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Eric D. Isaacs President, Carnegie Institution for Science 202.939.1116 [email protected] May 1, 2020 Dear Friend, During these unprecedented times, I am more grateful than ever for your support of Carnegie Science and our mission of investigation, research, and discovery in the service of humanity. When we began compiling this annual report, we could not have anticipated the current circumstances. Yet, as I review this year’s scientific accomplishments, I am reminded that the Carnegie Institution has persisted and flourished through world wars, global pandemic, and economic cataclysm. Through it all, we have continued to ask bold questions and seek potentially transformational answers. As you read this report, I want you to know that Carnegie scientists are rising to this exceptional challenge and making important contributions to the worldwide response to COVID-19. But even as we join forces with our colleagues in this battle against an elusive virus, we continue to pursue world-leading science that ranges from the depths of the Earth, to the mysteries of life, to the farthest reaches of the stars. Thank you so much for your support of Carnegie and your commitment to our work and our community. Sincerely, Eric D. Isaacs President, Carnegie Institution for Science 1530 P Street, NW | Washington, DC 20005-1910 | 202.387.6400 2 0 1 8 - 2 0 1 9 Y E A R B O O K The President’s Report July 1, 2018 - June 30, 2019 C A R N E G I E I N S T I T U T I O N F O R S C I E N C E Former Presidents Daniel C. Gilman, 1902–1904 James D. Ebert, 1978–1987 Robert S. Woodward, 1904–1920 Edward E. David, Jr. (Acting President, 1987–1988) John C. Merriam, 1921–1938 Maxine F. Singer, 1988–2002 Vannevar Bush, 1939–1955 Michael E. Gellert (Acting President, Jan.–April 2003) Caryl P. Haskins, 1956–1971 Richard A. Meserve, 2003–2014 Philip H. Abelson, 1971–1978 Matthew P. Scott, 2014-2017 Former Trustees Philip H. Abelson, 1978–2004 William C. Greenough, 1975–1989 William Church Osborn, 1927–1934 Alexander Agassiz, 1904–1905 Patrick E. Haggerty, 1974–1975 Walter H. Page, 1971–1979 Robert O. Anderson, 1976–1983 Caryl P. Haskins, 1949–1956, 1971-2001 James Parmelee, 1917–1931 Lord Ashby of Brandon, 1967–1974 John Hay, 1902–1905 William Barclay Parsons, 1907–1932 J. Paul Austin, 1976–1978 William R. Hearst III, 1992-2017 Stewart Paton, 1916–1942 George G. Baldwin, 1925–1927 Richard Heckert, 1980–2010 Robert M. Pennoyer, 1968–1989 Thomas Barbour, 1934–1946 Barklie McKee Henry, 1949–1966 George W. Pepper, 1914–1919 Daniel N. Belin, 2000–2009 Myron T. Herrick, 1915–1929 Richard S. Perkins, 1959–2000 James F. Bell, 1935–1961 Abram S. Hewitt, 1902–1903 John J. Pershing, 1930–1943 John S. Billings, 1902–1913 William R. Hewlett, 1971–2001 Henning W. Prentis, Jr., 1942–1959 Robert Woods Bliss, 1936–1962 Henry L. Higginson, 1902–1919 Henry S. Pritchett, 1906–1936 Samuel W. Bodman, 2009–2013 Ethan A. Hitchcock, 1902–1909 Gordon S. Rentschler, 1946–1948 Amory H. Bradford, 1959–1972 Henry Hitchcock, 1902 Sally K. Ride, 1989–1994 Lindsay Bradford, 1940–1958 Herbert Hoover, 1920–1949 David Rockefeller, 1952–1956 Omar N. Bradley, 1948–1969 William Wirt Howe, 1903–1909 Elihu Root, 1902–1937 Lewis M. Branscomb, 1973–1990 Freeman A. Hrabowski III, 2002–2004 Elihu Root, Jr., 1937–1967 Michael Brin, 2006-2009 Charles L. Hutchinson, 1902–1904 Julius Rosenwald, 1929–1931 Robert S. Brookings, 1910–1929 Walter