m-\n-¤n- Ffln-t¤-cp-¶-Xv. ]nXm-hns(cid:226) A‘m-
ip-{iq-j-¡p¯ Blzm\w kzoI-cn- cp-¶p. h-fln´ a¡sf hnhmlw sNbvXv
¤-Xn\v tijw Ah(cid:192) ho›pw Xs(cid:226) Im\m-bnse AXnYn sImSp-t¡› Dfl-c-hm-ZnXzw amXm-
{Kma-fln-te¡v aS§n AhnsS hn-s(cid:226)-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\m´ tacn
k´¡mcw
(cid:216)nc Xma-k-am-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. C{X-b-[nIw Xmev]cyw ImWn-¤n-
sh·mflv GW(cid:204)v sd\ms(cid:226) enJn- £Wn-¡-s‚-«-X-\p-k-cn¤v cp¶ Im\m-bnse hnhm-l-N-S§v
X-§-fn´ \n¶pw a\-˚n-em-hp-¶Xv hnhml NS-§n´ ]ƒp-sIm-¯pI bYm(cid:192)(cid:176)-fln´ tbiphns(cid:226)-Xm-bn-
tacn-bn´ Bdn-e-[nIw k·m-\- F¶ Dt–itflmSp IqSnb- mb- nc- p¶p cp¶p F¶ \nK-a\w H«pw Bt£-
§˜ P\n-¡-fl¡ Ime-b-fhv tbiphpw injycpw Im\m-bn-te¡v ]m(cid:192)l-aˆ Xs¶.
‘(cid:192)flm-hmb tPmk^v Ah-cpsS t]mb-Xv. hnhml Krl-fln´ tbip-hns(cid:226) ssZhn-I-X-bn´
IqsS Pohn-¤n-cp-¶p-sh-ƒnepw kphn- Ffln-b-t‚m˜ tbip Xs(cid:226) amXm- Dd¤v hnizk- n¡- p¶- h- (cid:192) tbip hnhm-
tijImc-•m(cid:192) tPmk-^ns\ hns\ B Kr-l-fln´ I›p. AXn- ln-X-\m-bn-cp¶p F¶ hkvXpX
Ipdn¤pw tacnsb Ipdn¤pw H¶pw Yn-Isf ]cn-N-cn-¡p-¶-Xnepw Ah- \ock- tflmsS ]p(cid:209)n¤v X¯n¡- f- b- p-
Xs¶ ]d-bp-¶n-ˆ. tacn-bp-am-bp¯ cpsS t£a Imcy-§-fn´ {i†n-¡p- ¶-h-cm-Wv. Hcm˜ hnhm-ln-X-\m-bn-
tPmk^- ns(cid:226) hnhml- s- fl¡- pd- n¤pw ¶-Xnepw AXn-Yn-I˜¡v ‘£Ww cp¶p F¶-Xn-em-Is« H«pw Abp-
tbip-hns(cid:226) P\-\m-\-·-c-ap¯ hnf-…p-¶-Xnepw Ah(cid:192) hfsc kPo- (cid:224)n-I-Xbpw A[m(cid:192)‰n-I-Xbpw Cˆ-
IpSpw-_-flns(cid:226) CuPn]vXv {]bm- h-am-bn-cp-¶p. Hc-XnYn F¶-Xn-t\- Xm-\pw. tbip a\p-jy-]p-{X-\mWv
Wsfl Ipdn¤pw ]n¶oSv ]{·›v ¡m-tfsd Xs(cid:226) kz·w Krl-fln´ F¶X- vt]mse Xs¶ ssZh]- p{-X\- p-
h(cid:192)j-§˜¡v tijw s]kl \S-¡p¶ NS§v F¶ \ne-bn´ am-Wv F¶mWv {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS
BtLm-j-§˜¡m-bp¯ Pdp- Ah(cid:192) AXn´ Xmev]cyw ImWn¡- p- ASn-(cid:216)m\ hnizmkw. am\pjn-
2006 Pq‹ 225 11
Ihpw ssZhnI- h- pa- mb ]p{X(cid:216)- m\w bn-cp-¶p. hnhmlw Hcp ]hn-{X-amb Zns(cid:226) k·m-\-]-c-…-c-bn´ P•-sa-
Ahn-‘m-Py-ambpw AtKm-N-c-ambpw hyh-(cid:216)n-Xn-bm-sW¶pw a\p-jys(cid:226) Sp-fl-Xv. Ch-cn´ tbip-hns(cid:226) cmP-
tbip-hn´ ebn-¡-s‚-«n-cn-¡p-¶p- [m(cid:192)‰n-Ihpw kmap-Zm-bn-I-hp-amb Iob ]q(cid:192)˘n-I-\mb Zmho-Zn\v
sh¶ hnizm-k-¡m-cm-W-h(cid:192). ]p{X- D¶-a-\-fln\v hnhmlw {_(cid:210)-N-cy- At–lw slt{_m-Wn´ Nne-h-gn¤
cq-]-amb Cu c›v ]Z-hn-Ifpw Ae- tfl¡- m˜ {]tbmP- \- {-]Z- a- mb {]Ir- Ggc h(cid:192)j-fln\p¯n´ Ac-U-k-
ƒ-cn-¡p¶ tbip-hns(cid:226) bYm(cid:192)(cid:176) Xn-am(cid:192)⁄-am-sW¶pw Dd¤v hniz-kn- t\mfw kv{XoIfpw A{X Xs¶
amXmhv Bimcn-bpsS ‘mcy-bmb ¡p-Ibpw AwKo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw k·m-\-§fpw D›m-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn
tacn Xs¶-bm-Wv. ssZh-]p-{X-\mb sNbvXn-cp¶ Hcp kaq-l-flnse ss__n˜ a\-˚n-em-¡n-fl-cp-¶p.
