20th Century. Race to the Moon

36 Pages·2012·32.061 MB·English

by  Stephanie Paris

20th Century
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20th Century
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Stephanie Paris
Consultants
Timothy Rasinski, Ph.D.
Kent State University
Lori Oczkus
Literacy Consultant
Matt Heverly
NASA Engineer
Table of Contents
Based on writing from
TIME For Kids. TIME For Kids and the TIME
For Kids logo are registered trademarks of
TIME Inc. Used under license.
Publishing Credits Space Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Dona Herweck Rice, Editor-in-Chief
Lee Aucoin, Creative Director
High Flying Heroes . . . . . . . . . . .16
Jamey Acosta, Senior Editor
Lexa Hoang, Designer
Stephanie Reid, Photo Editor To the Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Rane Anderson, Contributing Author
Rachelle Cracchiolo, M.S.Ed., Publisher
What’s Next?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Image Credits: p.17 (top) Alamy; p10 (right)
The Bridgeman Art Library; pp.8–9 Corbis;
pp.4, 11 (right), 40, 50 Getty Images; pp.
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
6,19 (bottom) iStockphoto; pp.2–3, 4–5,
7(right), 10(middle), 12-13, 19 (top), 20, 28,
29 (top), 30–45, 48–49, 49, 54–61 NASA; p.44
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
NASA/U.S. Customs and Border Patrol; p.10
(left) Newscom; p.12 AFP/Newscom; pp.16,
59, akg-images/RIA Nowosti/Newscom;
More to Explore . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
pp.11 (left), 18 ITAR-TASS/Newscom; p.21
REUTERS/Newscom; p.15 Rick Davis/Splash
News/Newscom; pp.6–7, 10–11, 24, 28–29,
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
47(left), 50–51, 53–54 Photo Researchers
Inc.; pp.14–15, 53 (illustrations) Kevin
Panter; pp.43 (illustrations) Timothy J.
Bradley; All other images from Shutterstock.
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3
Space Race
• What was the space race?
Today, most people have cell phones. Satellite • What difficulties did NASA
television is common. Every science textbook has face sending people to
pictures of Earth from outer space. But just 60 years the moon?
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COLD WAR, HOT TECHNOLOGY
During World War II, scientists made impressive
rockets. The rockets were powerful enough to launch
bombs into distant countries. But scientists wondered
if they could be used for something else. Were they
powerful enough to be fired into outer space? People
have always been curious about what lies beyond Earth.
At the end of the war, American and Soviet scientists
began working toward this goal. But the two countries
were enemies. And they didn’t trust each other. This
time period was called the Cold War. Instead of
working together, each country began to compete.
They both wanted to win the space race.
Sputnik 1, the first
man-made satellite
The Race
Soviets
The space race between
The Soviets were the people
the United States and the
who lived in the USSR from
Union of Soviet Socialist
1917 to 1991. They formed a
Republics (USSR) lasted
powerful political group.
from 1957 until 1969.
6 7
“What makes the Soviet threat unique in
MISSILES
history is its all-inclusiveness. Every human
activity is pressed into service as a weapon
During the Cold War, the USSR and the United
of expansion. Trade, economic development,
States built thousands of nuclear missiles. Each
country wanted to have stronger weapons than the military power, arts, science, education, the
other. They thought this would keep them safe from whole world of ideas....The Soviets are, in
attack. The same technology used to launch missiles short, waging total cold war.”
also sends rockets into space. It was a dangerous time.
—President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1958
But each missile that was launched taught us more
about how to explore space.
Astro-spies
During the Cold War, both countries used their space
programs to spy on each other. It was a dangerous game.
If a spy was caught, it meant prison, or worse—death.
Check out some of the secret missions developed for the
astronauts and their eyes in the sky.
Capture or destroy a Practice for battles
satellite. in space.
Launch a spy station into
Determine the number
orbit, equipped with a
of weapons and planes
car-size camera.
on the ground.
a missile test launch
8 9
OCTOBER SURPRISE
96
Minutes
On October 4, 1957, Soviet scientists had the
first major success in the space race. They launched That’s the amount
of time it took
Sputnik 1. This was Earth’s first artificial satellite. It
Sputnik 1 to orbit
was the first non-natural thing to orbit the planet. The
Earth one time.
United States was caught off guard. It was working
on its own satellite. But it wasn’t ready. Soon, Soviet
scientists had a string of impressive firsts. The
competition was heating up. And the United States
was falling behind.
Famous Firsts
First Dog in Space
Laika, November 3, 1957
First Man in Space
Yuri Gagarin, April 12, 1961
First Woman in Space
Valentina Tereshkova,
June 16, 1963
First Space Walk
First American Satellite Alexei Leonov,
March 18, 1965
Explorer 1, January 31, 1958
10 11
THE ENNEDY CHALLENGE
“I believe that this nation should commit itself
to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of
landing a man on the moon and returning him safely
to the Earth.” In 1961, President John F. Kennedy
issued this challenge to Americans. He knew it would
be hard. But he said, “No single space project will be
more...impressive to mankind.” Setting a goal can
help people manage their time. It can motivate them.
And it can make them push themselves harder. The
Apollo program was designed to make Kennedy’s
idea real.
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program was named after
years.
the ancient Greek god
Apollo. He was believed
to be the god of the sun,
pulling it across the sky
each day.
12 13
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nearby, you can take a tour of it. What would you want
to see first?
Orbit Cafe
Shuttle Launch
Rocket Garden Simulation Facility
Tour the rocket garden to compare Strap in for a ride in
the first rockets that put NASA the simulator to feel
astronauts in space. the sights, sounds, and
thrust of being launched
into space.
Astronaut Encounter
Meet a retired astronaut and
Space Shop
find out firsthand what it’s
like to be in space.
Check out gear
from past missions.
14 15