Isaacson, 2015–2018 William M. Roth, 1968–1979 James E. Burke, 1989–1993 Walter A. Jessup, 1938–1944 William W. Rubey, 1962–1974 Vannevar Bush, 1958–1971 Frank B. Jewett, 1933–1949 Martin A. Ryerson, 1908–1928 John L. Cadwalader, 1903–1914 George F. Jewett, Jr., 1983–1987 Howard A. Schneiderman, 1988–1990 William W. Campbell, 1929–1938 Antonia Ax:son Johnson, 1980–1994 Robert C. Seamans, 1974-2008 John J. Carty, 1916–1932 William F. Kieschnick, 1985–1991 Henry R. Shepley, 1937–1962 Whitefoord R. Cole, 1925–1934 Samuel P. Langley, 1904–1906 Theobald Smith, 1914–1934 John T. Connor, 1975–1980 Kenneth G. Langone, 1993–1994 John C. Spooner, 1902–1907 Tom Cori, 1999–2010 Ernest O. Lawrence, 1944–1958 Frank Stanton, 1963–2006 Edward E. David, Jr., 1960–2017 Charles A. Lindbergh, 1934–1939 William Benson Storey, 1924–1939 Frederic A. Delano, 1927–1949 William Lindsay, 1902–1909 Richard P. Strong, 1934–1948 John Diebold, 1975–2005 Henry Cabot Lodge, 1914–1924 Charles P. Taft, 1936–1975 Cleveland H. Dodge, 1903–1923 Alfred L. Loomis, 1934–1973 William H. Taft, 1906–1915 William E. Dodge, 1902–1903 Robert A. Lovett, 1948–1971 William S. Thayer, 1929–1932 William T. Coleman, Jr., 1997-2017 Seth Low, 1902–1916 Charles H. Townes, 1965–1998 James D. Ebert, 1987–2001 Wayne MacVeagh, 1902–1907 Juan T. Trippe, 1944–1981 Gerald M. Edelman, 1980–1987 William McChesney Martin, 1967–1983 William I.M. Turner, Jr., 1990–2015 Charles P. Fenner, 1914–1924 Keith S. McHugh, 1950–1974 Hatim A. Tyabji, 2002–2004 Michael Ference, Jr., 1968–1980 Steven L. McKnight, 2000–2014 James W. Wadsworth, 1932–1952 Homer L. Ferguson, 1927–1952 Burton J. McMurtry, 1996–2004 Charles D. Walcott, 1902–1927 Simon Flexner, 1910–1914 Jaylee Mead, 1999–2008 Frederic C. Walcott, 1931–1948 W. Cameron Forbes, 1920–1955 Andrew W. Mellon, 1924–1937 Henry P. Walcott, 1910–1924 James Forrestal, 1948–1949 John C. Merriam, 1921–1938 Lewis H. Weed, 1935–1952 William N. Frew, 1902–1915 J. Irwin Miller, 1988–1991 Sidney J. Weinberg, Jr.,1983–2010 Lyman J. Gage, 1902–1912 Margaret Carnegie Miller, 1955–1967 William H. Welch, 1906–1934 William K. Gayden, 2002–2019 Roswell Miller, 1933–1955 Gunnar Wessman, 1984–1987 Walter S. Gifford, 1931–1966 Darius O. Mills, 1902–1909 Andrew D. White, 1902–1916 Carl J. Gilbert, 1962–1983 S. Weir Mitchell, 1902–1914 Edward D. White, 1902–1903 Cass Gilbert, 1924–1934 Andrew J. Montague, 1907–1935 Henry White, 1913–1927 Frederick H. Gillett, 1924–1935 Henry S. Morgan, 1936–1978 James N. White, 1956–1979 Daniel C. Gilman, 1902–1908 William W. Morrow, 1902–1929 George W. Wickersham, 1909–1936 Robert G. Goelet, 1980–2014 Seeley G. Mudd, 1940–1968 Robert E. Wilson, 1953–1964 William T. Golden, 1969–2007 Franklin D. Murphy, 1978–1985 Robert S. Woodward, 1905–1924 Hanna H. Gray, 1974–1978 William I. Myers, 1948–1976 Carroll D. Wright, 1902–1908 Crawford H. Greenewalt, 1952–1984 Garrison Norton, 1960–1974 David Greenewalt, 1992–2003 Paul F. Oreffice, 1988–1993 About Carnegie “. . . to encourage, in the broadest and most liberal manner, investigation, research, and discovery, and the application of knowledge to the improvement of mankind . . .” The Carnegie Institution was incorporated with these words in 1902 by its founder, Andrew Carnegie. Since then, the institution has remained true to its mission. At six research departments across the country, the scientific staff and a constantly changing roster of students, postdoctoral fellows, and