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21st Century Anthropology PDF

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(c) 2011 Sage Publications, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Lightwillbethrownontheoriginofmanandhishistory. —CharlesDarwin(1859) OntheOriginofSpecies,ChapterXV (c) 2011 Sage Publications, Inc. All Rights Reserved. & (c) 2011 Sage Publications, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright©2010bySAGEPublications,Inc. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,including photocopying,recording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. Forinformation: SAGEPublications,Inc. 2455TellerRoad ThousandOaks,California91320 E-mail:[email protected] SAGEPublicationsLtd. 1Oliver’sYard 55CityRoad LondonEC1Y1SP UnitedKingdom SAGEPublicationsIndiaPvt.Ltd. B1/I1MohanCooperativeIndustrialArea MathuraRoad,NewDelhi110044 India SAGEPublicationsAsia-PacificPte.Ltd. 33PekinStreet#02-01 FarEastSquare Singapore048763 Printedin Mexico LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData 21stcenturyanthropology:areferencehandbook/editor,H.JamesBirx. 2v.,p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-4129-5738-0(pbk.) 1. Anthropology—Handbooks,manuals,etc. I. Birx,H.James. GN25.A1442010 301—dc22 2009052453 10 11 12 13 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Publisher: RolfA.Janke AcquisitionsEditor: JimBrace-Thompson ReferenceSystemsManager: LeticiaGutierrez ReferenceSystemsCoordinator: LauraNotton ProductionEditor: CarlaFreeman CopyEditors: GretchenTreadwell,PatriciaSutton,CateHuisman Typesetter: C&MDigitals(P)Ltd. Proofreaders: ScottOney,VictoriaReed-Castro,TheresaKay Indexer: JulieGrayson CoverDesigner: RaviBalasuriya MarketingManager: AmberlynMcKay (c) 2011 Sage Publications, Inc. All Rights Reserved. C ONTENTS V O OLUME NE Preface xi AbouttheEditor xiii AbouttheContributors xiv PARTI.BIOLOGICALANTHROPOLOGY 1. BiologicalAnthropology 2 H.JamesBirx,CanisiusCollegeandStateUniversityofNewYorkatGeneseo 2. HominidDescriptions 13 IgnacioArenillasandJoséAntonioArz,UniversityofZaragoza 3. HumanBrain 26 CrisCampbell,UniversityofColoradoatBoulder 4. HumanAdaptations 38 JillM.Church,D’YouvilleCollege 5. HumanGrowthandDevelopment 47 BrittenyM.Howell,NorthernKentuckyUniversityand GatewayCommunityandTechnicalCollege 6. HumanBioculturalDiversity 56 BrittenyM.Howell,NorthernKentuckyUniversityand GatewayCommunityandTechnicalCollege AndrewShooner,UniversityofCincinnati 7. RaceandRacism 65 PaulF.Brown,MinnesotaStateUniversity,Mankato 8. DNAandGeneticEngineering 76 JohnK.Grandy,LeeMedicalAssociates,Dunkirk,NewYork PARTII.ARCHAEOLOGY 9. Archaeology 92 RobertBollt(1971–2010),Honolulu,Hawai'i 10. ExcavationandPreservation 101 Chang-HoC.JiandRobertD.Bates,LaSierraUniversity 11. Artifacts,Burials,andRuins 111 GregoryD.Mumford,UniversityofAlabamaatBirmingham (c) 2011 Sage Publications, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12. Aztecs,Incas,andMayans 121 FrancesF.Berdan,CaliforniaStateUniversity,SanBernardino 13. Technology 132 AndreasSpahn,EindhovenUniversityofTechnology PARTIII.SOCIOCULTURALANTHROPOLOGY 14. ConceptofCulture 144 LesBeldo,UniversityofChicago 15. EthnographyandEthnology 