2D Boron: Boraphene, Borophene, Boronene PDF
Preview 2D Boron: Boraphene, Borophene, Boronene
Iwao Matsuda Kehui Wu Editors 2D Boron: Boraphene, Borophene, Boronene 2D Boron: Boraphene, Borophene, Boronene Iwao Matsuda • Kehui Wu Editors 2D Boron: Boraphene, Borophene, Boronene Editors IwaoMatsuda KehuiWu TheInstituteforSolidStatePhysics InstituteofPhysics TheUniversityofTokyo ChineseAcademyofScience Kashiwa,Chiba,Japan Beijing,China ISBN978-3-030-49998-3 ISBN978-3-030-49999-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49999-0 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Namingofanovelmaterialissignificanttocapturewideinterestsinsocietiesand to develop the material science in academic and technological fields. Layers of “graphene” or “silicene” may not have been investigated such vigorously if they had been called “2D carbon (C)” or “2D silicon (Si).” 2D boron (B) is named “boraphene”bythetheoreticalworksmuchearlierthantheexperimentaldiscoveries of a monoatomic (monatomic) sheet of boron. Following the rule that elemental 2D materials are named as X’enes where X is the element composing the 2D material, for example, phosphorene (P) or bismuthene (Bi), the name could have been “boronene.” With various candidates, the pioneering researchers gathered at an international conference and discussed the naming including the translations in Asian countries. Since “borophene” has been already used globally, we accept usingthisname.However,tokeepourfairnessinthenomenclature,weleavethese nominationsinthetitleofourbook. Boron has been an important research subject in theoretical and computational chemistry because they form a wide variety of chemical bonds with each other, making a large number of allotropes even in two dimensions. Growths of the first boron sheet were achieved by the harmonic efforts of experimentalists and theoreticians who have individually played their parts to achieve perfect B flat (Fig. 1). Up to now, a large number of boron single atom sheets, borophene, have been proposed and some of them have already been synthesized on various substrates.Thegrowthsinwideareaanduniqueelectronicstructuresofborophenes haveattractedinterestsinmaterialscienceandalsoforindustrialuses.Furthermore, there have been also many atomic sheets of the boron compounds, such as h-BN and HB, that have already shown rich functionalities for future technology. The theoreticalandexperimentalworksininvestigating2Dmaterialsofelementalboron andboroncompoundsareexpandingrapidly.Forfurtherdevelopmentsinthefield,it hasbecomeimportanttoextensivelyreviewthetopicsbythepioneeringresearchers. The book is composed of six chapters. Chapter 1 introduces a brief history of the theoretical works on boron allotropes in different dimensions: 3D (bulk), 2D (borphene),1D(nanotube),and0D(cluster,molecule).Recentcomputationalworks on predicting borophene are described in detail in Chap. 2. In Chaps. 3 and 4, v vi Preface Fig.1 Experimentalachievementsofthefirstboronsheet,borophene,werecelebratedinmass mediawithhumor,includingmusicinBflat,tocapturethepublicattentions synthesis of borophene is described with the atomic structures and the electronic properties.InChap.5,frontierresearchesof2Dboroncompoundsareoverviewed, featuring interaction of boron with light elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen.Chapter6reviewsresearcheson3Dboronsolids,whichhelpstounderstand thephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofboron. The editing of this book was done at two sites: Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, and the Institute for Solid State Physics, the University of Tokyo. Appreciation is due to countless people who cannot all be named. Colleagues who contributed directly in clarifying the arguments presented here, collecting information, drawing figures, or critical reading of the manuscript are: Jens Kunstman, Takashi Aizawa, Motoko Yoshizawa, Yusuke Sato, Zhao Yuhao, KayokoSakaguchi(Kacco),andTadashiAbukawa.TheSocietyofBoron,Borides and Related Materials of Japan is acknowledged for offering an opportunity to discuss contents of the book during the international conference. We appreciate BorisI.Yakobsonforhisgreatcontributionsindevelopingthisbook. Beijing,China KehuiWu Kashiwa,Chiba,Japan IwaoMatsuda Contents 1 AHistoricalReviewofTheoreticalBoronAllotropesinVarious Dimensions.................................................................... 1 NevillGonzalezSzwackiandIwaoMatsuda 2 Borophenes:InsightsandPredictionsFromComputational Analyses....................................................................... 27 NaiwritKarmodak,EluvathingalD.Jemmis,andBorisI.Yakobson 3 SynthesisofBorophene...................................................... 51 BaojieFeng,LanChen,andKehuiWu 4 ElectronicStructuresofBorophene........................................ 73 BaojieFeng,OsamuSugino,andKehuiWu 5 ChemicallyModifiedBorophene........................................... 89 TakahiroKondoandIwaoMatsuda 6 PhysicalandChemicalPropertiesofBoronSolids....................... 121 RyoseiUnoandKaoruKimura Index............................................................................... 159 vii Contributors Editors IwaoMatsuda The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa,Chiba,Japan KehuiWuInstituteofPhysics,ChineseAcademyofScience,Beijing,China Informationonthe Authors LanChenInstituteofPhysics,ChineseAcademyofScience,Beijing,China BaojieFengInstituteofPhysics,ChineseAcademyofScience,Beijing,China EluvathingalD.Jemmis IPC Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka,India NaiwritKarmodak Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX,USA KaoruKimura Graduate School of Frontier Sceinces, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa,Chiba,Japan TakahiroKondo Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,Ibaraki,Japan OsamuSugino The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa,Chiba,Japan NevillGonzalezSzwacki Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland ix x Contributors RyoseiUnoTheInstituteofNaturalSciences,CollegeofHumanitiesandSciences, NihonUniversity,Tokyo,Japan BorisI.Yakobson Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering and DepartmentofChemistry,RiceUniversity,Houston,TX,USA Abbreviations ARPES Angle-resolvedphotoemissionspectroscopy BD BondDensity BE Bindingenergy CE Clusterexpansion CN Coordinationnumber DFT Densityfunctionaltheory DNL Diracnodalloop,Diracnodalline HD Holedensity NEXAFS Near-edgeX-rayabsorptionfinestructure PSO Particleswarmoptimization SEM Scanningelectronmicroscopy STM Scanningtunnelingmicroscopy TDS Thermaldesorptionspectroscopy UHV Ultra-highvacuum XPS X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy xi
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