visiting investigators tackle fundamental questions on the frontiers of biology, earth sciences, and astronomy. Carnegie Institution for Science Trustees Craig R. Barrett, Chairman David W. Thompson, Vice Chairman Charles F. Bolden, Jr. John F. Crawford Michael A. Duffy Sandra M. Faber Bruce W. Ferguson Rush Holt Suzanne Nora Johnson Mary-Claire King Katherine N. Lapp Michael T. Long Mary E. Maxon Christine M. McCarthy Cristián T. Samper Christopher T. S. Stone Marshall Wais Michael G. Wilson Trustees Emeriti Euan Baird Remi Barbier John C. Botts W. Gary Ernst Michael E. Gellert Kazuo Inamori Gerald D. Laubach John D. Macomber Richard A. Meserve Frank Press Deborah Rose William J. Rutter Maxine F. Singer David F. Swensen Thomas N. Urban Mary Lou Zoback President Eric D. Isaacs Directors Yixian Zheng, Department of Embryology Michael Walter, Geophysical Laboratory Joe Berry, (acting) Department of Global Ecology John Mulchaey, The Crawford H. Greenewalt Chair, The Observatories Zhi-Yong Wang, (acting) Department of Plant Biology Richard Carlson, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism Timothy Doyle, Chief Operating Officer Contents The President’s Commentary 6 Science Highlights 15 Friends, Honors & Transitions 44 Financial Profile 66 Carnegie Investigators 76 Image courtesy Dmitry Demkin/Shutterstock The President’s Commentary “I look forward to the future of Carnegie Science with even more 6 enthusiasm, as we embark together on an ambitious, thoughtful, and deliberate plan…” 2018-2019 YEAR BOOK The President’s Commentary 7 F or more than a century, Carnegie scientists have taken pride in seeing farther and more clearly than anyone has ever done before. Today, as I look back at the work of our researchers featured in this Carnegie Science Year Book, I am inspired once again by the breadth and importance of their results, which range from explorations of microscopic Carnegie president Eric D. Isaacs proteins to measurements of literally cosmic proportion. Image courtesy Jason Smith, University of Chicago The President’s Commentary Measuring Dark Matter Researchers at the Observatories are continuing Carnegie’s decades of interrogation into the enigma of dark matter—the invisible form of matter that makes up most of the universe’s mass and influences its underlying structure. Staff scientist Andrew Benson, postdoctoral fellow Xiaolong Du, and student Turner Johnson are using a phenomenon known as “gravitational lensing” to detect and measure dark matter across cosmological distances. Gravitational lensing occurs when the 8 gravity of objects such as massive galaxy clusters, which contain huge amounts of dark matter, bends and distorts the light of more-distant galaxies located behind the cluster. The Carnegie group looked at special cases of gravitational lensing, in which the distortion of a distant galaxy’s light by a closer galaxy produces four images. By measuring the brightness of the images, the astronomers were able to develop models to identify likely concentrations of dark matter, down to a scale of 107 times the mass of our Sun (amazingly precise, by cosmic standards). Invisible material called dark matter constitutes some 85% of the mass of the universe. In the 1960s and 1970s, Carnegie’s Vera Rubin, with Kent Ford, confirmed that dark matter exists. But dark matter continues to remain a mystery and is one of the most important astronomical inquiries today. Image courtesy NASA/GSFC