153 IsabelleM.Flemming,ElaAreaPublicLibrary,LakeZurich,Illinois 16. MarriageandtheFamily 162 LisaM.Vaughn,CincinnatiChildren’sHospitalMedicalCenter/ UniversityofCincinnatiCollegeofMedicine 17. KinshipSystems 174 RichardR.Jones,LeeUniversity 18. PoliticalOrganizations 182 ElaineM.Reeves,UniversityofToledo 19. MagicandScience 191 IsabelleM.Flemming,ElaAreaPublicLibrary,LakeZurich,Illinois 20. Shamanism 200 GwendolynJ.Reece,AmericanUniversityLibrary 21. WitchcraftandSorcery 209 JackyVallée,VanierCollege,Montreal 22. ReligionsandBeliefs 218 HansOttoSeitschek,LudwigMaximilianUniversityinMunich 23. CosmologyandMythology 227 AnnaMariaDestro,EasternPiedmontUniversity 24. PeasantSocieties 235 KathleenNadeau,CaliforniaStateUniversity,SanBernardino 25. Food:PlantsandAnimals 245 FrancesD.Burton,UniversityofToronto PARTIV.LINGUISTICS 26. Linguistics 258 PatriciaN.Chrosniak,BradleyUniversity 27. CommunicationandSymbolism 269 JohnDouglasRhoades,St.JohnFisherCollege 28. Storytelling 277 KatieElsonAnderson,RutgersUniversity 29. MassMediaandAnthropology 287 SarasijMajumder,RutgersUniversity PARTV.APPLIEDANTHROPOLOGY 30. AppliedAnthropology 296 MichaelJ.Simonton,NorthernKentuckyUniversity 31. LawandAnthropology 305 OliverW.Lembcke,FriedrichSchillerUniversityinJena 32. ForensicAnthropology 314 SaraRofofskyMarcus,QueensboroCommunityCollege,CityUniversityofNewYork 33. PaleopathologyandAnthropology 322 ChristopherDavidCzaplicki,CanisiusCollege (c) 2011 Sage Publications, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 34. MedicalAnthropology 331 ArvillaChapinPayne-Jackson,HowardUniversity 35. InfectiousDiseasesandAnthropology 340 RichardAlbertStein,PrincetonUniversity PARTVI.METHODOLOGY 36. DatingTechniques 352 ToriM.Saneda,CascadiaCommunityCollege 37. InterpretingEvidence 361 DonaldR.Perry,Branchport,NewYork 38. Cross-CulturalStudies 370 ConstanceB.Williams,QueensboroughCommunityCollege, CityUniversityofNewYork 39. TwinStudies 379 GretaG.Boers,DukeUniversity PARTVII.TEMPORALFRAMEWORKS 40. GeologyandAnthropology 388 RhondaL.Quinn,RutgersUniversityandNewYorkUniversity 41. PaleontologyandAnthropology 398 Kris“Fire”Kovarovic,UniversityCollegeLondon 42. PrehistoricCultures 409 PamelaHayes-Bohanan,BridgewaterStateCollege 43. AncientCivilizations 419 TerryW.Eddinger,CarolinaEvangelicalDivinitySchool 44. HistoryandAnthropology 432 MichaelJ.Francisconi,UniversityofMontanaWestern PARTVIII.THEORIESINANTHROPOLOGY 45. TheoreticalAnthropology 442 MichaelJ.Francisconi,UniversityofMontanaWestern 46. IdeologyandAnthropology 453 KathleenNadeau,CaliforniaStateUniversity,SanBernardino 47. EnlightenmentandSecularism 463 JamesPlegerBonanno,StateUniversityofNewYorkatBinghamton 48. MarxistAnthropology 473 KathleenNadeau,CaliforniaStateUniversity,SanBernardino 49. AgencyandPracticeTheory 480 AngelaKristinVandenBroek,UniversityofSouthernMississippi 50. OpenandClosedSocieties 488 JoachimKlose,CommissioneroftheKonradAdenauerFoundation fortheFreeStateofSaxony 51. CultureandPersonality 499 GeraldSullivan,CollinCollege 52. GermanAnthropology 510 DirkSolies,JohannesGutenbergUniversityofMainz 53. ValuesandAnthropology 517 RichardR.Jones,LeeUniversity 54. HumanExcellence:PastandPresent 526 