tbip-hn\v a\p-jy-]p-{X-\mb tbip- [mXp-]p-jvSn-bp¯ ]pcp-j-\m-bn- Ch-cn´ Xs(cid:226) aI-\mb Cflvdo-
hn´ \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp cp¶p tbip. [m(cid:192)‰n-Ihpw kmap-Zm- ans(cid:226) A‰-bmb FKve am{Xsa
amXm-hp-›m-bn-cp-¶n-ˆ. ssPh-im- bn-I-hp-amb Hu¶-Xy-e_v[n Zmho-Zns(cid:226) ‘mcym ]Zw Ae-ƒ-cn-¤n-
kv{X-§-fn´ \n¶pw hyXn-cn-(cid:224)-a- {]Zm\w sN¿p¶ A\p-{K-l-]q(cid:192)fi- cp-¶-Xmbn ]d-bp-¶p-¯q. At–lw
ˆmfl Hcp km[m-cW a\pjy amb B DZmfl- a- mb A\p‘- qXn ]cn- ap‚-fln-aq¶v h(cid:192)jw ‘cn¤ Pdp-k-
kv{Xo¡v ssZh-]p-{Xs\ K(cid:192)‘w Xy-Pn-¤p-sIm›v Dfl-a-‘(cid:192)flm-hv, te-anepw [mcmfw ‘mcy-amcpw sh‚m-
[cn¤v {]k-hn-¡m-sa-ƒn´ B ]nXmhv F¶ \ne-bn´ injy-K-W- «n-Ifpw D›m-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn
]p{X\v Hcp ‘mcy-bpsS Bhiyw fln\v Hcp {]mtbm-KnI amXr-I-bm- ss__n˜ ]db- p¶- p›- v. {InkvXy‡
F·p-sIm›v D›m-bn-¡q-Sm. At–- bn-flo-cm‡ {ian-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]Icw ss__nfpw {InkvXym\- nI- f- pw Zmho-
l-fln\v F·p-sIm›v hnhm-ln-X- Pohn-Xm·yw hsc tbip Ahn-hm- Zns\ alm-\mbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-Ibpw
\m-bn-¡qSm F¶ tNmZyw kzm‘m-hn- ln-X-\mbn Pohn¤p F¶-Xn-t\mSv tbip At–-l-flns(cid:226) hwi-]-c-…-c-
I-ambpw ChnsS DS-se-Sp-¡p-¶p. Hcn-¡epw tbmPn-¡m-\m-hp-¶n-ˆ. bn´ P\n¤ Znhym-(cid:223)m-hm-sW¶v
ssZhw Hcp a\pjy kv{XobpsS Hcp kv{Xo hntZz-jn-bm-bn-flo-c-fl- A‘n-am-\n¤v Du(cid:228)w sIm¯p-Ibpw
K(cid:192)‘m-i-b-fln-eq-sS, B K(cid:192)‘m-ibw ¡-hn[w ssewKnI sshIeyw sN¿p-¶-h-cm-Wv. am{X-aˆ {InkvXp-
F{X-Xs¶ ]cn-ip-†hpw A\(cid:192)L- _m[n¤ hy(cid:224)n-bm-bn-cp-¶nˆ \k- aX imkv{X BNm-cy-•m(cid:192) tbip-
hp-am-bn-cp-¶m-epw ‘qan-bn´ P•w tdfl- nse tbip. tbiph- ns(cid:226) Imbn- hns(cid:226) A‰-bmb tacn-sbbpw Zmho-
sIm¯p-hm‡ Zm£n-Wy-]q(cid:192)˘w Xnc- I-ti-jn-sb-¡p-dn¤v temI-{]-i-kvX- Zns(cid:226) hwi-]-c-…-c-bp-ambn _(cid:212)n-‚n-
s“-Spflp F¶ hnizmkw {]mb- \mb kphn-tij {]t_m-[-I‡ ¡p-¶p-›v. Xs(cid:226) ]nXm-a-l\pw
]q(cid:192)fln-sb-fln-b-t‚m˜ B aI‡ _nˆn-{Klmw ]d-bp-¶p: cmPm-[n-]-\p-am-bn-cp¶ Zmho-Zn\v
Hcp PohnX- k- J- nsb Is›fln kzo temIw I›-Xn´ sh¤v kv{XoI-tfmSv C{Xbpw {]Xn-]fln
