26CK-12 Physical Science for Middle School Workbook Answers

436 Pages·2014·2.49 MB·English

CK-12 Physical Science For
Middle School Workbook
Jean Brainard, Ph.D. (JBrainard)
Jean Brainard, Ph.D.
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AUTHORS
JeanBrainard,Ph.D.(JBrainard)
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EDITORS
Bradley Hughes, Ph.D.
(BHughes)
BradleyHughes,Ph.D.
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Printed: June27,2014
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Contents www.ck12.org
Contents
1 TheWorldofScienceWorksheets 1
1.1 WhatisScience? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 TheScopeofPhysicalScience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 ScientificResearchandTechnologyWorksheets 9
2.1 ScientificInvestigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 ScienceSkills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3 IntroductiontoMatterWorksheets 21
3.1 PropertiesofMatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2 TypesofMatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3 ChangesinMatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4 StatesofMatterWorksheets 35
4.1 Solids,Liquids,Gases,andPlasmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.2 BehaviorofGases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.3 ChangesofState . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5 AtomsWorksheets 48
5.1 InsidetheAtom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.2 HistoryoftheAtom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.3 ModernAtomicTheory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6 PeriodicTableWorksheets 61
6.1 HowElementsAreOrganized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.2 ClassesofAtoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.3 GroupsofElements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
7 ChemicalBondingWorksheets 74
7.1 IntroductiontoChemicalBonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.2 IonicBonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.3 CovalentBonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
7.4 MetallicBonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
8 ChemicalReactionsWorksheets 89
8.1 IntroductiontoChemicalReactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
8.2 ChemicalEquations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.3 TypesofChemicalReactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.4 Lesson8.4: ChemicalReactionsandEnergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
9 ChemistryofCarbonWorksheets 103
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9.1 PropertiesofCarbon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
9.2 Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
9.3 CarbonandLivingThings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
9.4 BiochemicalReactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
10 ChemistryofSolutionsWorksheets 118
10.1 IntroductiontoSolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
10.2 SolubilityandConcentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
10.3 AcidsandBases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
11 NuclearChemistryWorksheets 129
11.1 Radioactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
11.2 RadioactiveDecay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
11.3 NuclearEnergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
12 MotionWorksheets 141
12.1 DistanceandDirection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
12.2 SpeedandVelocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
12.3 Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
13 ForcesWorksheets 152
13.1 WhatisForce? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
13.2 Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
13.3 Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
13.4 ElasticForce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
14 Newton’sLawsofMotionWorksheets 167
14.1 Newton’sFirstLaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
14.2 Newton’sSecondLaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
14.3 Newton’sThirdLaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
15 FluidForcesWorksheets 178
15.1 PressureofFluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
15.2 BuoyancyofFluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
16 WorkandMachinesWorksheets 187
16.1 Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
16.2 Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
16.3 SimpleMachines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
16.4 CompoundMachines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
17 IntroductiontoEnergyWorksheets 203
17.1 TypesofEnergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
17.2 FormsofEnergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
17.3 EnergyResources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
18 ThermalEnergyWorksheets 216
18.1 TemperatureandHeat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
18.2 TransferofThermalEnergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
18.3 UsingThermalEnergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
19 WavesWorksheets 228
19.1 CharacteristicsofWaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
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19.2 MeasuringWaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
19.3 WaveInteractionsandInterference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
20 SoundWorksheets 241
20.1 CharacteristicsofSound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
20.2 HearingSound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
20.3 UsingSound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
21 ElectromagneticRadiationWorksheets 253
21.1 ElectromagneticWaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
21.2 PropertiesofElectromagneticWaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
21.3 TheElectromagneticSpectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
22 VisibleLightWorksheets 264
22.1 TheLightWeSee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
22.2 Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
22.3 Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
23 ElectricityWorksheets 275
23.1 ElectricCharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
23.2 ElectricCurrent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
23.3 ElectricCircuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
23.4 Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
24 MagnetismWorksheets 292
24.1 MagnetsandMagnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
24.2 EarthasaMagnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
25 ElectromagnetismWorksheets 300
25.1 ElectricityandMagnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
25.2 UsingElectromagnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
25.3 GeneratingandUsingElectricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
26 CK-12PhysicalScienceforMiddleSchoolWorkbookAnswers 311
26.1 Chapter1: TheWorldofScience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
26.2 Chapter2: ScientificResearchandTechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
26.3 Chapter3: IntroductiontoMatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
26.4 Chapter4: StatesofMatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
26.5 Chapter5: Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
26.6 Chapter6: PeriodicTable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
26.7 Chapter7: ChemicalBonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
26.8 Chapter8: ChemicalReactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
26.9 Chapter9: ChemistryofCarbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
26.10 Chapter10: ChemistryofSolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
26.11 Chapter11: NuclearChemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
26.12 Chapter12: Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
26.13 Chapter13: Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
26.14 Chapter14: Newton’sLawsofMotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
26.15 Chapter15: FluidForces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
26.16 Chapter16: WorkandMachines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
26.17 Chapter17: IntroductiontoEnergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
26.18 Chapter18: ThermalEnergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
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26.19 Chapter19: Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
