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20th Century v12 PDF

152 Pages·1979·25.297 MB·english
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ACPL ITEM DISCARDED 1 909.82 T91 20th century v.12 2078835 T91 909.82 v .12 20th century 2078835 PUBLIC LIBRARY Fort Wayne and Allen County, Indiana i IV' . M ALLEN CQUNTY.PUBLJC LIBRARY.. ACPL ITEM DISCARDED * : 20th Century Original Edition edited by AJPTaylor MA FBA (Editor-in-Chief) Fellow of Magdalen College, University of Oxford J M Roberts MA DPhil (General Editor) Fellow and Tutor at Merton College, University of Oxford 1979 Edition revised by Editor R. W. Cross Assistant Editors Lesley Toll, John Moore Designer John Clement PURNELL REFERENCE BOOKS Milwaukee • Toronto • Melbourne • London Volume 12 Reference edition copyright © 1979 Purnell Reference Books, a division of MacDonald Raintree, Inc. Last previous edition copyright © 1973 Phoebus Publishing Company. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: 20th century. Edition for 1971 published under title: Purnell's history of the 20th century. Bibliography: p. 1. History, Modern — 20th century. I. Taylor, Alan John Percivale, 1906- II. Roberts, James Morris, 1928- III. Cross, R. W. IV. Purnell's history of the 20th century. D421.P87 1979 909.82 78-27424 ISBN 0-8393-6079-7 lib. bdg. ISBN 0-8393-6080-0 trade Authors in this Volume Correlli Barnett Military historian D.M. Davin Oxford academic publisher T.K. Derry Author specializing in Norwegian affairs Christopher Falkus Publishing Director and Deputy Chairman, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, Publishers, London Martin Gilbert Historian, author and Fellow of Merton College, University of Oxford Guy Hartcup Formerly historian in Her Majesty’s Treasury, London Alistair Horne Author and journalist; Founder of the A. Horne Resident Fellowship in Modern History, St. Antony’s College, Oxford Richard Humble Author specializing in military and historical affairs Edmund Ions Reader in Politics, University of York Douglas Johnson Professor of French History, University College, London A.V. Karasev Formerly Doctor of Historical Sciences, USSR Academy of Sciences Captain Sir Basil Formerly author and military Liddell Hart strategist J2078835 Captain Donald Author specializing in naval Macintyre history John Man Author and freelance journalist; Deputy Editor of the Original Edition of the History of the 20th Century Philippe Masson Author specializing in contemporary history Major-General Formerly Chief of Amphibious J.L. Moulton Warfare; Author of Haste to the Battle and Defence in a Changing World Alan Palmer Author of Napoleon in Russia and Dictionary of Modern History, 1789-1945- formerly Senior History Master, Highgate High School, London D.M. Proektor Lecturer at the M.V. Frunze Military Academy Simon Rigge Deputy Editor, Time-Life Books, London Sir Robert Saundby Formerly with the Directorate of Operations and Intelligence and Director of Operational Requirements with the Air Ministry A.J.P. Taylor Historian and journalist; Fellow of Magdalen College, University of Oxford Geoffrey Warner Professor of History, University of Leicester Stephen Webbe Editor with The Christian Science Monitor, Boston J.N. Westwood Senior Lecturer in History, University of Sydney Stuart Woolf Professor of History, University of Essex Brigadier Peter Military historian; author of Young The British Army 1642-1970 Contents Chapter 56 1542 France and the Popular Front/Georges Lefranc 1550 The Stavisky Affair/Roger Boulanger 1553 The Northern Democracies/T.K. Derry 1558 Science and Agriculture/S.J. Watson 1564 The New Physics/C.J.H. Watson 1568 Radio in Europe/Asa Briggs Chapter 57 1570 Appeasement in Action/Martin Gilbert 1577 Ethiopia: Unclaimed Colony/Simon Rigge 1580 The Rape of Ethiopia/A.J. Barker 1588 Murder in Marseilles/Daniel J. Leab 1596 Hitler’s Concordat with the Pope/Simon Rigge Chapter 58 1598 The Spanish Civil War/Hugh Thomas 1604 I Fought for Franco/Peter Kemp 1610 Guernica—who was responsible?