IrinaJovanDeretic,UniversityofBelgrade (c) 2011 Sage Publications, Inc. All Rights Reserved. V T OLUME WO PARTIX.EVOLUTION 55. FossilPrimates 538 IgnacioArenillasandJoséAntonioArz,UniversityofZaragoza 56. HumanEvolution 556 JeffreyH.Schwartz,UniversityofPittsburgh 57. CultureChange 565 RobertBatesGraber,TrumanStateUniversity 58. SocialEvolution 576 RobertBatesGraber,TrumanStateUniversity 59. Evolution:Science,Anthropology,andPhilosophy 586 H.JamesBirx,CanisiusCollegeandStateUniversityofNewYorkatGeneseo 60. Evolution/CreationControversy 600 LauraM.Bolt,UniversityofToronto PARTX.PRIMATERESEARCH 61. PrimateTaxonomy 612 JohnR.Grehan,BuffaloMuseumofScience 62. PrimateLocomotion 624 DavidAlexanderLukaszek,UniversityofAlaskaFairbanks 63. PrimateBehaviorStudies 633 RyanJ.Trubits,Lancaster,NewYork 64. PrimateExtinctionandConservation 647 AndreaPatriciaBirkby,FortLewisCollege PARTXI.CULTURESTUDIES 65. Amazonia 658 CarlosAntonioMartinSoria,InstitutodelBienComúnPeru 66. AustralianAborigines 668 SusannaServello,Cremona,Italy 67. Inuit 676 PamelaRaeHuteson,Edmonds,Washington 68. IroquoianPeoples 687 NeilPatrickO’Donnell,CanisiusCollege PARTXII.CULTUREAREAS 69. Africa:PastandPresent 698 BeleteK.Mebratu,MedailleCollege (c) 2011 Sage Publications, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 70. Caribbean:PastandPresent 707 FernandoValerio-Holguín,ColoradoStateUniversity 71. Europe:PastandPresent 716 MichaelJ.Simonton,NorthernKentuckyUniversity 72. India:PastandPresent 725 RamdasLamb,UniversityofHawai'iatManoa 73. Polynesia:PastandPresent 735 RobertBollt(1971–2010),Honolulu,Hawai'i PARTXIII.SOCIALBEHAVIOR 74. SocialRelationships 746 BrittenyM.Howell,NorthernKentuckyUniversity andGatewayCommunityandTechnicalCollege MelonyL.Stambaugh,NorthernKentuckyUniversity 75. Rank,Status,andRole 756 DebraM.Lucas,D’YouvilleCollege 76. Ceremonies 764 DebikaSaha,UniversityofNorthBengal 77. FestivalsandRituals 773 CynthiaJ.W.Svoboda,BridgewaterStateCollege 78. MusicandDance 782 ShaynaSilverstein,UniversityofChicago 79. ConflictandAggression 791 CrisCampbell,UniversityofColoradoatBoulder 80. SocialProblems 801 RobertM.Worley,PennStateAltoona 81. Gangs 810 PatriciaE.Erickson,CanisiusCollege 82. DeviantBehavior 819 RobertM.WorleyandVidishaBaruaWorley,PennStateAltoona 83. Delinquency 827 MelissaA.Menasco,CanisiusCollege 84. ViolenceandWarfare 839 VidishaBaruaWorley,PennStateAltoona PARTXIV.ANTHROPOLOGYTODAY 85. FolkConcepts 848 JayH.Bernstein,KingsboroughCommunityCollege,CityUniversityofNewYork 86. MigrationandGlobalization 856 MarciaB.Dinneen,BridgewaterStateCollege 87. Globalization 865 ChristopherMorris,UniversityofColoradoatBoulder 88. EducationandAnthropology 874 SuzanneE.D’Amato,MedailleCollege 89. HistoryandLiteratureinAnthropology 883 FrankA.Salamone,IonaCollege 90. WomenandAnthropology 895 AnneBennett,CaliforniaStateUniversity,SanBernardino (c) 2011 Sage Publications, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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54. Human Excellence: Past and Present. 526. Irina Jovan Deretic, University of Belgrade. (c) 2011 Sage Publications, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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