26.20 Chapter20: Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
26.21 Chapter21: ElectromagneticRadiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
26.22 Chapter22: VisibleLight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
26.23 Chapter23: Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
26.24 Chapter24: Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
26.25 Chapter25: Electromagnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
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C 1
HAPTER
The World of Science
Worksheets
Chapter Outline
1.1 WHAT IS SCIENCE?
1.2 THE SCOPE OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE
1
1.1. WhatisScience? www.ck12.org
1.1 What is Science?
Lesson 1.1: True or False
Name___________________Class______________Date__________
Determineifthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.
_____1. Scienceisbestdefinedasabodyofknowledge.
_____2. Onceascientificideaisaccepted,itneverchanges.
_____3. AnexampleofatheoryisNewton’stheoryofgravity.
_____4. Scientificlawsanswer“how”questions.
_____5. AlbertEinsteinisknownasthe“fatherofscience.”
_____6. TheScientificRevolutionbeganwhencomputerswereinventedinthe1900s.
_____7. Scientistsproposetheoriesandthenlookforevidencetosupportthem.
_____8. “Thesunalwaysrisesinthemorning”isanexampleofascientificlaw.
_____9. Sciencealwaysevolvesslowlyinsmallsteps.
_____10. Scientistsmaydrawdifferentconclusionsfromthesameobservations.
Lesson 1.1: Critical Reading
Name___________________Class______________Date__________
Readthispassagefromthetextandanswerthequestionsthatfollow.
ScientificTheoriesandScientificLaws
Some ideas in science gain the status of theories. A scientific theory is a broad explanation that is widely accepted
because it is supported by a great deal of evidence. An example is the kinetic theory of matter. According to this
theory,allmatterconsistsoftinyparticlesthatareinconstantmotion. Particlesmoveatdifferentspeedsinmatterin
differentstates. Thesedifferencesinparticlemotionexplainwhysolids,liquids,andgaseslookandactdifferently.
Think about how ice and water differ, or how water vapor differs from liquid water. The kinetic theory of matter
explainsthedifferences.
Scientific laws are often confused with scientific theories, but they are not the same thing. A scientific law is a
statement describing what always happens under certain conditions in nature. It answers “how” questions but not
“why”questions. AnexampleofascientificlawisNewton’slawofgravity. Itdescribeshowallobjectsattracteach
other. Itstatesthattheforceofattractionisgreaterforobjectsthatareclosertogetherorhavemoremass. However,
the law of gravity doesn’t explain why objects attract each other in this way. Einstein’s theory of general relativity
explainswhy.
Questions
1. Howisascientificlawdifferentfromascientifictheory?
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2. Somepeoplethinkthatatheorymaybe“upgraded”tothestatusofalawifitissupportedbyenoughevidence.
Doyouagree? Whyorwhynot?
3. Doyouthinkthefollowingstatementisascientifictheoryorascientificlaw? Explainyouranswer.
Inchemicalreactions,matterisneithercreatednordestroyed.
Lesson 1.1: Multiple Choice
Name___________________Class______________Date__________
Circletheletterofthecorrectchoice.
1. Characteristicsofscientistsinclude
a. beingcurious.
b. thinkinglogically.
c. beinggoodobservers.
d. alloftheabove
2. Inductionmeans
a. havingknowledge.
b. gatheringevidence.
c. rejectingpreviousideas.
d. noneoftheabove.
3. ModernWesternsciencebeganduringthe
a. 1500s.
b. 1700s.
c. 1800s.
d. 1900s.
4. WhicheventhappenedduringtheScientificRevolution?
a. MarieCuriediscoveredradiation.
b. Copernicusproposedthatthesunisthecenterofthesolarsystem.
c. Chinesescientistsinventedcompassesandseismographs.
d. Aristotleintroducedtheideaofempiricism.
5. Whichscientisthelpeddiscovernuclearfission?
a. LiseMeitner
b. IsaacNewton
c. EllenOchoa
d. ShirleyAnnJackson
6. Themethodsofmodernsciencearebasedontheideasof
a. Thales.
b. Aristotle.
c. Einstein.
d. noneoftheabove.
7. ThefirstwomantowinaNobelprizeinsciencewas
a. MariaGoeppert-Mayer.
b. AdaYonath.
c. MarieCurie.
d. IreneJoliot-Curie.
3