/Hugh Thomas 1612 Japan and the Anti-Comintern Pact/Richard Storry 1618 Hitler and the German Army/M.R.D. Foot 1621 Anschluss: Austria Taken Over/Elizabeth Wiskemann Chapter 59 1626 Understanding Munich 1627 The Myths of Munich/A.J.P. Taylor 1630 The Sacrifice of Czechoslovakia: Czech View/Vera Olivova 1636 When Hitler Yielded. German View/K.H. Janssen 1638 The Munich Agreement 1641 Munich, Symbol of Shame: French View/Maurice Baumont 1645 Anti-Soviet Conspiracy: Soviet View/A.O. Chubaryan 1647 Europe on the Brink of War/A.J.P Taylor Chapter 60 1654 The Outbreak of War/A.J.P. Taylor 1658 The Nazi-Soviet Pact/A.O. Chubaryan and D.C. Watt 1662 Teschen, Aftermath of Munich/Anna Cienciala 1664 War: Shadow and Reality/J.M. Roberts 1673 The Military Balance/Major-General J.L. Moulton The democracies: France and Scandinavia Chapter 56 Introduction by JM.Roberts The French Third Republic had from the France start embodied the hopes and ideals of 1933 December: economic crisis deepens. Stavisky, a swindler, supposedly protected by Radical politicians, radicals and liberals all over Europe. The exposed. A corruption scandal follows rise of dictatorships led them to look to her 1934 6th February: Daladier, a Radical, forms ministry Police fight right-wing demonstrators outside as protector of the Rights of Man. France Chamber of Deputies and kill fourteen. was the only great military power among 7th February: Daladier resigns. 12th February: CGT (trade union organization) the democracies and would have to be the calls for general strike People demonstrate in main contributor on land to any movement defence of the republic. Communists, on instructions to hold aggression by force. from Moscow, seek alliance with Socialists and, a few weeks later, with Radicals and left-wing Unfortunately, the condition and bourgeois intellectual groups. strength of France no longer ensured that 1935 May: USSR signs pact with France approving French defence policy. she could play the role she had so long been 14th July: mass demonstrations throughout country cast for. Hard facts of population trends and demand democracy and dissolution of right-wing para-military Leagues. Popular Front decides to economics were against her in the long run. work out common plan of action. Her army was not suited for the tasks it November: Socialists, Communists, Radicals, CGT, and left-wing intellectual groups form alliance, the Popular might have to carry out. There were stir¬ Front, to organize mass demonstrations. rings under the surface of the French 1936 January: common plan of action is agreed on 3rd May: Popular Front triumphs in elections. Empire. Finally, France was herself divided Wave of stay-in strikes sweeps the country. by religion, ideology, and class-warfare. 4th June: Blum, head of Socialist Party, forms This is the background to Georges Le- French comment on confusion between left- Popular Front government. 7th June: Blum makes employers agree to CGT franc’s article, France and the Popular wing groups in Popular Front, 1935 demands, and promises laws bringing in forty- Front, on the last big effort of French hour week and paid holidays. September: after holidays workers again strike. democracy to rise to the challenge before 2nd October: bill of devaluation is passed. the war. The Popular Front was an attempt, 18th November: Blum proposes policy of non¬ intervention in Spanish Civil War which is for a time successful, to overcome these accepted by many countries including Germany, divisions on the Left which had bedevilled Italy, and USSR. CGT, Communists, and some French politics since the armistice. Socialists protest against this policy. December: Czechoslovak President warns Blum Although continental liberals looked Germany is holding defence talks with USSR. for encouragement to France during the Blum decides not to seek military pact with USSR, despite the anger of Communists and others. Popular Front period, in Britain there 1937 January: Blum orders a pause' on promised social was something like a minor craze on the reform measures. June: parliament rejects Blum's programme of left for the Scandinavian democracies. financial reforms. Chautemps, a Radical, forms a In internal affairs they seemed to embody new cabinet, in which Blum serves. 