Ic- n¤p F¶ hkvXpX- t- b¡- m˜ lo G(cid:228)hpw Ip(cid:228)-a(cid:228) ico-c-L-S\ tbip- D›m-bn-cp¶ (cid:216)nXn¡v Cu temI
\-amb ssZh-\n-(cid:181)-bsˆ? ]e-t‚m hn-s(cid:226)Xmbn-cp-¶p. C¶sflt‚mse hn{ip-X-\mb ]p{X‡ am{Xw Hcp
gpw sshIm-cnIX {]tXy-In¤v aX- ImbnI a(cid:213)-c-§˜ A¶p-›m-bn-cp- kv{Xo hntZz-jn-bm-bn-flo(cid:192)¶-sX-
]-c-amb sshIm-cnX Hcn-¡epw bp ¶p-sh-ƒn´ F¡m-e-tflbpw §ns\ ? Cu kv{Xo hntZzjw tbip-
(cid:224)ym-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-¡-W-sa-¶nˆ. t{ijvT-\mb Imbn-I-Xmcw tbip hn\v F·v _lp-a-Xn-bmWv t\Sn-
tbip hnhm-ln-X-\m-bn-cp¶p BIp-am-bn-cp-¶p. s¡m-Sp-flXv F¶v sXˆp-t\cw
F¶X- n\v hy(cid:224)a- mb sXfnh- pI- s- fm- as(cid:228)mcp {][m\ Imcyw IqSn Bcpw Nn·n-¤p-t]m-hpw. Jp(cid:192)-B‡
¶p-anˆ. AXp-t]mse Xs¶ tbip- ChnsS kvacW- ob- a- mW- v. tbiph- n\v hc¤v Im«p¶ ZmhqZv \_n-bpsS
hns(cid:226) PohnX- sfl kw_(cid:212)- n¤ ]e ap…v a‹ad- “v t]mb Fˆm {]hm- Nn{Xw H¶v thsd Xs¶-bm-Wv.
hkvXp-X-I˜¡pw bmsXm-cp-hn[ N-I-•mcpw hnhm-ln-X-cm-bn-cp-¶p. At–lw Hcp XnI“ ]pWy-hm-
sXfn-hp-Ifpw Cˆm-fl-XmWv Ahc- n´ ‘qcn‘- mK- hpw _lp‘- mc- yXzw f\pw Aˆml- ph- ns(cid:226) {]hmN- I- \- pa- m-
bYm(cid:192)(cid:176) tbip-hns(cid:226) Pohn-Xsfl kzoI-cn-¤-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p. tbip Xs(cid:226) bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶mWv Jp(cid:192)-B‡ a\-˚n-
kw_-(cid:212)n-¤n-S-tflmfw km†y-X- ZuXyfl- nepw kz‘mh- fl- nepw hfs- c- em-¡n-fl-cp-¶-Xv. bYm(cid:192)(cid:176)-fln´
Ifpw kw‘m-hy-X-Ifpw am{X-amWv tbsd IS-s‚-«n-cn-¡p¶ aq¶v kp{]- ZmhoZv tbip-hns(cid:226) ]nXm-a-l-\m-bn-
\s‰ \bn-¡p¶ Nq›v]-e-I-I˜. [m\ {]hm-N-I-•m-cmb bmt¡m-_v, cp-¶p-sh-ƒn´ Xo(cid:192)¤-bmbpw AXv
At–lw hnhm-ln-X-\m-bn-cp¶p tamk-kv, ZmhoZv F¶n-hcpw CXn´ Jp(cid:192)-B‡ hnh-cn-¡p¶ Zmho-Zm-bn-cp-
F¶v hniz-kn-¡p-hm‡ IqSp-X´ D˜s‚-Sp-¶p. bmt¡m-_ns(cid:226) Krl- ¶p. AˆmsX ss__n˜ Nn{Xo-I-
hgn \´Ip¶ hkvXp-X-I˜ hfsc fln´ A[n-Imcw \S-flp-¶-Xn\pw cn-¡p¶ ZmhoZv Bbn-cp-¶n-sˆ-¶Xv
tbsdb- p›- v. tbip BtcmK- yh- m\pw tamsibpsS \nb-a-§˜ \nh(cid:192)fln- Xo(cid:192)¤-bm-Wv.
Du(cid:192)(cid:214)-kze\pw sNdp-‚-¡m-c-\p-am- ‚m-\p-am-bn-«m-W-tˆm tbip Zmho- aKvZ-e-\- a-dn-b-ans(cid:226) kmam-\ym-
12 226 kXyZqX‡