1938 13th March: Blum forms second Popular Front the virtues of reason, sanity, and toler¬ government. Senate rejects financial reforms. ance, and to point to a new society in 10th April: Blum resigns. their provision of welfare services. Inter¬ nationally, they were identified with the Scandinavia cause of neutrality, and, by some, with 1917 December: Kings of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark advanced attitudes towards sex and meet in friendship and agree on trade exchanges. Finland gains independence. Civil war follows, in female emancipation. T.K.Derry writes which anti-Communists are victorious. on The Northern Democracies and the 1919 Voluntary association — Foreningen Norden — formed to promote mutual understanding between political reality behind this perhaps over¬ Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland. simplified view. Milk-churns of aluminium, 1930’s; one of the 1920 Norway's sovereignty over Svalbard Archipelago is internationally recognized. Later she acquires The remaining articles again take up many new uses for this light strong metal part of Antarctica. themes which are truly international. One All but Norway recognize Denmark's control of Greenland's eastern coastline. of the most important of these is that of Denmark regains North Schleswig, which has been the history of science. This needs a long under German rule since war of 1864. view; the passage of a few years is often In Denmark threat of general strike prevents royal coup. not enough to see the significance of what Sweden gains first Social Democratic government is going forward and we have therefore ever established anywhere without revolution. 1921 Sweden bows to League of Nations allocation of asked our scientific consultant, C.J.H. Aaland Islands to Finland. Watson, to survey The New Physics 1933 Norway bows to Hague Court's verdict that it cannot stake claims in East Greenland. which was to make possible the nuclear 1936 Elections confirm Norwegian Labour Party in power bomb. Accompanying this is an article on 1938 Scandinavian countries show they will not risk war to support League of Nations' sanctions. the impact of science, this time in a more 1939 Denmark signs non-aggression pact which Hitler direct and technological sense, Professor offers to all Scandinavian countries. S.J.Watson’s Science and Agriculture, an account of the organization and tech¬ Elsewhere nical change which has so increased agri¬ 1929 October: the Wall Street Crash ushers in the cultural productivity in this century. Depression in America and Europe 1931 Great Britain devalues the pound Technological change had also led to a 1933 Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany vast growth in one of this century’s most The United States devalues the dollar formative influences: broadcasting. Asa 1935 3rd October Mussolini invades Ethiopia 1936 March: Hitler denounces Locarno Pact and re¬ Briggs sketches for us in Radio in Europe militarizes the Rhineland the international efforts to ensure that the July: Spanish Civil War breaks out. 1938 March: Hitler carries out Anschluss with Austria new medium was not totally swamped by Diagram showing early view of neon atom: September: Great Britain and France agree to the growing mass of transmissions. the electrons in orbit round giant nucleus Germany seizing Suoetenland at Munich. 1541 France, 1933-38 / Georges Lefranc France and the Popular Front Pre-war France saw an unlikely union of Communists, Socialists, and other left¬ wingers—the Popular Front—which rose in conjunction with a far-reaching workers’ revolt. At first sight, the combination looked an unassailable bulwark against . . . right-wing radicalism The economic crisis which began in Wall which subsided a little in 1932, surged up Street in 1929 affected France later than again in 1933. It was in this atmosphere other European countries, but with equal that a financial scandal, the Stavisky force. Men out of work, engineers as well Affair, exploded. It was very clear that as labourers, haunted the streets. The peasants’ standard of living dropped; the Leon Blum, France’s first Socialist Prime industrial workers, forced to accept a Minister. As head of the Popular Front reduction in working time, suffered a cor- government he inherited a disturbed responding drop in wages. The crisis, France besides a depressed economy

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